The Influence of Aerial Exposure on Sea Anemones Aulactinia veratra Mucin Genes Expression Using the RNA Sequencing

Mucin genes are the main component of mucus. The sea anemone species, Aulactinia veratra (Phylum Cnidaria) contains different types of mucin genes. In the intertidal zone, A. veratra is found to be exposed to air during the low tide and produces large quantities of mucus as an external covering. The relation between low tide and mucus secretion is still unclear, and what is the role of mucin during arial exposure is not yet investigated. This study hypothesised that the mucin genes in A. veratra would have significantly high expression in response to aerial exposure. Therefore, the aim of current study was to examine and analyses the response of A. veratra mucins in response to an experiment involving three hours of aerial exposure. To achieve this, aim the RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to examine the expression profile of A. veratra mucin genes in response to aerial exposure. The generated results have shown that, Mucin4-like and mucin5B-like were up-regulated in response to the three hours of aerial exposure in A. veratra. This finding shows a significant role of mucin5B-like and mucin4-like genes in response to air stress at low tide. The data generated from this study could be used in conjunction with future mucin gene studies of sea anemones and other cnidarians to compare A. veratra mucin gene expression results across time, and to extend our understanding of mucin stress response in this phylum.

辽宁省白头翁叶斑病发生初报

本文首次报道了辽宁省药用植物白头翁叶斑病的发生危害、症状描述及病原菌的形态特征,并进行了病原菌的分离和纯化。分离得到的菌株按照柯赫氏法则进行了致病性测定。初步研究结果表明,白头翁叶斑病是由银莲花壳二孢(Ascochyta anemones Kab.et Bub.)真菌侵染所致。针对此病害的发生特点,本文初步提出了相应的防治措施。

白头翁叶斑病菌对7种杀菌剂的敏感性测定

采用生长速率法测定白头翁叶斑病菌(Ascochyta anemones Kab.et Bub.)对70%甲基硫菌灵WP、75%百菌清WP、50%代森锰锌WP、50%多菌灵WP、25%嘧菌酯SC、10%苯醚甲环唑WP、40%氟硅唑EC7种常用杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,白头翁叶斑病菌对不同杀菌剂的敏感程度存在明显差异,对50%代森锰锌WP的敏感性最高,EC50值为24.400 3 mg/mL;对10%苯醚甲环唑WP最不敏感。

大火草药学研究概况

在广泛文献检索基础上,对大火草的成分、药理、临床应用及禁忌等方面进行综述,为进一步研究和发展提供资料。

响应面分析法对大火草多糖提取工艺的优化

采用超声波和微波技术提取大火草[Anemone tomentosa(Maxim.)Péi]根、茎、叶中的多糖,确定超声波醇提为最佳提取方法,用苯酚-硫酸法测定其多糖含量。通过单因素试验和响应面分析法,研究了料液比、温度、提取时间对多糖提取率的影响。结果表明,提取时间和温度是影响大火草多糖提取率的主要因素,试验稳定性、精密度良好,提取大火草多糖的最佳条件为温度80℃,提取时间50 min,料液比1∶100(m∶V)。利用最佳提取工艺得到根、茎、叶中的多糖含量分别为5.16%、1.61%、7.16%。

香格里拉高山植物园银莲花属访花者初步研究

对香格里拉高山植物园3种银莲花属植物的访花者进行比较,并对不同颜色展毛银莲花的访问者进行观察和比较。结果表明,湿地银莲花与草玉梅的访花者种类较多,而展毛银莲花的则相对较少。访问者不同对花色展毛银莲花的访问次数没有明显差异,颜色不同和访问者不同对访问频次没有明显影响。应对展毛银莲花的花色变化进行深入研究,为开发利用野生花卉资源创造条件。

Antitumor triterpene saponins from Anemone flaccida

A new triterpenoid saponin, 3-O-[（6′-butyryl）-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→4）-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→6）-β-D-glucopyranosyl] oleanolic acid, as well as three known triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the rhizomes of Anemone flaccida. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. These compounds showed significant antitumor activities.

