Incorporation ofκ-carrageenan improves the practical features of agar/konjac glucomannan/κ-carrageenan ternary system

Three materials(agar,konjac glucomannan(KGM)andκ-carrageenan)were used to prepare ternary systems,i.e.,sol-gels and their dried composites conditioned at varied relative humidity(RH)(33%,54%and 75%).Combined methods,e.g.,scanning electron microscopy,small-angle X-ray scattering,infrared spectroscopy(IR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD),were used to disclose howκ-carrageenan addition tailors the features of agar/KGM/κ-carrageenan ternary system.As affirmed by IR and XRD,the ternary systems withκ-carrageenan below 25%(agar/KGM/carrageenan,50:25:25,m/m)displayed proper component interactions,which increased the sol-gel transition temperature and the hardness of obtained gels.For instance,the ternary composites could show hardness about 3 to 4 times higher than that for binary counterpart.These gels were dehydrated to acquire ternary composites.Compared to agar/KGM composite,the ternary composites showed fewer crystallites and nanoscale orders,and newly-formed nanoscale structures from chain assembly.Such multi-scale structures,for composites withκ-carrageenan below 25%,showed weaker changes with RH,as revealed by especially morphologic and crystalline features.Consequently,the ternary composites with lessκ-carrageenan(below 25%)exhibited stabilized elongation at break and hydrophilicity at different RHs.This hints to us that agar/KGM/κ-carrageenan composite systems can display series applications with improved features,e.g.,increased sol-gel transition point.

Characteristics and mechanism of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)adsorption by recovered perlite from agar extraction residue

Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)in wastewater accumulated through the ecological chain and could jeopardize human health.Adsorption of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)from wastewater using recovered perlite was an important way to solve the problem of resource utilization of solid waste from agar production.Our previous study confirmed that recovered perlite from agar extraction residue had better pore size and specific surface area than commercial perlite.However,the adsorption efficiency and adsorption mechanism of recovered perlite were the main factors limiting its adsorption application.The adsorption process of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)by recovered perlite in aqueous solution was described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation,and the relevant adsorption mechanism was mainly chemisorption.Compared with commercial perlite,the adsorption removal rate of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)by enzymatic recovered perlite could reach 92.9%and 89.2%,respectively,and were improved by 12.63%and 13.03%.Langmuir isothermal adsorption model could better describe the isothermal adsorption process of recovered perlite on heavy metal Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+),and the relevant adsorption mechanism was mainly monolayer adsorption.The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)results indicated that the decrease of Si—O Si^(2+)hydroxyl coordination bond and the increase of C—Si bond might make the binding effect of recovered perlite with heavy metals stronger.The competitive adsorption of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)by recovered perlite was still dominated by chemisorption and monolayer adsorption.This study was expected to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the removal of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)from wastewater using recovered perlite from seaweed residue.

A comparative study for petroleum removal capacities of the bacterial consortia entrapped in sodium alginate,sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol),and bushnell haas agar

