Alkali salts of heteropoly tungstates: Efficient catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel from edible and non-edible oils

Alkali salts of tungsten based heteropoly acids with different central atom such as P, Si and Co were prepared and evaluated for transes- terification of both edible and non-edible oils to their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters. The catalyst of sodium salt of tungstic acid with Co as central atom （Na5CoW12O40） showed optimum activity towards transesterification compared with other heteropoly tungstates. The catalysts activities were correlated with the observed physico-chemical characteristics derived from FT-infrared （FT-IR）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia （NH3-TPD） and carbon dioxide （CO2-TPD）. The Na5CoW12O40 catalyst exhibiting high activity even at 65 ℃ is due to the presence of strong acidic as well as basic sites. The disclosed catalyst is tolerable towards water and free fatty acids present in the oils. The influence of catalyst loading, reaction time and reaction temperature is studied to optimize the reaction parameters.

Analysis on Maize EST Database under the Co-stress of Drought,Salt and Alkali

[Objective] The research aimed to construct maize cDNA library under the co-stress of drought,salt and alkali,and initially analyze the expression of gene which related to the cellular function.[Method] The total RNA of mixed tissue（leaf,stem and blossom bud） of maize YQ7-96 in the male and female differentiation period（12-leaf age） was extracted.By using SMART technology,cDNA library of pDNR-LIB vector was constructed.BlastX contrast and MIPS classification analysis of EST sequence were carried out by randomly picking the clone.[Result] 3 027 cDNA clones were picked out to sequence.The length of 94.45% EST was bigger than 400 bp,and 1 861 single gene clusters were obtained.The gene which maintained the normal physiological activity occupied 65.36%.The genes which involved in the intracellular transportation,signal transduction,cell defense and cycle,DNA metabolic process were respectively 9.26%,6.58%,2.63% and 3.16%.[Conclusion] Based on the successful construction of maize cDNA library under the co-stress of drought,salt and alkali,EST was sequenced,analyzed and classified.EST which related to the cellular function was screened.It laid the foundation for the following research.

Effects of neutral salt and alkali on ion distributions in the roots,shoots,and leaves of two alfalfa cultivars with differing degrees of salt tolerance

The effects of neutral salt and alkali on the ion distribution were investigated in two alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） cultivars, including Zhongmu 1, a high salt-tolerant cultivar, and Algonquin, a low salt-tolerant cultivar. The alkali stress expressed more serious growth inhibition than the neutral salt stress at the same Na＋ concentration. Compared with Algonquin, Zhongmu 1 did not exhibit a higher alkali tolerance under the Na2CO3-NaHCO3 treatment with the low Na＋ concentration （50 mmol L-l）. The alkali increased the accumulation of Na＋, Ca2＋, and Mg2＋ in the root and changed the Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ balance in the entire alfalfa plant. The salt and alkali stresses decreased the K＋ and Fe3＋ contents of the roots and leaves, the root Mn2＋ content, and the shoot Zn2＋ content, but they increased the Fe3＋ accumulation of the shoots, the shoot and leaf Cu2＋ contents, and the leaf Zn2＋ content in both alfalfa cultivars. Based on the results obtained under the conditions of this experiment, we found that the salt and alkali stresses reduced the plant growth in both alfalfa cultivars, while the alkali caused a stronger stress than the neutral salt in alfalfa. Thus, we conclude that under hydroponic conditions, the deleterious effects of the alkali on plants are due to the distribution change of some trophic ion balance in the roots, shoots, and leaves of the plants by causing of Na＋, CO3^2-, and/or HCO3- stresses.