Isolation and identifi cation of antimicrobial metabolites from sea anemone-derived fungus Emericella sp.SMA01

Marine symbiotic fungi represent an intriguing source of discovery of novel secondary metabolites with various biological activities.Sea anemones are benthic marine invertebrates,however,the cultivable symbiotic fungi residing in the sea anemones are paid few attentions compared to those derived from their cnidarian counterparts.Here we show the identification of antimicrobial secondary metabolites from the sea anemone-derived symbiotic fungi.Out offive isolated fungal strains,only the strain SMA01 showed strong antimicrobial activities,which was assigned into the genus Emericella based on the morphological characteristics and the ITS sequencing.Media swift from liquid fermentation to solid rice medium presented little influence on its antibacterial activity.A chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of the Emericella sp.SMA01 led to discovery of the primary antibiotic metabolite phenazine-1-carboxylic acid.The IC_(50) values of the phenazine-1-carboxylic acid against Phytophthora capsici,Gibberella zeae,and Verticillium dahliae were determined to be 23.26-53.89μg/mL.To the best of our knowledge,this was the first report of Emericella sp.in sea anemones.The current study may benefit understanding of the defensive chemical interactions between the symbiotic fungi and their host sea anemones.

A New β-Carboline Alkaloid and a New Derivate of Isoferulic Acid from Anemone altaica

A new β-carboline alkaloid, 4-（9H-β-carbolin-1-yl）-4-oxobutyric acid and a new derivate of isoferulic acid, （E）-3-（3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl）acrylic acid carboxymethyl ester, were isolated from the roots of Anemone altaica. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral data.

Two New Oleanane Saponins from Anemone anhuiensis

Two new oleanane triterpene saponins, named as anhuienside C (1) and D (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Anemone anhuiensis (Ranunculaceae). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1) and 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2), respectively.

Antimicrobial properties of sea anemone Anthopleura nigrescens from Pacific coast of Costa Rica

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the aqueous and partitioned extract of sea anemone Anthopleura nigrescens(A. nigrescens).Methods: The sea anemone A. nigrescens was collected, minced, homogenized,lyophilized and then further partitioned with diethyl ether, acetone, ethanol and water.These fractions were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens.Results: Acetone extract was found to produce a pronounced inhibition of 7.0 mm against Proteus vulgaris and diethyl ether extract inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an inhibition zone of 6.5 mm. In antifungal activity, ethanol extract showed good activity against Botrytis cinerea, Trichoderma harzianum and Rhizopus oryzae compared with other strains. Acetone and ethanol extract of A. nigrescens showed activity against all of pathogens tested. Slight activity was observed in the water extract with inhibition zone of 1.5 mm.Conclusions: The present study revealed that sea anemone A. nigrescens may also contain some biologically active agents which have potential activity against pathogenic microorganisms.

A New Triterpenoid Saponin from Anemone tomentosa

A new triterpenoid saponin, tomentoside (5), together with prosapogenin CP 4 (1),huzhangoside B (2), C (3) and D (4) was isolated from the ethanolic extract of Anemone tomentosa.its structure was established by spectroscopic and chemical evidence.

A new triterpenoid saponin from Anemone raddeana

A new triterpenoid bisglycoside, named raddeanoside R19, was isolated from the roots of Anemone raddeana. Its structure was elucidated on the basis of ESI-MS, ^13C NMR, and chemical methods.

A new superoxide-generation inhibitor from rhizome of Anemone raddeana Regel

A new triterpenoid saponins, raddeanoside R19 （1） was isolated from the rhizome of Anemone raddeana Regel. The effects of raddeanoside R119 on superoxide generation in human neutrophil were evaluated. The compound suppressed the superoxide generation induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine （fMLP）, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate （PMA） and arachidonic acid （AA） in a different concentration-dependent manner.

Anemhupehins A-C,Podocarpane Diterpenoids from Anemone hupehensis

Three new podocarpane diterpenoids,namely anemhupehins A-C(1-3),together with four known analogues(4-7),have been isolated from aerial parts of Anemone hupehensis.Their structures were characterized based on extensive spectroscopic data.Compounds 1 and 4 showed certain cytotoxicities against human cancer cell lines.

Preparation and Insecticidal Activity of Sea Anemone Peptide AP-GI from Aiptasia pallida

[Objectives] This study was conducted to synthesize sea anemone peptide Ap-GI and investigate its insecticidal activity. [Methods] The linear peptide Ap-GI was synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis(SPPS), and the linear peptide was subjected to the two-step oxidative folding, mass spectrometry identification and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) purification. Then, the MTT method and insect injection method were used to study its insecticidal activity. [Results] The synthesized sea anemone peptide had a purity of 95%. The test results of the MTT method showed that the peptide Ap-GI had the activity of inhibiting the growth of insect cells sf9 with the median effective dose of 0.7 nM;and the test results of the injection method on yellow mealworms showed that the peptide Ap-GI had high insecticidal activity, and the median lethal dose was 16.9 nM. [Conclusions] The sea anemone peptide Ap-GI from Aiptasia pallida has a good inhibitory effect on the growth of insect cells and high-efficiency insecticidal activity, which can lay a foundation for the development of new, safe and efficient peptide biological insecticides.

