Fiber optic monitoring of an anti-slide pile in a retrogressive landslide

Anti-slide piles are one of the most important reinforcement structures against landslides,and evalu-ating the working conditions is of great significance for landslide mitigation.The widely adopted analytical methods of pile internal forces include cantilever beam method and elastic foundation beam method.However,due to many assumptions involved in calculation,the analytical models cannot be fully applicable to complex site situations,e.g.landslides with multi-sliding surfaces and pile-soil interface separation as discussed herein.In view of this,the combination of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)and strain-internal force conversion methods was proposed to evaluate the working conditions of an anti-sliding pile in a typical retrogressive landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area,China.Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry(BOTDR)was utilized to monitor the strain distri-bution along the pile.Next,by analyzing the relative deformation between the pile and its adjacent inclinometer,the pile-soil interface separation was profiled.Finally,the internal forces of the anti-slide pile were derived based on the strain-internal force conversion method.According to the ratio of calculated internal forces to the design values,the working conditions of the anti-slide pile could be evaluated.The results demonstrated that the proposed method could reveal the deformation pattern of the anti-slide pile system,and can quantitatively evaluate its working conditions.

Anchoring Depth Research of Anti-Slide Piles of Anchor Bar in Soil

The model test result of earth force in the side of anti-slide pile of anchor bars was introduced.There are three groups of the tests.The loads were on the back side of the slope in two groups.The other one was loaded just behind the pile by the jack.In order to get the force of the soil,some earth-pressure boxes were used to get the earth pressure on the side of the piles.The part of the max pressure and the earth pressure was mainly focused under the slip line

Shaking table test for reinforcement of soil slope with multiple sliding surfaces by reinforced double-row anti-slide piles

Despite the continuous advancements of engineering construction in high-intensity areas,many engineering landslides are still manufactured with huge thrust force,and double-row piles are effective to control such large landslides.In this study,large shaking table test were performed to test and obtain multi-attribute seismic data such as feature image,acceleration,and dynamic soil pressure.Through the feature image processing analysis,the deformation characteristics for the slope reinforced by double-row piles were revealed.By analyzing the acceleration and the dynamic soil pressure time domain,the spatial dynamic response characteristics were revealed.Using Fast Fourier Transform and half-power bandwidth,the damping ratio of acceleration and dynamic soil pressure was obtained.Following that,the Seism Signal was used to calculate the spectral displacement of the accelerations to obtain the regional differences of spectral displacement.The results showed that the overall deformation mechanism of the slope originates from tension failure in the soil mass.The platform at the back of the slope was caused by seismic subsidence,and the peak acceleration ratio was positively correlated with the relative pile heights.The dynamic soil pressure of the front row piles showed an inverted"K"-shaped distribution,but that of the back row piles showed an"S"-shaped distribution.The predominant frequency of acceleration was 2.16 Hz,and the main frequency band was 0.7-6.87 Hz;for dynamic soil pressure,the two parameters became 1.15 Hz and 0.5-6.59 Hz,respectively.In conclusion,dynamic soil pressure was more sensitive to dampening effects than acceleration.Besides,compared to acceleration,dynamic soil pressure exhibited larger loss factors and lower resonance peaks.Finally,back row pile heads were highly sensitive to spectral displacement compared to front row pile heads.These findings may be of reference value for future seismic designs of double-row piles.

Interval finite element method and its application on anti-slide stability analysis

The problem of interval correlation results in interval extension is discussed by the relationship of interval-valued functions and real-valued functions. The methods of reducing interval extension are given. Based on the ideas of the paper, the formulas of sub-interval perturbed finite element method based on the elements are given. The sub-interval amount is discussed and the approximate computation formula is given. At the same time, the computational precision is discussed and some measures of improving computational efficiency are given. Finally, based on sub-interval perturbed finite element method and anti-slide stability analysis method, the formula for computing the bounds of stability factor is given. It provides a basis for estimating and evaluating reasonably anti-slide stability of structures.

