Solid-state fermentation of corn-soybean meal mixed feed with Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium for degrading antinutritional factors and enhancing nutritional value

Background: Corn and soybean meal(SBM) are two of the most common feed ingredients used in pig feeds.However, a variety of antinutritional factors(ANFs) present in corn and SBM can interfere with the bioavailability of nutrients and have negative health effects on the pigs. In the present study, two-stage fermentation using Bacillus subtilis followed by Enterococcus faecium was carried out to degrade ANFs and improve the nutritional quality of corn and SBM mixed feed. Furthermore, the microbial composition and in vitro nutrient digestibility of inoculated mixed feed were determined and compared those of the uninoculated controls.Results: During the fermentation process, B. subtilis and lactic acid bacteria(LAB) were the main dominant bacteria in the solid-state fermented inoculated feed, and fermentation produced a large amount of lactic acid(170 mmo L/kg),which resulted in a lower pH(5.0 vs. 6.4) than the fermented uninoculated feed. The amounts of soybean antigenic proteins(β-conglycinin and glycinin) in mixed feed were significantly decreased after first-stage fermentation with B. subtilis. Inoculated mixed feed following two-stage fermentation contained greater concentratioin of crude protein(CP), ash and total phosphorus(P) compared to uninoculated feed, whereas the concentrations of neutral detergent fiber(NDF), hemicellulose and phytate P in fermendted inoculated feed declined(P < 0.05) by 38%, 53%, and 46%,respectively. Notably, the content of trichloroacetic acid soluble protein(TCA-SP), particularly that of small peptides and free amino acids(AA), increased 6.5 fold following two-stage fermentation. There was no difference in the total AA content between fermented inoculated and uninoculated feed. However, aromatic AAs(Phe and Tyr) and Lys in inoculated feed increased, and some polar AAs, including Arg, Asp, and Glu, decreased compared with the uninoculated feed. In vitro dry matter and CP digestibility of inoculated feed improved(P < 0.05) compared with the uninoculated feed.Conclusions: Our results suggest that two-stage fermentation using B. subtilis followed by E. faecium is an effective approach to improve the quality of corn-soybean meal mixed feed.

Evaluation of Protein Concentration, Amino Acid Profile and Antinutritional Compounds in Hempseed Meal from Dioecious and Monoecious Varieties

Hempseed meal from three dioecious and three monoecious varieties has been evaluated for content and quality of the protein and for the concentration of antinutritional compounds. Hemp seeds were obtained from plants grown in two experimental fields for two consecutive years (2011-2012). For all the varieties, hempseed meal resulted in a rich source of protein (34% mean content) with an amino acid profile extremely rich in arginine and slightly poor in lysine. Differences between dioecious and monoecious varieties were observed in the content of antinutritional compounds. They were more concentrated in monoecious varieties in comparison with those dioecious. The concentration of phytic acid in hempseed meal deserves attention in both groups, being 63 and 75.4 g·kg-1 of dry matter in dioecious and monocieous varieties, respectively. The results show that, besides the recognized value of hemp oil, also the hempseed cake could find application in animal feed as a substitute of other cakes (soybean, rapeseed). From this point of view, the dioecious varieties showing lower contents of antinutritional compounds with respect to the monoecious varieties would be preferred.

Tolerance of Broiler to Dietary Soybean Antinutritional Factors

Raw,heat treated soybean meal and diets made from soybeans extruded at varying temperature were compared to examine dietary threshold levels of the major soybean antinutritional factors(ANF)for broilers.Whole full fat soybeans were extruded at 90,100,110,120,130,or 140 ℃.An in vivo nutritional evaluation of the extruded soybean meals was carried out using 224 Arbor Acres broilers allotted to seven treatments with four replicates of eight birds per pen.As extrusion cooking temperature increased,the urease activity,TI activity,lectin content and PDI decreased.Extruding at 120 ℃ reduced the urease actvity to 0 11 units,the TI activity to 7 20 mg·g -1 ,and lectin content to zero.Raw soybean meal significantly depressed the growth rate of broiler chickens.Remaining ANF obviously reduced feed intake and dietary nitrogen metabolism.The performance of broilers was improved as extrusion temperature increased.Extruding at 110 ℃ produced an effect equal to that of conventional soybean meal.The weight of the pancreas of the birds fed the raw soybean or 90℃ extruded soybean were significantly higher than those in heated soybean meal group and in the higher temperature extruded soyean groups.The same tendency was found from 3 to 7 wk of age.The weights of duodenum and ileum of the broilers fed the raw soybean were significantly higher than those in heated soybean meal group.Extending the feeding of raw soybean or low temperature extruded soybean to 7 wk old broilers significantly increased the fresh weights of proventriculus,jejunum and ileum and dry weights of jejunum and ileum.The villi of birds fed raw soybean meal and low temperature extruded soybean meals were shor tened and damaged.Broilers grew well on the diets containing soybean trypsin inhitory activity as high as 3 74 mg·g -1 without showing any negative effect on the weights of organs and alimentary tracts.