Effects of salt and alkali stress on Reaumuria soongorica germination

Seed germination and early seedling growth are crucial stages for plant establishment. Two neutral(Na Cl and Na2SO4) and two alkali(Na HCO3 and Na2CO3) salts were selected to investigate their effects on germination and recovery responses in Reaumuria soongorica. Results show that both salt types significantly reduced germination and radicle elongation. The rate of germination and emergence of R. soongorica seeds continuously decreased as salinity increased, and the time to achieve maximum germination rate was delayed. The speed of seed germination dropped rapidly as salt concentration increased.Alkaline salts restricted the germination rate of R. soongorica seeds, and stresses resulting from alkaline salts and high concentrations of neutral salts resulted in many deformed seedlings. The length of the radicle and germ decreased with increasing salt concentration, but certain concentrations of salt and increased p H promoted germ growth. The results of regression analysis show that salt concentration was the dominant factor inhibiting R. soongorica seed germination rate. Salinity, buffering capacity, and p H all affected embryo growth, but salinity had the most pronounced effect. Seed viability under highly saline conditions appears to be a better indicator of adaptation to saline environments than seed germination under saline conditions.

The Salt Reduction and Yield Increase Effects of Smashing Ridging Transforming Saline-alkali Land and Its Development Prospects

Using smashing ridging tillage machine and smashing ridging technology invented by the authors, transformation test of saline-alkali land by smashing ridging was conducted respectively in Xinjiang and Shaanxi during 2015 -2016. The results showed, in severe saline-alkali soil of Xin-jiang ,after growing cotton by smashing ridging, total salt in soil decreased by 31.31 %, cotton production increased by 48.80%, and salinity level declined from severe to moderate; in mild saline-alkali soil of Shaanxi, after growing summer corn by smashing ridging, total salt in soil decreased by 42.37%, corn yield increased by 34.83%, salinity degree changed from mild desalination to normal farmland ; in Ningxia, Inner Mongolia 7 Gansu ,Jilin, Henan, Hebei, and so on, smashing ridging tillage practice in different types of saline-alkali land was conducted ; according to the salt reduction and yield increase effects of saline-alkali land after smashing ridging, the development prospect of smashing ridging technique in improvement and application of saline-alkali land was proposed.

Effects of salt-alkali stress on active oxygen metabolism in roots of Spiraea × bumalda 'Gold Mound' and Spiraea × bumalda 'Gold Flame'

Under artificially-simulated complex salt-alkali stress, the levels of active oxygen metabolism in roots were studied using three-year-old cutting seedlings of Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Mound＇ and Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Flame＇. The present study aimed at exploring the antioxidant capacity in roots of spiraeas and revealing their adaptability to salt-alkali stress. Results indicate that the oxygen free radicals contents, electrolyte leakage rates and MDA contents in roots of Spiraea × bumalda ＇Gold Mound＇ and Spiraea × bumalda ＇Gold Flame＇ show an increasing tendency with the increases of the salinity and pH value, whereas the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT） all increased firstly and then decreased. With the increase in intensity of salt-alkali stress, the CAT activity in roots of Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Flame＇ is higher and the increasing extents in the oxygen free radicals contents, electrolyte leakage rates as well as MDA contents are lower compared with Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Mound＇, indicating that Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Flame＇ has a stronger antioxidant capacity.

Synthesis and Selective Coloration of Monoaza Crown Ethers Bearing Picrylamino-type Side Arms for Alkali Metal Salts and Methylamine

N-pivot lariat ethers with picrylamino group as a chromophore (1, 2 and 3) have been prepared by reaction of N-(4-aminoaryl)monoaza crown ethers with picryl chrolide, and the selective coloration of 1, 2 and 3 for alkali metal salts and amines has been studied by UV-Vis spectra.

