Paradoxical roles of inhibitory autapse and excitatory synapse in formation of counterintuitive anticipated synchronization

Different from the common delayed synchronization(DS)in which response appears after stimulation,anticipated synchronization(AS)in unidirectionally coupled neurons denotes a counterintuitive phenomenon in which response of the receiver neuron appears before stimulation of the sender neuron,showing an interesting function of brain to anticipate the future.The dynamical mechanism for the AS remains unclear due to complex dynamics of inhibitory and excitatory modulations.In this article,the paradoxical roles of excitatory synapse and inhibitory autapse in the formation of AS are acquired.Firstly,in addition to the common roles such that inhibitory modulation delays and excitatory modulation advances spike,paradoxical roles of excitatory stimulation to delay spike via type-II phase response and of inhibitory autapse to advance spike are obtained in suitable parameter regions,extending the dynamics and functions of the excitatory and inhibitory modulations.Secondly,AS is related to the paradoxical roles of the excitatory and inhibitory modulations,presenting deep understandings to the AS.Inhibitory autapse induces spike of the receiver neuron advanced to appear before that of the sender neuron at first,and then excitatory synapse plays a delay role to prevent the spike further advanced,resulting in the AS as the advance and delay effects realize a dynamic balance.Lastly,inhibitory autapse with strong advance,middle advance,and weak advance and delay effects induce phase drift(spike of the receiver neuron advances continuously),AS,and DS,respectively,presenting comprehensive relationships between AS and other behaviors.The results present potential measures to modulate AS related to brain function.

ANTICIPATED BACKWARD STOCHASTIC VOLTERRA INTEGRAL EQUATIONS WITH JUMPS AND APPLICATIONS TO DYNAMIC RISK MEASURES

In this paper, we focus on anticipated backward stochastic Volterra integral equations(ABSVIEs) with jumps. We solve the problem of the well-posedness of so-called M-solutions to this class of equation, and analytically derive a comparison theorem for them and for the continuous equilibrium consumption process. These continuous equilibrium consumption processes can be described by the solutions to this class of ABSVIE with jumps.Motivated by this, a class of dynamic risk measures induced by ABSVIEs with jumps are discussed.

Maximum principle for anticipated recursive stochastic optimal control problem with delay and Lvy processes

In this paper, we study the stochastic maximum principle for optimal control prob- lem of anticipated forward-backward system with delay and Lovy processes as the random dis- turbance. This control system can be described by the anticipated forward-backward stochastic differential equations with delay and L^vy processes （AFBSDEDLs）, we first obtain the existence and uniqueness theorem of adapted solutions for AFBSDEDLs; combining the AFBSDEDLs＇ preliminary result with certain classical convex variational techniques, the corresponding maxi- mum principle is proved.

Bifurcation analysis of visual angle model with anticipated time and stabilizing driving behavior

In the light of the visual angle model(VAM),an improved car-following model considering driver's visual angle,anticipated time and stabilizing driving behavior is proposed so as to investigate how the driver's behavior factors affect the stability of the traffic flow.Based on the model,linear stability analysis is performed together with bifurcation analysis,whose corresponding stability condition is highly fit to the results of the linear analysis.Furthermore,the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau(TDGL)equation and the modified Korteweg–de Vries(m Kd V)equation are derived by nonlinear analysis,and we obtain the relationship of the two equations through the comparison.Finally,parameter calibration and numerical simulation are conducted to verify the validity of the theoretical analysis,whose results are highly consistent with the theoretical analysis.

Necessary and sufficient condition for the comparison theorem of multidimensional anticipated backward stochastic differential equations

Anticipated backward stochastic differential equations, studied the first time in 2007, are equations of the following type:{-dY t = f(t1, Y t1 , Z t1 , Y t+δ(t) , Z t+ζ(t) )dt Z t dB t1 , t ∈ [0, T ], Y t = ξ t1 , t ∈ [T, T + K], Z t = η t1 , t ∈ [T, T + K].In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition under which the comparison theorem holds for multidimensional anticipated backward stochastic differential equations with generators independent of the anticipated term of Z.