The purpose of this study was to identify and compare the degradation efficiencies of free and entrapped bacterial consortia(Staphylococcus capitis CP053957.1 and Achromobacter marplatensis MT078618.1)to different polymers such as Sodium Alginate(SA),Sodium Alginate/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)(SA/PVA),and Bushnell Haas Agar(BHA).In addition to SA and SA/PVA,which are cost-effective,non-toxic and have different functional groups,BHA,which is frequently encountered in laboratory-scale studies but has not been used as an entrapment material until now.Based on these,the polymers with different surface morphologies and chemical compositions were analyzed by SEM and FT-IR.While the petroleum removal efficiency was higher with the entrapped bacterial consortia than with the free one,BHA-entrapped bacterial consortium enhanced the petroleum removal more than SA and SA/PVA.Accordingly,the degradation rate of bacterial consortia entrapped with BHA was 2.039 day^(-1),SA/PVA was 1.560,SA was 0.993,the half-life period of BHA-entrapped bacterial consortia is quite low(t_(1/2)=0.339)compared with SA(t_(1/2)=0.444)and SA/PVA(t_(1/2)=0.697).The effects of the four main factors such as:amount of BHA(0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3 g),disc size(4,5,6,7,8 mm),inoculum concentration(1,2.5,5,7.5,10 mL),and incubation period on petroleum removal were also investigated.The maximum petroleum removal(94.5%)was obtained at≥2.5 mL of bacterial consortium entrapped in 2 g BHA with a 7 mm disc size at 168 h and the results were also confirmed by statistical analysis.Although a decrease was observed during the reuse of bacterial consortium entrapped in BHA,the petroleum removal was still above 50%at 10th cycle.Based on GC-MS analysis,the removal capacity of BHA-entrapped consortium was over 90%for short-chain n-alkanes and 80%for medium-chain n-alkanes.Overall,the obtained data are expected to provide a potential guideline in cleaning up the large-scale oil pollution in the future.Since there has been no similar study investigating petroleum removal with the bacterial consortia entrapped with BHA,this novel entrapment material can potentially be used in the treatment of petroleum pollution in advanced remediation studies.

Seaweed Fiber Fabricated with Agar Alkali-Free Extracted from Gracilaria lemaneiformis

The sulfate groups in agar structure played a good role in the formation of fiber.However,commercially available agar is usually extracted from red algae by alkali treatment to decrease the content of sulfate group for the purpose of high gel strength.In this paper,an alkali-free method of agar extraction from Gracilaria lemaneiformis was proposed for the wet-spinning purpose.This method is environmentally friendly,reduces the extraction steps,saves energy,and reduces the production cost of agar fiber.The improved agar preparation process not only has higher agar yield,but also has higher molecular weight and sulfate group content,which is beneficial to the preparation and forming of fiber and makes the fiber have higher mechanical strength and elongation.Therefore,this extraction technology has broad application prospect in the textile field.

Effect of carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan coating on curcumin-loaded multilayered emulsion:stability evaluation

The stability against various environmental stresses of the curcumin-loaded secondary and tertiary emulsions that was emulsified by whey protein isolate(WPI)and coated by chitosan(CHI),carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan(CMKGM),or their combination through layer-by-layer assembly was investigated.Generally,the multilayered emulsions were destabilized in high Na Cl concentrations or medium p H that could interrupt the electrostatic interaction between the three polyelectrolytes or deprotonate CHI,indicating that electrostatic interaction played an important role in the stability of emulsions.Compared with the primary emulsion that was solely stabilized by WPI,extra coating with CHI and CMKGM generally increased the stability of the emulsion against repeated freezing-thawing,improved the retention of curcumin against heating,UV irradiation,and long-term storage,and the effects were more remarkable in the tertiary emulsion with CMKGM locating in the outmost layer.Since CMKGM has shown the colon-targeted delivery potency,the multilayered emulsions assembled by layer-by-layer deposition,especially the tertiary emulsion,could be used as an effective carrier for the targeted delivery of curcumin.

不同干燥条件对白魔芋精粉性质的影响及其结构表征

为了研究不同干燥条件对白魔芋精粉性质的影响,该研究以新鲜白魔芋为原料,探讨自然干燥、真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥(低温干燥、高温干燥、分段干燥)5种不同的干燥条件对白魔芋精粉色泽、魔芋葡甘聚糖(konjac glucomannan,KGM)含量、乙酰基含量、流变学性质等特性的影响,并通过分子质量、红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FT-IR)、X-衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)进行结构表征。结果表明,自然干燥效率低,所得样品品质较差,真空冷冻干燥虽然能得到较高品质的样品,但对设备要求比较高,干燥效率低。综合考虑,使用100℃→60℃的热风分段干燥为最佳方法,此时得到的魔芋精粉KGM含量为64.63%、乙酰基含量为23.49%、分子质量为1102 kDa、色泽较好、结晶度高、颗粒完整且表面光滑,所得水溶胶具有较好的流变学性质。综上,分段干燥方式可以用于白魔芋及其他魔芋的干燥中,所得的魔芋精粉品质良好,为白魔芋的开发应用及干燥工艺提供一定的理论参考。