New method of designing anti-slide piles——the strength reduction FEM

At present,the thrust of an anti-slide pile can be worked out with some calculation methods. However,the resistance in front of the pile,the distributions of resistance and thrust,and appropriate pile length cannot be easily obtained. In this paper,the authors applied the strength-reduction finite element method (FEM) to several design cases of anti-slide piles. Using this method,it is possible to take the pile-soil interactions into consideration,obtain reasonable resistance in front of pile and the distributions of thrust and resistance,and reasonable lengths of anti-slide piles. In particular,the thrust and resistance imposed on embedded anti-slide piles can be calculated and composite anti-slide pile structures such as anchored piles and braced piles can be optimized. It is proved through the calculation examples that this method is more reliable and economical in the design of anti-slide pile.

Centrifuge and numerical modeling of h-type anti-slide pile reinforced soil-rock mixture slope

Due to the loose structure,high porosity and high permeability of soil-rock mixture slope,the slope is unstable and may cause huge economic losses and casualties.The h-type anti-slide pile is regarded as an effective means to prevent the instability of soilrock mixture slope.In this paper,a centrifuge model test was conducted to investigate the stress distribution of the h-type anti-slide pile and the evolution process of soil arching during the loading.A numerical simulation model was built based on the similar relationship between the centrifuge model and the prototype to investigate the influence factors of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness,and some recommendations were proposed for its application.The results show that the bending moment distribution of the rear pile exhibits Wshaped,while for the front pile,its distribution resembles V-shaped.The soil arching evolution process during loading is gradually dissipated from bottom to top and from far to near.During the loading,the change of bending moment can be divided into three stages,namely,the stabilization stage,the slow growth stage,and the rapid growth stage.In engineering projects,the recommended values of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness are 4.0d,2.0d,and 2.0EI,where d and EI are the diameter and bending stiffness of the h-type anti-slide pile respectively.

Limit analysis on seismic stability of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous slopes with anti-slide piles

This study employs the limit analysis method to evaluate the seismic stability of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous slopes stabilized with anti-slide piles. The pseudo-static approach is used to simplify the earthquake load. The yield seismic acceleration factor is obtained from the optimization procedure and the results are verified with the published data. Then, the seismically-unstable slope is reinforced with anti-slide piles, and the seismic stability of the reinforced slope is explored. The results show that the anisotropy and nonhomogeneity of soils have significant effects on the stabilizing force required from the anti-slide piles and the optimal location of the pile is near the toe of the slope.

Study on distribution rule of sliding pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force acting on anti-sliding pile

Anti-slide pile is one of the important methods to administer landslide geological disaster because of its advantages.It plays important role in administering landslide.It is a premise of reasonable economy and technological advance to know the distribution rule and feature of the force between anti-sliding pile and surrounding rock.To determine the sliding force and remnant resistant sliding force,according to need of study,this paper sets up the geological model and mechanics model in term of a typical landslide,and analyzes the effect rule of sliding body distortion,strength and gravity to the pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force by use of the numerical model.The distribution rule of pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force of the type of landslide is given.

Application of strength reduction method to dynamic anti-sliding stability analysis of high gravity dam with complex dam foundation

Considering that there are some limitations in analyzing the anti-sliding seismic stability of dam-foundation systems with the traditional pseudo-static method and response spectrum method, the dynamic strength reduction method was used to study the deep anti-sliding stability of a high gravity dam with a complex dam foundation in response to strong earthquake-induced ground action. Based on static anti-sliding stability analysis of the dam foundation undertaken by decreasing the shear strength parameters of the rock mass in equal proportion, the seismic time history analysis was carried out. The proposed instability criterion for the dynamic strength reduction method was that the peak values of dynamic displacements and plastic strain energy change suddenly with the increase of the strength reduction factor. The elasto-plastic behavior of the dam foundation was idealized using the Drucker-Prager yield criterion based on the associated flow rule assumption. The result of elasto-plastic time history analysis of an overflow dam monolith based on the dynamic strength reduction method was compared with that of the dynamic linear elastic analysis, and the reliability of elasto-plastic time history analysis was confirmed. The results also show that the safety factors of the dam-foundation system in the static and dynamic cases are 3.25 and 3.0, respectively, and that the F2 fault has a significant influence on the anti-sliding stability of the high gravity dam. It is also concluded that the proposed instability criterion for the dynamic strength reduction method is feasible.

