Ecological problems and ecological restoration zoning of the Aral Sea

The Aral Sea was the fourth largest lake in the world but it has shrunk dramatically as a result of irrational human activities, triggering the "Aral Sea ecological crisis". The ecological problems of the Aral Sea have attracted widespread attention, and the alleviation of the Aral Sea ecological crisis has reached a consensus among the five Central Asian countries(Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan). In the past decades, many ecological management measures have been implemented for the ecological restoration of the Aral Sea. However, due to the lack of regional planning and zoning, the results are not ideal. In this study, we mapped the ecological zoning of the Aral Sea from the perspective of ecological restoration based on soil type, soil salinity, surface water, groundwater table, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), land cover, and aerosol optical depth(AOD) data. Soil salinization and salt dust are the most prominent ecological problems in the Aral Sea. We divided the Aral Sea into 7 first-level ecological restoration subregions(North Aral Sea catchment area in the downstream of the Syr Darya River(Subregion Ⅰ);artificial flood overflow area in the downstream of the Aral Sea(Subregion Ⅱ);physical/chemical remediation area of the salt dust source area in the eastern part of the South Aral Sea(Subregion Ⅲ);physical/chemical remediation area of severe salinization in the central part of the South Aral Sea(Subregion Ⅳ);existing water surface and potential restoration area of the South Aral Sea(Subregion Ⅴ);Aral Sea vegetation natural recovery area(Subregion Ⅵ);and vegetation planting area with slight salinization in the South Aral Sea(Subregion Ⅶ)) and 14 second-level ecological restoration subregions according to the ecological zoning principles. Implementable measures are proposed for each ecological restoration subregion. For Subregion Ⅰ and Subregion Ⅱ with lower elevations, artificial flooding should be carried out to restore the surface of the Aral Sea. Subregion Ⅲ and Subregion Ⅳ have severe salinization, making it difficult for vegetation to grow. In these subregions, it is recommended to cover and pave the areas with green biomatrix coverings and environmentally sustainable bonding materials. In Subregion Ⅴ located in the central and western parts of the South Aral Sea, surface water recharge should be increased to ensure that this subregion can maintain normal water levels. In Subregion Ⅵ and Subregion Ⅶ where natural conditions are suitable for vegetation growth, measures such as afforestation and buffer zones should be implemented to protect vegetation. This study could provide a reference basis for future comprehensive ecological management and restoration of the Aral Sea.

Soil Cover in the Eastern Part of the Dried Bed of the Aral Sea

The greatest environmental disaster in Central Asiathe drying up of the Aral Seahas led to the formation of a new terrain, extending over 2.7 million hectares in Uzbekistan. This newly formed terrain is dynamically developing, with emerging soil formations replacing bottom sediments. This paper analyzes the results of a study on soil formation in the eastern part of the dried-up seabed, focusing on the influence of natural processes occurring there.

Correlation analysis between the Aral Sea shrinkage and the Amu Darya River

The shrinkage of the Aral Sea,which is closely related to the Amu Darya River,strongly affects the sustainability of the local natural ecosystem,agricultural production,and human well-being.In this study,we used the Bayesian Estimator of Abrupt change,Seasonal change,and Trend(BEAST)model to detect the historical change points in the variation of the Aral Sea and the Amu Darya River and analyse the causes of the Aral Sea shrinkage during the 1950–2016 period.Further,we applied multifractal detrend cross-correlation analysis(MF-DCCA)and quantitative analysis to investigate the responses of the Aral Sea to the runoff in the Amu Darya River,which is the main source of recharge to the Aral Sea.Our results showed that two significant trend change points in the water volume change of the Aral Sea occurred,in 1961 and 1974.Before 1961,the water volume in the Aral Sea was stable,after which it began to shrink,with a shrinkage rate fluctuating around 15.21 km3/a.After 1974,the water volume of the Aral Sea decreased substantially at a rate of up to 48.97 km3/a,which was the highest value recorded in this study.In addition,although the response of the Aral Sea's water volume to its recharge runoff demonstrated a complex non-linear relationship,the replenishment of the Aral Sea by the runoff in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River was identified as the dominant factor affecting the Aral Sea shrinkage.Based on the scenario analyses,we concluded that it is possible to slow down the retreat of the Aral Sea and restore its ecosystem by increasing the efficiency of agricultural water use,decreasing agricultural water use in the middle and lower reaches,reducing ineffective evaporation from reservoirs and wetlands,and increasing the water coming from the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River to the 1961–1973 level.These measures would maintain and stabilise the water area and water volume of the Aral Sea in a state of ecological restoration.Therefore,this study focuses on how human consumption of recharge runoff affects the Aral Sea and provides scientific perspective on its ecological conservation and sustainable development.