用于学习和解释行人预期行为的群体交互场

Anticipating others’actions is innate and essential in order for humans to navigate and interact well with others in dense crowds.This ability is urgently required for unmanned systems such as service robots and self-driving cars.However,existing solutions struggle to predict pedestrian anticipation accurately,because the influence of group-related social behaviors has not been well considered.While group relationships and group interactions are ubiquitous and significantly influence pedestrian anticipation,their influence is diverse and subtle,making it difficult to explicitly quantify.Here,we propose the group interaction field(GIF),a novel group-aware representation that quantifies pedestrian anticipation into a probability field of pedestrians’future locations and attention orientations.An end-to-end neural network,GIFNet,is tailored to estimate the GIF from explicit multidimensional observations.GIFNet quantifies the influence of group behaviors by formulating a group interaction graph with propagation and graph attention that is adaptive to the group size and dynamic interaction states.The experimental results show that the GIF effectively represents the change in pedestrians’anticipation under the prominent impact of group behaviors and accurately predicts pedestrians’future states.Moreover,the GIF contributes to explaining various predictions of pedestrians’behavior in different social states.The proposed GIF will eventually be able to allow unmanned systems to work in a human-like manner and comply with social norms,thereby promoting harmonious human-machine relationships.

A General Comparison Theorem for 1-dimensional Anticipated BSDEs

Anticipated backward stochastic differential equation （ABSDE） studied the first time in 2007 is a new type of stochastic differential equations. In this paper, we establish a general comparison theorem for ABSDEs.

Intergeneration CAG expansion in a Wuhan juvenile-onset Huntington disease family

Objective To make early diagnosis of IT15 gene mutation in a Wuhan juvenile-onset Huntington disease （HD） family, for providing them with genetic counseling, and making preparation for the further research on pathogenesis and experimental therapy of HD. Methods According to the principle of informed consent, we extracted genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples and carried genetic diagnosis of pathogenic exon 1 of IT15 gene by modified touchdown PCR and DNA sequencing methods. Results Eight of twenty-five family members carried abnormal allele： Ⅲ10 Ⅲ12, IIIt4, Ⅳ3, and Ⅴ2 carded （CAG） 48, Ⅳ11 and Ⅳ12 carried （CAG） 67, and Ⅳ14 carried （CAG） 63, in contrast with the 8-25 CAG trinucleotides in the members of control group. Ⅳ14 carried 15 more CAG trinucleotides than her father Ⅲ10. Conclusion The results definitely confirm the diagnosis of HD and indicate the CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion of IT15 gene in this HD family. In addition, CAG expansion results in juvenile-onset and anticipation （characterized by earlier age of onset and increasing severity） of the patientⅣ12.

Bidirectional Partial Generalized Synchronization in Chaotic and Hyperchaotic Systems via a New Scheme

In this paper, a bidirectional partial generalized （lag, complete, and anticipated） synchronization of a class of continuous-time systems is defined. Then based on the active control idea, a new systematic and concrete scheme is developed to achieve bidirectional partial generalized （lag, complete, and anticipated） synchronization between two chaotic systems or between chaotic and hyperchaotic systems. With the help of symbolic-numerical computation, we choose the modified Chua system, Lorenz system, and the hyperchaotic Tamasevicius Namajunas-Cenys system to illustrate the proposed scheme. Numerical simulations are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. It is interesting that partial chaos synchronization not only can take place between two chaotic systems, but also can take place between chaotic and hyperchaotic systems. The proposed scheme can also be extended to research bidirectional partial generalized （lag, complete, and anticipated） synchronization between other dynamical systems.

Robust synchronization of uncertain chaotic systems

This paper investigates robust unified （lag, anticipated, and complete） synchronization of two coupled chaotic systems, By introducing the concepts of positive definite symmetrical matrix and Riccati inequality and the theory of robust stability, several criteria on robust synchronization are established. Extensive numerical simulations are also used to confirm the results.

MAXIMUM PRINCIPLE FOR STOCHASTIC OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM WITH DISTRIBUTED DELAYS

This paper is concerned with a Pontryagin's maximum principle for the stochastic optimal control problem with distributed delays given by integrals of not necessarily linear functions of state or control variables.By virtue of the duality method and the generalized anticipated backward stochastic differential equations,we establish a necessary maximum principle and a sufficient verification theorem.In particular,we deal with the controlled stochastic system where the distributed delays enter both the state and the control.To explain the theoretical results,we apply them to a dynamic advertising problem.