Research Progress in Biological Control of Soft Rot of Amorphophallus konjac

In this paper,the main control methods of soft rot of Amorphophallus konjac are reviewed,with a focus on the current research status of using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for biological control of soft rot of A.konjac,and future research directions are looked forward to.

魔芋果蔬健康代餐粉的功能特性

研究了不同杀菌条件对自制代餐粉功能特性及产品品质的影响,紫外冷杀菌可以最大限度地保留代餐粉原来的功能特性,但是杀菌效率不高;而射频杀菌既可以保留功能性成分又可以取得良好的杀菌效果。将自制代餐粉与市售代餐粉进行对比,结果表明自制代餐粉总酚质量分数及抗氧化活性均高于市售代餐粉,且自制代餐粉的风味滋味均优于市售代餐粉。为研究自制代餐粉的贮藏稳定性,对自制代餐粉进行了3个月的贮藏实验。结果表明,自制代餐粉在90 d的贮藏期内功能特性、微生物指标均在标准范围内。为了延长代餐粉的保质期,应尽可能将代餐粉置于干燥、阴凉处贮藏。

魔芋甘露低聚糖增强肠道屏障功能改善酒精性中枢神经损伤的实验研究

目的慢性酒精摄入导致的大脑过度神经炎症是中枢神经损伤的重要危险因素。本实验主要研究魔芋甘露低聚糖(Konjac mannan oligosaccharides,KMOS)保护酒精喂养小鼠中枢神经炎症的作用及其机制。方法C57BL/6J小鼠采用Gao-binge法制备慢性酒精喂养小鼠模型,同时使用不同剂量的KMOS灌胃干预,喂养6周。评估脑组织皮层和海马区域神经元损伤和小胶质细胞活化情况,观察结肠组织损伤情况和炎症反应,检测血清LPS浓度。体外使用LPS直接刺激Caco-2细胞制备肠黏膜损伤模型。结果慢性酒精的摄入可导致小鼠大脑神经元损伤,而不同剂量的KMOS均能有效降低酒精喂养小鼠脑组织中小胶质细胞的活化状态,降低NLRP3炎性小体活化导致的炎性因子表达,减轻神经元受损。对结肠组织的分析结果表明,KMOS的使用有效地降低了酒精喂养小鼠外周血中内毒素LPS的浓度,减轻酒精喂养小鼠结肠组织的病理损伤和炎性反应,增强肠道组织Occludin表达。体外实验也显示,KMOS能显著抑制酒精暴露下Caco-2细胞的炎性反应,显著提高Occludin表达水平。结论KMOS的使用可有效的抑制酒精摄入导致的肠道炎症,修复肠道屏障,减少肠道LPS进入脑组织,降低小胶质细胞活化导致的过度神经炎症反应,进而改善脑神经元损伤。KMOS具有预防酒精性神经损伤的潜力。

凹凸棒/琼脂复合气凝胶的制备及太阳能界面蒸发性能

太阳能界面蒸发是一种新兴的、可持续海水淡化和废水净化方法,在缓解淡水资源短缺方面具有巨大的潜力。本研究以凹凸棒和琼脂为原料,通过物理混合、冷冻干燥、交联反应等步骤制备得到凹凸棒/琼脂复合气凝胶(AACA),AACA具有分级多孔结构、优异的隔热性能以及超亲水性能。为了提高材料的光吸收性能,对AACA的表面进行聚吡咯(PPy)喷涂,制备得到了光热转换材料PPy-AACA,其在250~2500nm范围内的平均光吸收率可达到97.7%。以PPy-AACA作为太阳能界面蒸发器,在1个太阳的光照强度下(1k W/m^(2)),PPy-AACA的蒸发速率为1.5012kg/(m^(2)·h),能量转换效率为88.76%。PPy-AACA在循环蒸发实验和盐水蒸发实验中表现出优异的稳定性和抗盐性能。此外,该光热转换材料还证明了海水淡化和净化染料污水的能力,其盐离子和有机染料的截留率均大于99%。