Comparative study of the effects of Tartary buckwheat seed and sprout consumption on the physiological indices and gut microbiota of C57BL/6J mice

Tartary buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum)is a well-known pseudocereal for its health and economic value.However,abundant antinutritional factors(ANFs)reduces its health benefits.As reported,germination can improve the nutritional profile of grains.In this study,we systematically evaluate the safety of Tartary buckwheat seeds(TB)and Tartary buckwheat sprouts(TBS)used as high active ingredients.After evaluating nutrition levels,bioactive compounds and ANFs in TBS during germinating,5^(th)-day TBS were selected as the raw material.C57BL/6J mice were gavaged daily with distilled water,TB,or TBS for 6 weeks.The physiological indices related to ANFs were determined.Results showed that the TB intake tends to generate negative effects on the gut microbiota,and organs.Additionally,upon TB intake,the Fe^(3+)content in serum,trypsin activity in pancreas and jejunum decreased,while the cytokine,IgE,and histamine levels in serum,water content in faeces,cytokine levels in liver and jejunum increased.Conversely,TBS did not induce any obvious negative effects on the above relevant indices and showed better lipid-lowering effect.Altogether,TBS are safer and more effective as a raw material to produce the functional food for long-term consumption with the intention of preventing and treating hyperlipidaemia.

Effects of Different Grinding Methods on the Quality of Soybean Bean Milk

[Objectives] This study was conducted to improve the nutritional value of soybean milk, enrich the variety and taste of soybean milk, and find healthy food that is more conducive to people s nutritional needs. [Methods] Whole soybean milk was prepared by grinding with a grinding wheel at a low concentration (low-concentration grinding) and a stainless steel mill at a high concentration (high-concentration grinding). The sensory, physical and chemical characteristics and anti-nutritional factors of whole soybean milk produced by different grinding methods were studied. [Results] Compared with low-concentration grinding, the protein content in soybean milk prepared by high-concentration grinding increased by 24%, and the dietary fiber content increased by 74.7%. Before and after high-pressure homogenization, the particle size D(4, 3) of soybean milk prepared by low-concentration grinding was 212.1 and 93.59 μm, respectively, and the particle size D(4, 3) of soybean milk prepared by high-concentration grinding was 134.0 and 64.64 μm, respectively. The trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid content of soybean milk prepared by high-concentration grinding were significantly lower than those of soybean milk prepared by low-concentration grinding. [Conclusions] This study improves the diet structure of the broad masses of people, strengthens people s physique, and provides a new idea for the implementation and development of China s "Soybean Action Programme".

Nutritional and antinutritional compounds in leaves of quinoa

In the context of climate change,especially for the temperate continental climate,new potential crop species are emerging,originating from the tropics.One of them is quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)with multiple benefits for seed and leaf production.Quinoa is native to South America,grown mainly for seeds,with a high ecological plasticity.Little is known about the potential of using quinoa plants as a leafy vegetable for food diversification.In this study,the nutritional and antinutritional content of quinoa leaves was evaluated in three cultivars(Titicaca,Puno,Vikinga),considering different densities and times of sowing.Puno cultivar had a higher total content of carbohydrates,lipids,proteins and dietary fibers,and lower mineral contents in leaves.Low levels of antinutrient compounds were found in Vikinga leaves.Regarding the time of the crop establishment,the highest content of primary metabolic compounds(carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,dietary fibers)was achieved by April 17,the sowing date.Crop densities of 7.7,3.2,and 1.6 mil.plants/ha did not significantly influence the content of compounds with antinutritive role,such as oxalates,saponins or trypsin inhibitors.The content of mineral elements such as:Fe,Zn,Na and K were significantly influenced by the cultivar,compared to Mg and Ca whose values were insignificant regardless of the treatment.

Phytate:impact on environment and human nutrition.A challenge for molecular breeding

Phytic acid (PA) is the primary storage compound of phosphorus in seeds accounting for up to 80% of the total seed phosphorus and contributing as much as 1.5% to the seed dry weight. The negatively charged phosphate in PA strongly binds to metallic cations of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn making them insoluble and thus unavailable as nutritional factors. Phytate mainly accumulates in protein storage vacuoles as globoids, predominantly located in the aleurone layer (wheat, barley and rice) or in the embryo (maize). During germination, phytate is hydrolysed by endogenous phytase(s) and other phosphatases to release phosphate, inositol and micronutrients to support the emerging seedling. PA and its derivatives are also implicated in RNA export, DNA repair, signalling, endocytosis and cell vesicular trafficking. Our recent studies on purification of phytate globoids, their mineral composition and dephytinization by wheat phytase will be discussed. Biochemical data for purified and characterized phytases isolated from more than 23 plant species are presented, the dephosphorylation pathways of phytic acid by different classes of phytases are compared, and the application of phytase in food and feed is discussed.

Influence of Treatment of <i>Jatropha curcas</i>L. Leachates and Potassium on Growth and Phytochemical Constituents of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>L.)