Overexpression of vacuolar proton pump ATPase(V-H^+-ATPase) subunits B, C and H confers tolerance to salt and saline-alkali stresses in transgenic alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)

The vacuolar proton pump ATPase（V-H^＋-ATPase）, which is a multi-subunit membrane protein complex, plays a major role in the activation of ion and nutrient transport and has been suggested to be involved in several physiological processes, such as cell expansion and salt tolerance. In this study, three genes encoding V-H^＋-ATPase subunits B（Sc VHA-B, Gen Bank： JF826506）, C（Sc VHA-C, Gen Bank： JF826507） and H（Sc VHA-H, Gen Bank： JF826508） were isolated from the halophyte Suaeda corniculata. The transcript levels of Sc VHA-B, Sc VHA-C and Sc VHA-H were increased by salt, drought and saline-alkali treatments. V-H^＋-ATPase activity was also examined under salt, drought and saline-alkali stresses. The results showed that V-H^＋-ATPase activity was correlated with salt, drought and saline-alkali stress. Furthermore, V-H^＋-ATPase subunits B, C and H（Sc VHA-B, Sc VHA-C and Sc VHA-H） from S. corniculata were introduced separately into the alfalfa genome. The transgenic alfalfa was verified by Southern and Northern blot analysis. During salt and saline-alkali stresses, transgenic lines carrying the B, C and H subunits had higher germination rates than the wild type（WT）. More free proline, higher superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity and lower malondialdehyde（MDA） levels were detected in the transgenic plants under salt and saline-alkali treatments. Moreover, the Sc VHA-B transgenic lines showed greater tolerance to salt and saline-alkali stresses than the WT. These results suggest that overexpression of Sc VHA-B, Sc VHA-C and Sc VHA-H improves tolerance to salt and saline-alkali stresses in transgenic alfalfa.

COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION OF MOLTEN SALT SOLUTION OF Li,KF,Cl SYSTEM BY MOLECULAR DYNAMIC METHOD

The structure and properties of molten salt solution o J Li,K|F,Cl system have been investiged by computerized simulation of molecular dynamic method.The partial RDF,the partial molar energy of mixing and the diffusion coeffients of Li^+,K^+,F^- and Cl^- have been calculated. The results are in agreement with the experimental values.The regularities of the distribution of ions and mieroscopic holes are discussed based on the results of computerized simulation.

Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Glycine soja Roots Under Salinity and Alkalinity Stresses Using RNA-seq

Saline-alkaline stress can dramatically inhibit plant growth and limit crop production. Wild soybean （Glycine soja） is a crop that adapts well to such environmental stresses. In this study, RNA-sequencing technology was used to analyze the transcriptome profles of G. soja roots subjected to 50 mmol·L^-1 NaHCO3 and 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl treatments. Totally, 2 125 differentially-expressed genes （DEGs） after NaCl treatment and 1 839 DEGs after NaHCO3 treatment were identifed. The top 14 DEGs revealed by RNA-seq were analyzed using qRT-PCR （quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction）. Gene ontology （GO） annotation showed that most of DEGs under salt and alkali stresses were enriched in ＂metabolic process＂, ＂catalytic activity＂ and ＂binding＂ terms. To search for transcription factors （TFs） among DEGs, the data were screened against TF database PlantTFDB, and it was found that fve TF families, Apetala2/ethylene-responsive element binding proteins （AP2-EREBP）, V-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog （MYB）, WRKYGQK and Zinc fnger motif （WRKY）, NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC1/2 （NAC） and Cys2/His2 （C2H2） were involved in salt stress response. Other fve TF families, NAC, WRKY, MYB, AP2-EREBP and bZIP were involved in response to alkali stress. These two stress treatments shared NAC, WRKY, AP2-EREBP and MYB, and the only two different TFs were bZIP and C2H2. Forty-eight MYB TFs were differentially expressed under salt and alkali stresses, and most of them were up-regulated. This study provided useful information for further investigation of DEGs and TFs in response to saline and alkaline stresses and helped in understanding the molecular basis of the response of G. soja to saline and alkaline stresses.