牛羊布鲁氏菌天然半抗原琼脂扩散试验的建立与应用

【目的】建立并优化布鲁氏菌天然半抗原琼脂扩散试验(Native hapten agar gel immuno-diffusion test,NH-AGID),检测临床样品。【方法】建立NH-AGID方法,评价方法特异性、敏感性及重复性;检测免疫地区2287份、非免疫地区252份牛、羊血清。【结果】建立了NH-AGID方法,检测稳定,重复性好,具有较高的特异性;对自然感染阳性动物检测敏感性低于80%,对排菌动物的检测敏感性高于90%,检出布病阳性抗体的阈值高于RBT。免疫地区血清NH抗体平均检出率17.8%,LPS抗体平均检出率52.3%;非免疫地区血清NH抗体平均检出率40.9%,LPS抗体平均检出率54.8%。【结论】应用NH-AGID方法可鉴别区分免疫地区牛、羊布病感染动物和免疫动物。检出NH抗体动物处于布鲁氏菌活动期或排菌期为布病感染动物,应及时剔除出群。

魔芋糖外排转运蛋白基因家族鉴定及表达分析

糖外排转运蛋白(SWEETs)是一类不依赖能量的新型糖转运蛋白,在调节植物生长发育等方面具有重要作用。为探究SWEETs家族在魔芋生长发育中的作用,对魔芋AkSWEETs家族成员的蛋白理化性质、系统发育、基因结构、染色体定位及共线性关系进行分析,并分析各成员在魔芋不同组织器官、球茎不同生长发育时期的表达水平,利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测筛选出的目标AkSWEETs在镧诱导下的表达情况。结果表明,16个魔芋AkSWEETs基因随机分布在10条染色体上,其蛋白序列的氨基酸长度为205~987,多为碱性蛋白。系统进化树显示,魔芋AkSWEETs被分为4个亚家族,与水稻OsSWEETs亲缘关系较近,且存在基因串联复制现象。启动子调控元件分析结果显示,AkSWEETs含多个与植物激素、生长发育等相关的顺式元件。结合转录组数据与镧诱导后的qRT-PCR分析,筛选出与魔芋球茎膨大及其葡甘聚糖积累密切相关的AkSWEET9/13。本研究结果为魔芋AkSWEETs基因及其生物学功能的深入研究提供了理论参考。

魔芋凉粉的配方及工艺优化

选用红薯淀粉和魔芋粉为主要原料,以感官评分及质构参数为实验指标,通过单因素试验考察红薯淀粉添加量、魔芋粉添加量、加热温度、加热时间对产品感官及质构的影响,并选择正交试验来优化魔芋凉粉的配方及工艺.结果表明,产品的最佳配方为(以产品质量计):红薯淀粉16 g/100g、魔芋粉0.5 g/100g、纯净水83.5 mL;最佳工艺条件为:加热温度为100℃、加热时间为11 min.该条件下制备的凉粉产品质地细腻,表明光滑,弹性好,不粘牙,质构特性较好,综合评分为87.4分.