Pre-Stressed Rope Reinforced Anti-Sliding Pile

Pre-stressed rope reinforced anti-sliding pile is a composite anti-sliding structure. It is made up of pre-stressed rope and general anti-sliding pile. It can bring traditional anti-sliding pile＇s retaining performance into full play, and to treat with landslide fast and economically. The difference between them is that the pre-stressed rope will transfix the whole anti- sliding pile through a prearranged pipe in this structure. The working mechanics, the design method and economic benefit are studied. The results show that the pre-stressed rope reinforced anti-sliding pile can treat with the small and middle landslides or high slopes well and possess the notable advantage of technology and economic.

Sensitivity analysis of factors affecting gravity dam anti-sliding stability along a foundation surface using Sobol method

The anti-sliding stability of a gravity dam along its foundation surface is a key problem in the design of gravity dams.In this study,a sensitivity analysis framework was proposed for investigating the factors affecting gravity dam anti-sliding stability along the foundation surface.According to the design specifications,the loads and factors affecting the stability of a gravity dam were comprehensively selected.Afterwards,the sensitivity of the factors was preliminarily analyzed using the Sobol method with Latin hypercube sampling.Then,the results of the sensitivity analysis were verified with those obtained using the Garson method.Finally,the effects of different sampling methods,probability distribution types of factor samples,and ranges of factor values on the analysis results were evaluated.A case study of a typical gravity dam in Yunnan Province of China showed that the dominant factors affecting the gravity dam anti-sliding stability were the anti-shear cohesion,upstream and downstream water levels,anti-shear friction coefficient,uplift pressure reduction coefficient,concrete density,and silt height.Choice of sampling methods showed no significant effect,but the probability distribution type and the range of factor values greatly affected the analysis results.Therefore,these two elements should be sufficiently considered to improve the reliability of the dam anti-sliding stability analysis.

杭州世纪中心西天窗索夹抗滑移试验研究

索夹是预应力索结构中拉索与其他构件连接的重要节点构件,若索夹和拉索之间发生滑移,会产生较大的预应力损失,甚至改变结构的受力性能。杭州世纪中心西天窗采用箱形桁架+钢索结构,其结构特殊性决定了拉索在施工张拉和施工完成后的状态不同,即施工张拉时要求拉索对索夹是可相对滑移的,而施工完成后需要锁定拉索和索夹的相对位置,不允许发生滑移。通过拉索施工张拉、高强螺栓紧固力衰减、索夹顶推三个阶段的全过程模拟试验确定了索夹与拉索之间的摩擦力情况。试验结果表明,在拉索施工张拉阶段,索夹对索体产生的摩擦力较小,通过锌板垫层能够有效降低铸钢索夹节点处的摩擦损失,保证拉索张拉过程中索力的有效传递;高强螺栓终拧后12h内会产生不可忽视的紧固力损失;使用阶段索夹的抗滑移承载能力能够确保索夹节点安全。

考虑中间主应力影响的非饱和黄土边坡抗滑桩间距研究

理论研究和工程应用中土体破坏准则的合理选用对研究和设计结果影响较大,同时由于中间主应力效应的影响,导致平面应变试验和常规三轴试验的试验结果的差异也被广泛证实。基于土拱破坏理论,采用理论推导的方式将统一强度理论、统一滑移线场理论和土拱破坏理论应用于非饱和黄土边坡抗滑桩间距研究中,并根据试验数据确定了非饱和黄土中间主应力参数b,推导了基于土拱理论的非饱和黄土边坡抗滑桩间距表达式。通过工程实例研究了非饱和黄土边坡抗滑桩间距随中间主应力参数b和基质吸力的变化规律。研究结果表明,考虑中间主应力效应的影响可增大抗滑桩设计间距,从而降低工程造价。研究对优化非饱和黄土地区抗滑桩间距具有重要的参考价值。