盐碱胁迫对植物的影响及抗性机制研究进展

盐碱胁迫是仅次于干旱胁迫抑制植物生长发育的主要非生物胁迫之一,不仅影响植物的生长发育,而且对农业生产和生态环境造成严重威胁。研究植物的耐盐碱机制,对耐盐碱作物选育及盐碱地的开发利用具有重要的现实意义。结合近年来国内外的相关研究总结性阐述了盐碱胁迫对植物代谢的伤害(包括离子伤害、膜系统伤害、诱导渗透伤害等)机制,并从膜系统保护以及诱导基因表达方面综述了植物对盐碱胁迫的缓解机制,进而提出外源物质的导入、生物技术手段、耐盐碱品种培育是解决植物抗盐碱的主要手段。最后就植物适应盐碱胁迫方面的研究进行了展望,指出了当前研究者需要解决的问题和突破口,旨在为提高植物耐盐碱能力、增加作物产量提供一定的理论依据。

不同瓜类作物耐盐碱性鉴定方法初探

为了评估葫芦、南瓜、甜瓜和西瓜在盐碱胁迫条件下的耐盐碱性,为盐碱地的合理利用和耐盐碱品种的选育提供科学依据,选取葫芦(丰砧一号)、南瓜(丰乐金甲)、甜瓜(金露三号)和西瓜(中蜜一号)4个品种,在3叶1心期使用单一盐(NaCl)、混合盐碱(NaCl+Na_(2)SO_(4)+NaHCO_(3)+Na_(2)CO_(3))和混合盐(KNO_(3)+K_(2)SO_(4))三种盐碱溶液对幼苗进行处理,通过苗期盐害指数评估和极差分析进行品种耐盐性分析鉴定。结果表明,中蜜一号对单一盐溶液浓度变化最敏感,盐害指数在200 mmol·L^(-1)时最大;丰乐金甲对单一盐溶液的浓度变化最不敏感。对于混合盐碱溶液,金露三号对浓度变化最敏感,盐害指数在200 mmol·L^(-1)时最大;丰乐金甲对混合盐碱溶液的浓度变化最不敏感。混合盐溶液处理中,中蜜一号对浓度变化最敏感,盐害指数在200 mmol·L^(-1)时最大;丰乐金甲对混合盐溶液的浓度变化最不敏感。南瓜在盐碱胁迫下表现出较强的耐盐碱性,适合在轻度至中度盐碱地种植;而葫芦、甜瓜和西瓜的耐盐碱性较弱,不适宜在盐碱地种植。这些结果为盐碱地的合理利用和耐盐碱品种的选育提供了科学依据。

水稻耐苏打盐碱性鉴定方法的研究进展

盐碱胁迫是影响水稻正常生长发育和产量形成的主要非生物因素之一。我国是世界第三大盐碱土国家,研究水稻耐盐碱性对于保障国家粮食安全具有重要战略意义。本文综述了国内外对水稻耐盐碱性鉴定和分级评价方法,系统介绍了苏打盐碱地分布及类型、苏打盐碱胁迫对水稻产量和品质的影响、水稻耐盐碱性鉴定方法等方面的研究进展,并进一步对水稻耐盐碱鉴定研究和标准规范进行了展望,以期为水稻耐盐碱性研究和耐盐碱水稻选育提供理论依据。

紫薇响应盐胁迫和碱胁迫的代谢组分析

为探究‘红叶’紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica ‘Pink Velour’)对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的代谢响应机制,对‘红叶’紫薇1年生无性扦插苗分别进行盐胁迫(NaCl,pH=7.02)和碱胁迫(NaHCO_(3)和Na_(2)CO_(3)的Na^(+)摩尔比为2:1,pH=9.52)处理,采用液相色谱质谱(LC-MS)分析叶片代谢组学变化,并比较2个处理组与对照(CK)之间的代谢差异。结果表明:与CK相比,盐处理组共筛选出156个差异代谢物,碱处理组共筛选出176个差异代谢物,2个对比组共有23个差异代谢物,其余均为特有差异代谢物。KEGG富集分析表明,次生代谢产物生物合成、氨基酸代谢、糖类代谢、脂肪酸代谢和植物激素合成是响应盐胁迫和碱胁迫的主要代谢通路;甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸合成代谢、ABC转运蛋白和维生素B_(6)合成代谢是盐胁迫组的特有代谢通路;缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸生物合成代谢、叶酸合成代谢,以及戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化和抗坏血酸合成代谢是碱胁迫组的特有代谢通路。这些差异代谢物变化和代谢通路富集可能是紫薇响应盐胁迫和碱胁迫的主要机制。