模糊数学理论在复合材料中的应用ARALL层板性能影响因素的模糊数学法综合评判

采用了模糊数学方法处理复合材料层板问题，给出了影响超混杂复合材料ＡＲＡＬＬ性能的多因素关系图和模糊矩阵，并通过模糊矩阵的合成运算得到综合评判矩阵．运用模糊理论中的二次综合评判法对残余应力、胶粘剂性质及胶粘剂含量等多因素影响层板整体性能的强弱顺序进行了综合评判．结果表明，残余应力状态是影响层板性能的首要因素，其次是胶粘剂的力能学性质、胶粘剂的韧性及胶粘剂含量．

一种新型的飞机材料──ARALL层极

本文概述了新型飞机结构材料──ＡＲＡＬＬ层板的发展状况，层板结构、特性及国外在飞机上的应用；分析了该混杂复合材料存在的问题及技术难点，总结了影响其性能的有关因素以及这方面的研究状况，提出该类层板应用在我国飞机工业上已具有必要的基础。

ARALL层板剥离特性的研究（二）──残余应力对层板层间性能的影响

本文通过预应力法调整ＡＲＡＬＬ层板残余应力，研究了自由层板与两种预应力层板的Ｂｅｌｌ－剥离特性。结果表明，给层板施加预应力有效地降低了其中的残余应力，无论自由层板还是预应力层板，剥离所造成的断裂均为多重混合型破坏，其实质是芳纶／胶粘剂界面破坏和纤维自身的破坏，给芳纶施加预应力有利于Ｂｅｌｌ－剥离强度的提高，同时预应力的施加使剥离面上的纤维破坏状态发生改变。

残余应力与胶粘剂对ARALL层板疲劳裂纹扩展特性的影响

研究了胶粘剂性质、含量及残余应力状态对纤维－铝合金胶接层板（ＡＲＡＬＬ）疲劳裂纹扩展特性的影响，分析了裂纹扩展过程中的分层状态的变化结果表明，ＡＲＡＬＬ层板内富胶层的剪切形变和伴随裂纹扩展的分层区越大，即这两方面耗散能量越多，则疲劳裂纹扩展速率越低；胶粘剂含量的影响不明显．给层板施加预应力极大降低了层板的疲劳裂纹扩展速率．其本质在于裂尖在同样的疲劳载荷下实际所受到的有效应力降低．

ARALL层板分层破坏的研究

本文通过ＷＴＤＣＢ方法研究了胶粘剂韧性对ＡＲＡＬＬ层板Ⅰ型断裂破坏行为的影响，并对其裂纹扩展速率进行了计算及预测。结果表明，层板的Ⅰ型断裂均为多重混合型破坏，主要发生于芳纶／胶粘剂区域。铝／胶粘剂界面是强界面。改善胶粘剂与芳纶的界面粘合状况、提高胶粘剂的韧性是提高ＡＲＡＬＬ层板层间性能的有效途径。

ARALL 材料拉伸力学性能的试验研究

利用自行研制的旋转盘式间接杆杆型冲击拉伸试验装置对ＡＲＡＬＬ材料以及施加预应力的ＡＲＡＬＬ材料进行了３个应变率（２００、５００、１３００ｓ－１）的冲击拉伸试验，得到了两种材料在不同应变率下的完整的应力应变曲线。结果表明ＡＲＡＬＬ材料在高速加载条件下的变形可以分为弹性变形、塑性变形和材料失稳后的残余变形三个部分，每个部分都有不同的变形机理。结果还表明，随着应变率的增加两种材料的屈服应力、失稳应力以及失稳应变均相应增加，表现出明显的应变率强化和动态韧性现象。最后根据材料在不同应变率下的试验结果，建立了ＡＲＡＬＬ材料计及应变率影响的三段线性本构模型。

复合材料ARALL层板装配技术

介绍了新型结构复合材料ARALL层板在飞机上的应用。通过工艺对比试验，分析试件缺陷，摸索出ARALL层板装配工艺参数，解决了新型结构复合材料应用中存在的问题。

ARALL层板缺口敏感性的研究

本文通过测试三种不同性质胶粘剂、不同胶粘剂含量以及施加不同预应力的ＡＲＡＬＬ层板的缺口拉伸性能（含中央圆缺孔及中央锯切穿透裂纹），分析了胶粘剂性质、胶粘剂含量及残余应力与ＡＲＡＬＬ层板缺口敏感性的关系，并且研究了两种缺口的层板拉伸后的分层状态受以上三种因素影响的变化规律。