水溶性KGM/PVA涂膜的制备及性能研究

水溶性保鲜涂膜可以有效延缓果蔬的腐烂,同时可以解决传统涂膜影响果蔬品质、味道和色泽等问题。以魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)为基料,甘油和山梨醇作为复配增塑剂,研究了原料配比对KGM/PVA涂膜水溶性以及光学和力学性能的影响。结果表明:原料配比一定时,KGM/PVA涂膜5min内溶解率随水温的升高而升高;在水温确定的条件下,KGM/PVA涂膜5min内溶解率随着PVA用量的增加而降低。影响涂膜水溶性的主次因素排序为PVA>KGM>山梨醇>甘油。每100mL纯水中,PVA、KGM、甘油、山梨醇用量分别为3g,0.4g,0.3mL,0.1g时涂膜综合性能最佳,在20℃左右冷水中基本不溶,而在30℃及以上温水中可溶,涂膜透光率达到93.68%,拉伸强度为16.66MPa,断裂伸长率为125.87%。

扩散渗析回收琼脂生产废碱液工艺的响应面法优化

为了解决琼脂生产废碱液的资源化利用问题,利用扩散渗析装置对琼脂生产废碱液进行碱回收处理,并以料液流速、水/料流速比和温度为考察因素,以碱回收率和回收碱浓度为评价指标,进行3因素3水平的Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计,构建响应曲面模型,分析3个因素之间的交互作用对碱回收率和回收碱浓度的影响,确定扩散渗析法回收废碱液的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,当料液流速为0.75 L/(m^(2)·h)、水/料流速比为1.28、温度为65.5℃时,碱回收率达80%,获得的碱溶液浓度为1.14 mol/L,模型预测值与实验结果接近,模型可靠。这表明,扩散渗析能有效实现碱与有机物的分离,采用响应面法优化扩散渗析回收琼脂生产废碱液工艺是可行的。

基于共混和层层自组装方法协同交联剂对琼胶/海藻酸钠复合膜性能的影响

以琼胶和海藻酸钠为成膜基质,通过共混和层层自组装两种方法制备了琼胶/海藻酸钠共混膜和双层膜,并引入交联剂柠檬酸和阿魏酸,通过测定复合膜的机械强度、耐水性、热稳定性、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FT-IR)和微观结构等指标,探究了不同制膜方式结合交联剂对复合膜性能的影响。结果表明,与共混膜相比,双层膜表现出更优异的机械性能和耐水性,添加交联剂后,膜的水蒸气透过率(P<0.05)显著降低,拉伸强度、热稳定性和不透明度提高。其中柠檬酸交联的双层膜综合性能最佳,即拉伸强度51.57 MPa,断裂伸长率26.02%,水溶性24.42%,溶胀率101.67%。FT-IR分析表明柠檬酸通过与琼胶和海藻酸钠发生酯化反应形成CO进行共价交联,而阿魏酸通过与成膜基质形成氢键进行非共价交联。扫描电镜分析表明琼胶和海藻酸钠的相容性良好,各膜表面均平整、光滑,而添加交联剂后,膜截面褶皱减少,膜结构更加紧密。由此表明,层层自组装技术和交联剂的结合使用可以制备出综合性能更好的复合膜。

低浓度乙醇对魔芋葡甘聚糖理化特性及其结构影响的研究

为探究在低浓度乙醇下魔芋葡甘聚糖(konjac glucomannan,KGM)的性能和结构变化,拓宽其在食品领域的应用,以粗制魔芋葡甘聚糖为对象,研究其在低浓度乙醇纯化下的凝胶强度、黏度和结构的变化。结果表明,随着乙醇浓度增加和洗脱时间的延长,凝胶强度和黏度都呈现先上升后降低的趋势;随着洗脱次数的增加,凝胶强度和黏度呈现上升趋势。乙醇浓度33%(体积分数)纯化粗制魔芋葡甘聚糖30 min,洗脱2次后,与未经纯化处理KGM相比,凝胶强度和黏度分别显著提升了28.6%和34.7%。根据结构表征可知,粗制魔芋葡甘聚糖经过低浓度乙醇处理后,分子间氢键作用力增强,相对结晶度增高,局部形成有序的短程结构;同时平均粒径变化幅度不大,大小约为270.4μm;且KGM表面所含杂质减少,呈现规则的层状和褶皱分布。因此,通过调控低浓度乙醇纯化条件,可制得适应不同加工需求的KGM。