Use of Laryngeal Mask Airway in the Management of a Difficult Airway: A Case Report

Background: Difficulty in management of the airway occurs most frequently in patients who have Mallampati grade III and IV, and other unfavourable airway findings like short neck, restriction in range of motion of the temporoman-dibular joints and inadequate neck flexion and extension. Because of unavailability of fibreoptic bronchoscopes or inexperience in their use, laryngeal mask airway (LMA) has become a common and acceptable airway management option. This is a case report of a postmenopausal woman who had her airway managed with LMA following initial failed intubation necessitating a rescheduling of the operation. Result: The patient had a successful surgery and postoperative recovery was uneventful. Conclusion: The LMA is a useful option in the management of an anticipated or unexpected difficult airway, especially in resource-poor settings where fibreoptic bronchoscopes may not be readily available.

Common Fixed Point Theorems and Q-property for Quasi-contractive Mappings under c-distance on TVS-valued Cone Metric Spaces without the Normality

In this paper, we derive the stochastic maximum principle for optimal control problems of the forward-backward Markovian regime-switching system. The control system is described by an anticipated forward-backward stochastic pantograph equation and modulated by a continuous-time finite-state Markov chain. By virtue of classical variational approach, duality method, and convex analysis, we obtain a stochastic maximum principle for the optimal control.

Investigation of Thermal Expansion Model for Evaluation of Core Support Plate Reactivity in ATWS Event

Thermal expansion behavior was investigated in detail for evaluation of the core support plate expansion reactivity in the ULOHS(Unprotected Loss of Heat Sink)reactor trip failure event.The core support plate expansion reactivity plays an important role in the safety evaluation of the ULOHS event.In this paper,a possibility of mechanical restraint was investigated in thermal expansion of the core structure for the prototype FBR(Fast Breeder Reactor)Monju.The reactor core expansion was simulated in a three-dimensional FEA(Finite Element Analysis)model of the RV(Reactor Vessel)considering detailed temperature distribution of the sodium coolant based on the thermal-hydraulic analysis result of the whole core model.It was found that the thermal expansion of the core was not restrained in the ULOHS event,although part of the core structure is mechanically restrained.

A new car-following model considering velocity anticipation

The full velocity difference model proposed by Jiang et al. [2001 Phys. Rev. E 64 017101] has been improved by introducing velocity anticipation. Velocity anticipation means the follower estimates the future velocity of the leader. The stability condition of the new model is obtained by using the linear stability theory. Theoretical results show that the stability region increases when we increase the anticipation time interval. The mKdV equation is derived to describe the kink-antikink soliton wave and obtain the coexisting stability line. The delay time of car motion and kinematic wave speed at jam density are obtained in this modeh Numerical simulations exhibit that when we increase the anticipation time interval enough, the new model could avoid accidents under urgent braking cases. Also, the traffic jam could be suppressed by considering the anticipation velocity. All results demonstrate that this model is an improvement on the full velocity difference model.

Retinopathy in non diabetics, diabetic retinopathy and oxidative stress: a new phenotype in Central Africa?

AIM:To evaluate the rates of retinopathy without diabetes and diabetic retinopathy(DR),associated with some markers of oxidative stress,antioxidants and cardiometabolic risk factors.METHODS:We determined the prevalence of DR in 150type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients,that of retinopathy in 50 non diabetics,the levels of body mass index(BMI),waist circumference(WC),blood pressure,lipids,8-isoprostane,8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-oHdG),gamma-glutamyl transferase(GGT),oxidized low density lipoprotein(LDL)(OxLDL),thiobarbituric acid reacting substances(TBARS),reduced glutathione(GSH),superoxide dismutase(SOD),uric acid,creatinine,albumin,total antioxidant status(TAOS),zinc,selenium,magnesium,vitamin C,vitamin D,vitamin E,glucose,apolipoprotein B(ApoB).RESULTS:The prevalences of DR at 53y and Rtp at62y were 44%(n=66)and 10%(n=5),respectively.Thehighest levels of 8-isoprostane,8-OHdG,TBARS,SOD,and OxLDL were in DR.The lowest levels of vitamin D,vitamin C,TAOS,and vitamin E were in DR.In the casecontrol study discriminant analysis,the levels of vitamin C,vitamin D,ApoB,8-OHdG,creatinine,Zn,vitamin E,and WC distinguished significantly non-diabetics without DR(controls),T2DM patients without DR and T2DM patients with DR.CONCLUSION:Anticipation of DR onset is significantly associated with the exageration of oxidative stress biomarkers or decrease of antioxidants in African type 2diabetics.Prevention of oxidative stress and abdominal obesity is needed.Supplementation in vitamin C,D,and E should be recommended as complement therapies of T2DM.