盐碱胁迫下2,4-表油菜素内酯和褪黑素对百合幼苗光合生理的影响

以‘西伯利亚’百合种球为试材,采用室内盆栽试验的方法,研究了中度(150 mmol·L^(-1))盐碱胁迫下叶施2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)、褪黑素(MT)及其复合处理对百合幼苗生长、光合和叶绿素荧光参数、离子转运及抗氧化系统的影响,以期为二者缓解百合盐碱胁迫提供参考依据。结果表明:盐碱胁迫下百合株高、叶表面积以及生物量显著下降,施用EBR和/或MT可以缓解百合受到的生长抑制。150 mmol·L^(-1)盐碱胁迫下,与喷施清水对照(CK)处理相比,EBR+MT处理的SPAD值增加37.2%,百合地上部和地下部N含量分别增加83.6%和40.7%,叶绿素荧光参数中PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)分别增加14.6%、42.9%和50.0%,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)下降9.2%,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)分别增加56.3%、29.7%和42.7%,胞间二氧化碳(Ci)下降19.3%。150 mmol·L^(-1)盐碱胁迫下,百合地上部和地下部Na^(+)含量增加,而K^(+)含量下降,EBR+MT处理后百合地上部和地下部K^(+)/Na^(+)值分别增加110.9%和98.8%;同时,施用EBR和/或MT处理能够促进百合Cu/Zn-SOD、POD以及CAT基因的表达,激活抗氧化酶SOD、POD以及CAT活性。综上所述,施用EBR和/或MT处理均能够不同程度的提高百合SPAD值,减缓盐碱胁迫对PSⅡ光系统的抑制,维持植物体内Na^(+)和K^(+)的平衡,激活SOD、POD和CAT等抗氧化酶基因表达并提高酶活性,促进百合株高和生物量的增加,其中以复合喷施EBR+MT处理下百合幼苗的抗盐碱性效果更好。

聚乙二醇对盐碱胁迫下花楸胚胎萌发及幼苗生理指标的影响

采用室内培养皿发芽法,研究外源添加聚乙二醇、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠对花楸胚胎萌发及幼苗生理指标的影响。结果表明,聚乙二醇处理花楸胚胎后使萌发率提高15%~25%,碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠处理使花楸胚胎的萌发率分别降低了88%和85%。聚乙二醇可缓解盐碱胁迫对花楸胚胎萌发的抑制,使胁迫下胚胎的萌发率提高1~2倍。聚乙二醇可提高盐碱胁迫下花楸胚胎中抗氧化酶活性,使胁迫下胚胎中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)分别提高16.45%、75%、80%。聚乙二醇使胁迫下胚胎中的丙二醛(MDA)含量降低41.44%。研究显示,聚乙二醇能够有效缓解盐碱胁迫对花楸胚胎的抑制作用,并提高花楸胚胎中的抗氧化酶活性,增强花楸的抗逆性,为建立PEG引发促进花楸胚胎萌发技术提供科学依据。

36份藜麦种质资源苗期耐盐碱性评价与筛选

为探究不同藜麦种质苗期耐盐碱性差异,本研究对36份藜麦种质苗期用150 mmol/L盐碱浓度(NaCl∶NaHCO_(3)=4∶1)进行胁迫处理,对株高、叶面积和叶片相对含水量等11个指标进行了测定,采用主成分分析等多种统计方法,筛选出适宜山西地区生长的藜麦种质。结果表明,盐碱胁迫下,藜麦种质各类指标相互之间均存在一定程度的关联;本试验中共提取5个主成分因子,方差累积贡献率为74.947%,可以代替11个指标的绝大部分信息,显示盐碱胁迫下藜麦苗期的抗盐碱特性,并且计算出耐盐碱性综合评价D值,并基于D值进行聚类分析,将36份种质资源分为四个大类,包括高耐盐碱种质5份、耐盐碱种质14份、弱耐盐种质11份、盐碱敏感种质共6份。