基于磷酸酯化魔芋葡甘聚糖的热可逆凝胶性能

采用真空-微波辅助半干法处理魔芋葡甘聚糖(konjac glucomannan,KGM)获得不同取代度(degrees of substitution,DS)磷酸魔芋葡甘聚糖酯(konjac glucomannan phosphate ester,KGMPs)。研究KGM和KGMP_(1)(DS 0.046)、KGMP_(2)(DS 0.131)、KGMP_(3)(DS 0.201)分别与卡拉胶复配并添加KCl(KGMPs-KC)加热-冷却形成的热可逆凝胶特性及阴阳离子和蔗糖对KGMP_(3)流变性能的影响。红外光谱分析结果表明,KGMPs与卡拉胶复配并添加KCl协同增效形成凝胶;动态黏弹流变特性结果表明,KGMPs与卡拉胶复配在KCl存在下可形成热可逆凝胶,与KGM相比,随着DS增加,KGMP复配体系形成凝胶温度逐渐降低;质构分析结果表明,28℃贮藏10 d,KGMP_(1)-KC和KGMP_(2)-KC形成凝胶硬度更好;析水性和透光率方面,KGMP_(3)-KC更具优势,适合高透明度果冻类凝胶的制备。KGMP_(3)的黏度和假塑性受到阴阳离子类型和价态的影响,其中NaH_(2)PO_(4)对KGMP溶胶影响最显著,CaCl 2次之;蔗糖能使KGMP的零表观黏度(η0)降低,但随着体系中蔗糖含量的增加,η0增加。该研究为KGMP用于高保水、高透明度、软凝胶型产品的加工提供理论和生产依据。

响应面法优化魔芋葡甘聚糖的纯化工艺

魔芋粉中脂肪、蛋白质等限制魔芋葡甘聚糖的应用,因此对魔芋粉进行纯化处理得到纯度更高的魔芋葡甘聚糖应用于食品、药品等产业。本研究采用乙醇作为溶剂,对利用超声波辅助纯化魔芋粉的工艺进行优化。经过单因素实验分析料液比、乙醇浓度、超声时间、超声功率、超声温度5个相关因素的显著性,选择料液比、乙醇浓度和超声时间为较显著的因子进行分析。而后通过响应面拟合模型对各相关因素进行优化,最终确定在料液比1:102(g/mL)、乙醇浓度73%、超声时间55 min、超声功率175 W、超声温度50℃条件下,魔芋葡甘聚糖含量为88.1%,与预测值相近,纯化工艺切实可行。利用红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪测定优化前后样品结构,未发现明显差异。经该工艺纯化后的魔芋粉中魔芋葡甘聚糖含量明显高于未纯化魔芋粉,且结构受影响较小,本文旨在为魔芋葡甘聚糖的高效开发和利用提供理论依据。

全自动快速微生物检测技术在流感嗜血杆菌检验中的应用价值分析

目的:分析全自动快速微生物检测技术在流感嗜血杆菌检验中的应用价值。方法:选取2021年1月—2022年12月金昌市疾病预防控制中心收治的呼吸道感染患者120例作为研究对象,患者均进行M-H琼脂药敏试验、全自动快速微生物检测、基因检测。以基因检测结果为“金标准”,比较M-H琼脂药敏试验、全自动快速微生物检测系统对流感嗜血杆菌的诊断效能及检测时间。结果:全自动快速微生物检测系统诊断流感嗜血杆菌的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、诊断符合率均高于M-H琼脂药敏试验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。全自动快速微生物检测技术检测时间短于M-H琼脂药敏试验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:全自动快速微生物检测技术在流感嗜血杆菌检验中的应用价值显著,可提高对流感嗜血杆菌的诊断效能,缩短检测时间。