ARALL层板蠕变特性的研究

本文研究了施加不同预应力及含不同胶粘剂的ＡＲＡＬＬ层板１３０℃时的蠕变特性，利用唯像分析的方法，采用陈化理论对实验得到的层板蠕变曲线进行了拟合，并且采用宏观与微观机理相结合的方法对其进行了分析。结果表明，ＡＲＡＬＬ层板的蠕变主要是由铝合金决定的，施加预应力使ＡＲＡＬＬ层板残余应力下降，从而降低了层板的蠕变程度。另一方面，采用高模量胶粘剂体系有利于降低层板的蠕应变量。

Oxygen Isotope Exchange Kinetics Between Coexisting Minerals and Water in the Aral Granite Pluton of the Altay Mountains, Northern Xinjiang

Coexisting quartz, feldspar and biotite vary widely in their δ18O values and display a remarkable 18O/16O disequilibrium relation; especially, a quartz-feldspar reversal (△ 18OQUartz_feldspar< 0) exsists in the Aral granite pluton of the Altay Mountains, northern Xinjiang. The 18O / 16O exchange reaction definitely occurred between granite and water. Initial δ18O values of the granite and exotic fluid are evaluated by the mass balance consideration. The conventional method of discrimination between various magma derivations simply with δ18O values of either whole rock or separate minerals is misleading and unreliable. Experiments carried out by the authors show that the 18O / 16O exchange reaction is not accompanied by what geologists describe as petrological and mineralogical alteration effect. This decoupling relation implies that exchange reaction occurs at a relatively high temperature during subsolidus-postmagmatic cooling of magmas. The exchange mechanism is mainly diffusion-controlled. It is demonstrated through quantitative modelling that the hydrothermal system associated with the Aral pluton is long-lived (0.8-6 Ma), with a relatively high fluid flow rate (3 ×10-14 mol. s-1) and high W/ R ratio (0.79-6.14). This means that an intense flow and convection may exist at the midcrustal level of erogenic magmatic arcs.

Large-Scale Desiccation of the Aral Sea due to Over-Exploitation after 1960

The Aral Sea was one of the largest lakes in the world before it started to shrink in the 1960s due to water withdrawal for agricultural irrigation. Precipitation decreased from 9.4 kmin 1960 to 3.2 km3 in 2009, and annual river inflow into the Aral Sea decreased from 31.5 km3 in 1998 to 5.2 km3 in 2009. Comparison on the hydrological data of the Aral Sea between 1960 and 2009 showed the evaporation, water surface area, and water volume decreased by 90%, 80%, and 88%, respectively. This study employs the observed values of water volume, precipitation, runoff, evaporation, and salinity to estimate water volume and salinity from 1960 to 2009, and the efficiency coefficients for predicted water volume and salinity are o.975 and 0.974, respectively. Regression equations calculated from the observed data are used to predict precipitation, runoff, evaporation, and salinity from 20lO to 2021, and the results are then applied in the estimation of water volume and salinity Our estimates suggest that salinity will increase to around 200 g/L and water volume will decrease to around 83 km3 in 2021.

Forecasting changes of hydrological and hydrochemical conditions in the Aral Sea

The increase of irretrievable river water withdrawals and regulation of river flow has a negative effect on the natural regime of the Aral Sea. The Ainu Darya River and the Syr Darya River Basins are the largest irrigated farming areas. Their favorable soil and climatic conditions ensure guaranteed yields of various crops on irrigated lands. Since 1961, for the drastic increase of irretrievable river water withdrawal, mainly for irrigation, the inflow of fiver water into the Aral Sea has started to decrease significantly, accordingly the sea＇s hydrological and hydrochemical regimes disrupted dramatically. The sea level has continued to drop as evaporation exceeds inflow. This negatively transforms the natural environment and worsens socio-economic conditions in Priaralie as a whole, especially in the lower reaches of Amu Darya and Syr Darya, where natural conditions are largely determined by the sea＇s impact. At present, this causes desertification of the nonirrigated zone in the deltas, spreading to new areas as the Aral Sea dries out.

Transformation of vegetative cover on the Ustyurt Plateau of Central Asia as a consequence of the Aral Sea shrinkage

The gradual shrinkage of the Aral Sea has led to not only the degradation of the unique environments of the Aral Sea,but also numerous and fast developing succession processes in the neighborhood habitats surrounding the sea.In this study,we investigated the vegetative succession processes related to the Aral Sea shrinkage in the Eastern Cliff of the Ustyurt Plateau in Republic of Uzbekistan,Central Asia.We compared the results of our current investigation(2010–2017)on vegetative communities with the geobotany data collected during the 1970s(1970–1980).The results showed great changes in the mesophytic plant communities and habitat aridization as a result of the drop in the underground water level,which decreased atmospheric humidity and increased the salt content of the soil caused by the shrinkage of the Aral Sea.In the vegetative communities,we observed a decrease in the Margalef index(DMg),which had a positive correlation with the poly-dominance index(I-D).The main indications of the plant communities'transformation were the loss of the weak species,the appearance of new communities with low species diversity,the stabilization of the projective cover of former resistant communities,as well as the appearance of a new competitive species,which occupy new habitats.