外源γ-氨基丁酸缓解燕麦幼苗盐碱胁迫的生理效应

为探究外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对燕麦耐盐碱性的影响,以燕麦白燕2号为试验材料,在混合盐碱(NaCl∶Na_(2)SO_(4)∶NaHCO_(3)∶Na_(2)CO_(3)摩尔比为1∶9∶9∶1)胁迫下叶面喷施不同浓度GABA,测定燕麦幼苗叶绿素含量、荧光参数、渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化,同时对幼苗生长缓解效应进行综合评价。结果表明,外源喷施4~6 mmol·L^(-1) GABA可显著提高盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗的叶绿素含量和光系统Ⅱ反应活性,促进光合作用;在盐碱胁迫下,与喷施清水相比,燕麦幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度GABA后,脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖(SS)含量分别下降了14.7%~29.7%、28.2%~54.4%和1.8%~11.8%,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别提高了17.9%~58.3%、4.4%~33.4%和8.3%~19.1%。经隶属函数法综合评价得出,叶面喷施GABA提高燕麦幼苗耐盐碱性的最佳浓度为6 mmol·L^(-1)。以上结果说明,叶面喷施适宜浓度的GABA能够提高燕麦幼苗光合能力和抗氧化酶活性,降低渗透调节物质含量,提高燕麦幼苗的抗盐碱能力,有效缓解盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长带来的伤害。

盐碱地肥沃耕层构建水肥盐综合调控机理与技术研究进展

盐碱地是我国重要的后备耕地资源,我国历来高度重视盐碱地的改良和利用工作,但目前盐碱区淡水资源短缺严重制约了盐碱地的改良利用。如何在水资源约束下,优化调控土壤水肥盐动态是当前盐碱地可持续利用中亟待解决的关键科学问题。近年来,大量研究利用有机培肥、耕作、节水灌溉、田间覆盖、咸水利用等农艺措施,在盐碱地建立“控盐、保肥、保水”的肥沃耕作层,显著改变了水肥盐在土壤-植物-大气连续体中的运移过程,实现了盐碱地质量和产能快速提升,上述内容也日益成为盐碱地改良利用中的重要研究方向。本文系统总结了盐碱地改良和肥沃耕层构建等方面的研究进展,并针对盐碱地肥沃耕层构建下土壤水肥盐综合调控及其与植物生长的协同关系等进行了展望,以期为盐碱地可持续改良利用提供参考。

黄微孢属真菌改善盐碱胁迫下绿豆生长作用分析

为探究来自中国东北森林凋落物的新发现黄微孢属(Parametarhizium)真菌改善盐碱胁迫下植物生长的作用,利用该属兴安黄微孢菌(P. hingganense)和长白黄微孢菌(P. changbaiense)处理绿豆(Vigna radiata)种子,并对处理后植株分别进行盐、碱胁迫,检测生长表型、光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数、渗透物质含量、活性氧水平、脂质过氧化程度及抗氧化酶活性变化。结果表明:与未处理植株相比,2种真菌处理后绿豆植株在无胁迫和盐、碱胁迫条件下均具有较高生物量。盐、碱胁迫下2种真菌处理植株能够维持较高光合活性,脯氨酸含量增加,丙二醛含量降低,抗氧化酶(POD、SOD、CAT)活性不同程度地升高。综上,黄微孢属的2种真菌通过维护光合系统功能、增加渗透调节物质和增强抗氧化能力来不同程度地改善盐碱胁迫下绿豆植株的生长,其中,兴安黄微孢菌处理能够较显著地减缓盐胁迫损伤,而长白黄微孢菌处理较显著地改善碱胁迫下绿豆生长。