超薄磨耗层抗滑性能的衰变规律及其影响因素

为了精确评价沥青超薄磨耗层开放交通后抗滑性能衰变过程、机理及影响因素,首先利用弧形模具及其配套的轮碾机来制备弧形超薄磨耗层试件;然后通过驱动轮式加速加载系统对4种级配类型和3个沥青胶结料等级的沥青超薄磨耗层试件进行加速加载试验;最后借助激光纹理扫描仪对一定轮载次数作用后的试件分别进行扫描。结合试验数据分别建立了基于S型函数的沥青超薄磨耗层宏观和微观构造深度衰变模型,以及基于灰色关联分析方法来分析各空隙率和沥青胶结料对抗滑性能的独立和耦合作用。试验研究结果显示:采用驱动轮式加速加载系统结合S型函数模型可以定量地评价和预测沥青超薄磨耗层性能的演变过程;空隙率影响超薄磨耗层宏观和微观构造深度的前期衰减速率,空隙率越大,则超薄磨耗层的宏观和微观构造深度的前期衰减速率越大;宏观构造深度的中后期衰减速率受沥青胶结料等级影响更大,沥青胶结料性能等级越高,则宏观构造深度的中后期衰减速率越慢;空隙率和沥青胶结料等级对超薄磨耗层微观构造深度中后期衰减速率的影响相当。因此,在进行超薄磨耗层抗滑性能设计时,选择大空隙率的开级配超薄磨耗层混合料级配对路面抗滑耐久性是有益的,而沥青胶结料的性能等级则可以根据交通量的大小合理选择。

圆形抗滑桩-拱形挡土板支挡性能与参数分析

为规避当前施工方法的不足,发展安全、高效和可靠的施工方法。依托东北地区某高速铁路路堑边坡工程,采用适于机械钻孔的圆形抗滑桩代替现行矩形抗滑桩,预制拱形挡土板,本文提出一种新型拱形板-桩墙支挡体系;并构建有限元模型,分析桩长、桩径、桩间距以及拱形挡土板矢跨比对新型拱形板-桩墙支挡体系支护性能的影响;揭示不同参数下桩顶水平位移与桩身内力的变化规律。研究结果表明:桩长与桩身弯矩和剪力大小呈正相关关系,与桩顶水平位移呈负相关关系。桩长超过14 m时,其对桩顶水平位移、桩身弯矩和剪力的影响效应明显减弱;随着桩间距增大,桩顶水平位移增大但变化幅度逐渐减小。拱形挡土板矢跨比增大时,桩顶水平位移、桩身弯矩和剪力均减小。影响拱形板-桩墙体系支挡性能的因素依次为桩间距、桩长、桩径和矢跨比。研究结果为圆形抗滑桩-拱形挡土板支挡体系在实际工程中的应用提供新思路。

降雨作用下抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的稳定分析

针对抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡在降雨作用下的稳定性问题,采用有限元强度折减法,利用ABAQUS建立抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的三维有限元模型,以坡底水平位移突变情况作为边坡失稳的判断标准,分别比较了不同工况下护坡安全系数随降雨时长的变化规律,以及降雨作用下抗滑桩桩位、桩长对抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的稳定性影响,并与未考虑降雨时的影响规律进行对比。结果表明:降雨时长对三维土工网垫植草工况的边坡稳定性影响较为明显;抗滑桩桩长对边坡稳定性影响较大,桩长宜取8 m;无降雨作用下将桩位置于坡中时边坡整体获得最大安全系数,降雨作用下将抗滑桩置于相对位置(L 0.4=4.8 m)时能够起到更好的抗滑效果;抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草在降雨作用时加固护坡的效果比无降雨时更好,且优于原边坡。

Experimental study on seismic reinforcement of bridge foundation on silty clay landslide with inclined interlayer