Composition of the Microorganism Community Found in the Soil Cover on the Dried Seabed of the Aral Sea

As a result of the Aral Sea shrinkage, the unique freshwater body has given place to a huge bitter-saline lake with an area 3.5 times less, volume 6 times less and water salinity 10 times larger than in 1960, and the saline desert at the interface between three sand deserts with an area of more than 5 million ha, being unstable ecological zone. The exposed ground is illustrative of arid salt-accumulation, where was created specific type of soil-costal solonchak. The origination of life in the soil of the dried bed starts long before the occurrence of external characteristics. This process can be traced only by studying the microbiological composition of soil. Research in this direction, was conducted in order to determine the microbiological composition of soil for horizons of one typical profile of solonchak. The research objective was to determine microorganism species in the soil on the dried seabed, identify changes in the microorganism community along the soil profile and dependence on duration of the drying process. Additionally, we paid attention to a vegetation effect on the composition of microorganisms. Soil samples were taken along a transect from the sea to the mainland, selected from the different depth of soil profiles taken under or near plant (saxaul). The method Gas chromatography mass-spectrometry was used. Bacteria of the community of microorganisms in different parts of the soil cover on the dried seabed of the Aral Sea and on the mainland belong to five bacterial phyla: Proteobacteria Actinobacteria Firmicutes Bacteroidetes and Deinococcus-Thermus. In general, 59 bacterial species of 43 genera were reconstructed. The total population varied from 105 cells/g to 108 cells/g of the soil. The association Aeromonas hydrophila-Arthrobacter sp. played the key role at the first stages of the soil formation process on the dried seabed of the Aral Sea. This association is followed by salt-resistant Agrobacterium sp. and humus-accumulating Propionibacterium freudenreichii, activity of which is also very important for the formation of the soil cover. The studying properties of the dried seabed cover of both salt composition and microbiological composition made it possible to trace the formation of primary soil on marine sediments with the subsequent formation of desert-type soil.

特征长度理论与含缺口ARALL层板分层损伤相关性的研究

本文研究了胶粘剂、胶粘剂含量及不同残余应力状态对含缺口ＡＲＡＬＬ层板的分层损伤的影响，并试图采用特征长度理论来描述不同缺口层板的分层状态。结果表明，运用源于密集能量区概念的特征长度理论可以定性地分析或半定量地描述ＡＲＡＬＬ缺口层板的分层损伤。

ARALL层板剥离特性的研究（一）──胶粘剂对层板层间性能的影响

本文采用了Ｂｅｌｌ─剥离法研究了胶粘剂性质及其含量对ＡＲＡＬＬ层间剥离特性的影响。结果表明，层板的剥离过程为多重混合型破坏。由于芳纶／胶粘剂界面结合较差，其剥离强度值较低。使该界面脱粘而破坏，胶粘剂发生内聚破坏以及胶粘剂的韧性增大或含胶量提高均使剥离强度值提高。改善胶粘剂与芳纶的界面粘合状况、提高胶粘剂的韧性是提高层板层间性能的有效途径。

The history and future of the biological resources of the Caspian and the Aral Seas

The term ‘biological resources' here means a set of organisms that can be used by man directly or indirectly for consumption. They are involved in economic activities and represent an important part of a country's raw material potential. Many other organisms are also subject to rational use and protection. They can be associated with true resource species through interspecific relationships. The Caspian and Aral Seas are continental water bodies, giant saline lakes. Both categories of species are represented in the benthic and pelagic communities of the Caspian and Aral Seas and are involved in human economic activities. The most important biological resource of the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea is their ichthyofauna, represented by both aboriginal species and species introduced by man in the 20 th century. Among invertebrates, the main biological resource of these saline lakes is the brine shrimp A rtemia. The physical state of the Caspian as a water body is relatively stable but its biological resources are very seriously af fected by irrational use. The Aral Sea since the second half of the 20 t h century has experienced catastrophic anthropogenic regression, which has led to the almost complete loss of its biological resources due to salinization. However, thanks to efficacious engineering measures, it has now become possible to preserve its northern part(Small Aral) and rehabilitate it, lowering the salinity to its former state. The result has been the restoration of its fish biological resources. In the southern part of Aral(Large Aral), which turned into a group of separated hypersaline reservoirs, the only resource species currently available is the brine shrimp A rtemia. The main environmental threats for biological resources of the future Caspian and Aral as well as potential solutions are considered.