Preparation of Sea Anemone Peptide Toxin Ap-TxI and Its Insecticidal Activity

[Objectives]This study was conducted to synthesize sea anemone peptide toxin Ap-TxI and investigate its insecticidal activity. [Methods] The sea anemone linear peptide toxin Ap-TxI was synthesized by the solid-phase peptide synthesis(SPPS), and six cysteines were oxidized to form three disulfide bonds by a three-step directional oxidation method. Then, purification by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and mass spectrometry identification were performed. Finally, the insect cytotoxicity and insecticidal activity of Ap-TxI were studied by the MTT method and insect injection method. [Results] The oxidized peptide Ap-TxI with three disulfide bonds in natural configuration was successfully synthesized by the SPPS method, and its purity was >90% by HPLC analysis. The results of the MTT method showed that Ap-TxI was active on the growth of insect cells sf9, with a half effective dose of 0.2 nM;and the results of the mealworm injection test showed that the polypeptide Ap-TxI had high insecticidal activity with a median lethal dose of 11.7 nM. [Conclusions] The sea anemone peptide toxin Ap-TxI with high insecticidal effect was obtained, laying a foundation for the development of new, efficient and safe biological insecticides.

Coral Reef Bleaching at Agatti Island of Lakshadweep Atolls,India

A survey on coral bleaching was carried out at Agatti Island of Lakshadweep from May to June 2010.Elevated sea surface temperatures(SSTs)of the region exceeded the seasonal average and delayed the onset of monsoon,which triggered widespread bleaching of corals.The Agatti reefs showed an average of 73%bleached corals with apparent bleaching-related mortality of sea anemones(87%)and giant clams(83%).The SST increased up to 34℃with an average maximum SST of 32.5℃ during the study period between May and June 2010.Coral reefs on the southern side of the island are fully or partially exposed to sun light during low tide in contrast to the other side.This suggests that the mortality is more likely due to the low tide exposure than exclusively due to the elevated SST.Observations indicated a clear increase in coral bleaching during April 2010,at levels higher than that in normal summer.

毒草变农藥

为配合全国范圍內彻底消灭病虫害,除迅速发展化学农藥外还得利用有毒野生植物制成土农藥作为防治用剂,才能赢得农产丰收。今介紹几种杀虫毒草及配制使用方法如下以供参考。一、蕺菜(Houttuynia cordata Thunb.) 1.形态:多年生草本,植物体有魚腥味。地下根莖匍匐。叶片心形互生,全緣,花小密生,无花被,集成穗状花序。花序下有花瓣狀白色苞片4枚。生長在阴湿之地。为原野习見杂草。 2.配制及防治对象:①草1斤加水3斤捣烂过滤得原液。每斤原液加水6斤,杀棉蚜率100%。②草1斤捣爛加水5斤稀釋过滤得滤液噴洒可防治蚜虫,

Anemone medicinal plants:ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry and biology

The Ranunculaceae genus Anemone(order Ranunculales),comprising more than 150 species,mostly herbs,has long been used in folk medicine and worldwide ethnomedicine.Various medicinal compounds have been found in Anemone plants,especially triterpenoid saponins,some of which have shown anti-cancer activities.Some Anemone compounds and extracts display immunomodulatory,antiinflammatory,antioxidant,and antimicrobial activities.More than 50 species have ethnopharmacological uses,which provide clues for modern drug discovery.Anemone compounds exert anticancer and other bioactivities via multiple pathways.However,a comprehensive review of the Anemone medicinal resources is lacking.We here summarize the ethnomedical knowledge and recent progress on the chemical and pharmacological diversity of Anemone medicinal plants,as well as the emerging molecular mechanisms and functions of these medicinal compounds.The phylogenetic relationships of Anemone species were reconstructed based on nuclear ITS and chloroplast markers.The molecular phylogeny is largely congruent with the morphology-based classification.Commonly used medicinal herbs are distributed in each subgenus and section,and chemical and biological studies of more unexplored taxa are warranted.Gene expression profiling and relevant "omics" platforms could reveal differential effects of phytometabolites.Genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,and metabolomics should be highlighted in deciphering novel therapeutic mechanisms and utilities of Anemone phytometabolites.