Jatropha curcas L. commonly known as “physic nut” is an exotic species that shows invasive characters. Plantation of Jatropha species is being undertaken at a large scale for biodiesel production. The plants defoliate their leaves twice a year and have been shown to possess certain antinutritional factors. Seeds of Jatropha are removed from mature dried fruits for oil extraction and ovary walls are discarded. For the present experiments leachates from sun dried leaves and ovary walls of Jatropha curcas L. were used for analyzing their possible allelopathic effects on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cultivar, MP-4010). Leachate treatments result in slight decrease in growth in terms of plant height, leaf area, biomass, spike length and 100 seed weight of wheat and increase in total phenols, tannins, phytic acid and free amino acids. Results suggest that the leachates of leaf and ovary wall of Jatropha curcas are slightly inhibitory, however the impact does not last long. Nevertheless, continuous plantation may lead to accumulation of damaging constituents which reflects the need for further analysis and experimentation.

Effect of Different Treatments on Nutritional Value of Lima Bean (<i>Phaseolus lunatus</i>) and Its Utilization in Biscuit Manufacture

Physical properties, chemical composition, minerals content, amino acids profile and anti-nutritional factors i.e. phytic acid, tannins and trypsin inhibitor of lima bean seeds (Phaseolus lunatus) which newly cultivated in Egypt were investigated. Addition to study the effect of common processing methods (soaking, cooking, roasting, and dehulling) on the chemical composition, minerals content and anti-nutritional factors of lima bean seeds in order to be used in biscuit preparation. Results showed that protein content was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in dehulled Lima bean (27.06%) compared to raw lima bean (26.02%). All processing methods significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased Soluble Dietary Fiber (SDF), however soaked seeds contained the highest significant Total Dietary Fiber (TDF) (30.18%) and Insoluble Dietary Fiber (IDF) (22.15%). Raw lima bean was superior in calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, and zinc compared with all processed samples. Raw lima bean had a higher content of all essential amino acids, except methionine compared to wheat flour of 72% extraction rate. The effect of different processing methods used in this study on lowering phytic acid and tannins, was arranged in the following significant (P ≤ 0.05) order: dehulling > cooking> roasting > soaking. Trypsin inhibitor was completely eliminated by cooking and dehulling treatments. Results showed that no significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found in appearance, color, texture and overall acceptability of substituted with 30% raw or processed lima bean and between control biscuit (100% wheat flour). The diameter, spread ratio, chemical composition (protein, ash, crude fiber, SDF, IDF and TDF) and minerals were significantly increased in all substituted biscuits compared to control biscuit. Improvement in the essential amino acid profile of raw Lima biscuit was observed with higher values of essential amino acids, Chemical Score (CS), and Biological Value (BV). This study recommended the use of lima bean in preparing biscuits at 30% replacement to enhance the nutritional composition of biscuits with acceptable sensory properties.

Gossypol is the main limiting factor in the application of cottonseed meal in grass carp feed production:Involvement of growth,intestinal physical and immune barrier,and intestinal microbiota

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of free gossypol in cottonseed meal(CM)on the growth and intestinal health of grass carp,as well as to determine whether free gossypol is the primary factor restricting highlevel inclusion of cottonseed meal.This study was designed with five groups:the control group(32%soybean concentrate protein),the CM group(44%CM),the cottonseed protein concentrate(CPC)group(33%CPC),and the CPC and control groups with 400 and 600 mg/kg gossypol added,designated as CON,CM,CPC,CPC+GP,and CON+GP,respectively.The experiment lasted eight weeks,and each group had three replicates.This experiment employed one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple comparisons of the means.The findings revealed that in comparison to the CON group,the growth of fish in the CM,CPC+GP,and CON+GP groups significantly decreased.Intestinal inflammation damage was observed.This was indicated by a significant upregulation of proinflammatory factors,including tnf-α,nf-κb,il-6,il-8,il-12β,and il-1β,along with significant downregulation of anti-inflammatory factors,including tgf-β1,il-15,and il-10.Additionally,significant downregulation of antioxidant enzyme-related genes,including nrf2,cat,CuZnsod,gpx4,and gpx1,was observed and the intestinal physical barrier function was compromised.In addition,the intestinal microbiota composition was affected,with a significant reduction in Bacillus and Cetobacterium abundances and a remarkable increase in the abundance of Aeromonas,resulting in dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota function.However,in comparison to the CM group,the growth rate of fish in the CPC group exhibited a marked increase;nonetheless,it persisted at a level lower than that observed in the CON group and the degree of intestinal damage was significantly improved.Additionally,the intestinal microbiota structure was found to be similar to that of the CON group.In conclusion,excessive CM negatively affects grass carp growth and intestinal health,whereas replacing CM with CPC mitigates these effects.Adding gossypol equivalent to CM group in CON and CPC diets reduces growth performance and impairs intestinal function,indicating gossypol as a primary limiting factor for high CM inclusion in diets.