Anticipation,anti-glaucoma drug treatment response and phenotype of a Chinese family with glaucoma caused by the Pro370Leu myocilin mutation

AIM: To describe the anticipation and anti-glaucoma drugs response of a Chinese family with juvenile-onset open angle glaucoma(JOAG) caused by the Pro370Leu myocilin(MYOC) mutation. ·METHODS: Fifteen members of a three-generation Chinese family with JOAG were recruited to this study. They all underwent ophthalmic common examinations. Patients suspected to have JOAG got an assessment of visual field and optical coherence tomography. Intraocular pressures(IOPs) of four patients were measured at 8,10,12,14,17 o’clock respectively after using anti-glaucoma drugs. Mutation screening of all MYOC gene coding exons of the participants was performed by using direct sequencing of PCR products. ·RESULTS: Clinical examinations and pedigree analysis revealed eight family members were suffered from JOAG. Apparent genetics anticipation phenomenon was observed in this family. Their clinical features included elevated IOP of 35-55mmHg,loss of visual field,thinning of retinal nerve fiber layer,and glaucomatous optic disc damage. Noticeably,their intraocular pressure levels could be controlled within normal range at 8 and 10 o’clock by anti-glaucoma drugs,but their IOPs would elevate 】21mmHg after 12 o’clock. Seven patients received trabeculectomy produced thin-walled,pale,and saccate filtering blebs maintaining lower intraocular pressure efficiently. Mutation screening indentified aheterozygous C→T missense mutation in the MYOC gene at position 1 109 in exon 3,corresponding to a substitution of a highly conserved proline to leucine at codon 370 in the olfactomedin domain of MYOC. ·CONCLUSION: The clinical characteristics of JOAG in this family were 1) genetics anticipation; 2) high IOP; 3) temporay response to anti-glaucoma drugs; 4) filtering surgery produced thin-walled and saccate filtering blebs,helping maintain lower IOP.

Density waves in a lattice hydrodynamic traffic flow model with the anticipation effect

By introducing the traffic anticipation effect in the real world into the original lattice hydrodynamic model, we present a new anticipation effect lattice hydrodynamic （AELH） model, and obtain the linear stability condition of the model by applying the linear stability theory. Through nonlinear analysis, we derive the Burgers equation and Korteweg-de Vries （KdV） equation, to describe the propagating behaviour of traffic density waves in the stable and the metastable regions, respectively. The good agreement between simulation results and analytical results shows that the stability of traffic flow can be enhanced when the anticipation effect is considered.

Anticipation phenomenon in familial adenomatous polyposis:an analysis of its origin

AIM To analyze the origin of the anticipationphenomenon,which means earlier death insuccessive generation in familial adenomatouspolyposis.METHODS The study subjects were 2161patients with familial adenomatous polyposisand their 7465 first-degree relatives who weremembers of 750 families registered at ourPolyposis Registry.The ages at death andcumulative mortality rates in the parent,theproband,and the child generations werecompared for both all subjects and the patientsalone.RESULTS In the patients over 5 years of age,the mean age at death was 50.9 years for theparent,42.3 years for the proband,and 33.3years for the child generations,respectively(P【0.001).The deceased rates in the threegenerations were 90.7%,51.3% and 23.1% ofthe patients,respectively,and this differencewas the main cause of the anticipation measuredby parent-child paring method.The cumulativemortality rates for all subjects failed to showanticipation,however the cumulative mortalityrates for the patients showed the anticipation.The anticipation phenomenon was shown by anyparent-child pairing methods for the deceasedpatients.Other important causes of theanticipation were different proportion of causesof death between generations(P【0.001),and alow proportion of detected or deceased patients (P【0.001)in the child generation.CONCLUSION Anticipation in familialadenomatous polyposis may be caused byparent-child paring methods as well as severalintergenerational biases.

A macroscopic traffic model based on weather conditions

A traffic model based on the road surface conditions during adverse weather is presented. The surface of a road is affected by snow, compacted snow, and ice, which affects the traffic behavior. In this paper, a new macroscopic traffic flow model based on the transition velocity distribution is proposed which characterizes traffic alignment under adverse weather conditions. Two examples are considered to illustrate the effect of the transition velocity behavior on traffic velocity and density. Simulation results are presented which show that this model provides a more accurate characterization of traffic flow behavior than the well known Payne-Whitham model. The proposed model can be used to reduce accidents and improve road safety during adverse weather conditions.