A shaking table test for a bridge foundation reinforced by anti-slide piles on a silty clay landslide model with an inclined interlayer was performed.The deformation characteristics of the bridge foundation piles and anti-slide piles were analyzed in different loading conditions.The dynamic response law of a silty clay landslide with an inclined interlayer was summarized.The spacing between the rear anti-slide piles and bridge foundation should be reasonably controlled according to the seismic fortification requirements,to avoid the two peaks in the forced deformation of the bridge foundation piles.The“blocking effect”of the bridge foundation piles reduced the deformation of the forward anti-slide piles.The stress-strain response of silty clay was intensified as the vibration wave field appeared on the slope.Since the vibration intensified,the thrust distribution of the landslide underwent a process of shifting from triangle to inverted trapezoid,the difference in the acceleration response between the bearing platform and silty clay landslide tended to decrease,and the spectrum amplitude near the natural vibration frequency increased.The rear anti-slide piles were able to slow down the shear deformation of the soil in front of the piles and avoid excessive acceleration response of the bridge foundation piles.

含软弱夹层顺层岩质边坡开挖稳定性分析

以都安高速公路某段含软弱夹层顺层岩质边坡为例,采用极限平衡法对开挖后的边坡进行稳定性分析,基于FLAC3D软件模拟分析边坡分级开挖、分级支护过程中的位移、最大剪切应变增量、应力特征及抗滑桩的承载性能。结果表明:严格条分法的安全系数为1.011,强度折减法安全系数为条分法的97.13%,当考虑岩土体变形时,传统计算方法可能会高估边坡自身的稳定性;边坡采用抗滑桩+框架锚索+框架锚杆的联合支护方式,并进行分步开挖及分级支护,对坡体扰动小,支护效果良好,能很好地控制坡体变形,避免边坡因软弱夹层塑性区贯通而发生失稳破坏。

曲面滑坡条件下h型抗滑桩受力性状模型试验研究

依托公路大型滑坡治理工程,设计物理模型试验装置,设置同一滑面和桩体锚固深度,进行6组h型抗滑桩室内模型试验,分析不同连梁长度及后排桩悬臂段高度(连梁高度)时桩顶位移变化规律、桩身弯矩和桩后土压力分布特征,研究曲面滑坡条件下h型抗滑桩受力性状及其内在机制,并给出桩后滑坡推力抛物线型分布的一般函数表达式。试验结果表明:h型抗滑桩受力过程桩顶水平位移变化表现出较为明显的三阶段特征,桩身弯矩分布呈现正、负交变现象,后排桩桩顶水平位移及桩身弯矩明显大于前排桩;降低后排桩悬臂段高度不影响桩身弯矩分布特征,但对于桩顶水平位移及桩身弯矩量值,后排桩明显减小,前排桩有所增大;增减连梁长度对前、后排桩之间荷载传递与协同受力特性影响显著,使得前、后排桩水平变形及桩身弯矩随之产生变化;连梁正、负弯矩极值均处于连梁端部,相比于连梁长度,连梁弯矩的大小及分布形态受后排桩悬臂段长度的影响更为明显;随着连梁长度的减小或后排桩悬臂段长度的增加,后排桩桩后土压力表现出抛物线型、重心偏下的抛物线型及近似梯形的分布形态。此外,给出的滑坡推力函数表达式能较好的表征其抛物线型分布特征,通过调整合力作用点参数,亦可对滑坡推力近似梯形的分布类型进行描述。

砂土边坡桩间水平土拱机理与演变规律离散元分析

抗滑桩等非连续支挡结构在边坡工程中依靠土拱效应安全经济地发挥支护功能。鉴于不同类型砂土的力学性质差异较大,为揭示密砂与松砂土质边坡抗滑桩桩间水平土拱机理与演变规律,采用离散元方法(DEM)模拟支挡砂土水平土拱的成拱过程。在传统力链分析的基础上,提出通过筛选高应力颗粒来研究土拱的形成过程,进一步从细观角度对不同工况土拱效应进行分析,以揭示“应力拱”和“位移拱”的演化过程。研究表明:密砂和松砂中的水平土拱的动态演变过程均表现为3个演化阶段,分别对应于密砂和松砂的剪切性状,即应变软化和应变硬化现象,揭示了砂土边坡桩间土拱效应的演变规律。此外,讨论了宏-微观DEM模拟参数对土拱形成过程与土拱效应性能的影响,结果表明拱跨对于荷载传递效率的影响最大。