Screening of Substrate Formulas for Culture of Auricularia auricula Mycelia with Byproducts

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the source of substitutive substrate raw materials for cultivation of edible fungi,reduce the cutting and use of woody materials,and realize harmless treatment and resource utilization of byproducts from Chinese medicine production and bamboo processing.[Methods]Traditional Chinese medicine residue and bamboo shavings were used to partially replace hardwood sawdust in the conventional formula,and the growth of Auricularia auricula mycelia in large test tubes under different substrate formulas was studied.[Results]The results showed that the mycelia of A.auricula could grow normally on substrates with byproducts,and the mycelia grew differently with different formulas,and the performance of different strains of the same species was also different.Compared with the conventional formula,the suitable substitution amount of bamboo shavings for A.auricula strains was 10%-30%,and the substitution amount of Chinese medicine residue was 5%-15%.[Conclusions]This study provides reference for the efficient utilization of byproducts and the expansion of raw material sources for production of edible fungi.

Preparation technology of ultra-fine powders of Auricularia auricular

Conventional mechanical method and mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying technology were used to make the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus (Auricularia auricular). The content of basic nutrients, amino acid, micro structure and their properties of raw edible fungus and the edible fungus powders obtained with the two methods were analyzed and compared. The granularity size and micro-structure of the pulverized samples were analyzed by SEM and TEM technology. The average granularity size of the edible fungus powder obtained with mechanical method was 1–5 μm, while that obtained with mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying process was 0.5–1 μm. The ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the two methods had better water recovery capability and quality, and their preserving time was longer than that of raw edible fungus. All the properties of the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the vacuum freeze-drying technology were evidently superior to that of the conventional mechanical method. Keywords Auricularia auricula - Edible fungus - Ultra-fine powders - Vacuum freeze-drying CLC number TS205 Document code B Biography: YANG Chun-yu (1975), female, Ph. D. in Engineering Technology Center of Forestry and Wood Workine, Machinery, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

Determination of Optimum Conditions for Cell-wall Destruction of Auricularia auricula Mycelia under the Synergistic Effect of Ultrasonic Waves and Repeated Freeze-thaw Cycles

We aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of ultrasonic waves and repeated freeze-thaw cycles on cel-wal destruction of Auricularia auric-ula mycelia, and determine the best combination of conditions for cel-wal destruc-tion of Auricularia auricula mycelia. [Method] The effects of destruction time, added water, destruction times, freeze time and number of freeze-thaw cycles during ultra-sonic treatment on polysaccharide yield were investigated by single-factor test in our research. The optimum conditions for cel-wal destruction of Auricularia auricula mycelia by the synergistic effect of ultrasonic waves and repeated freeze-thaw cycles were ascertained by orthogonal test. [Result] The results of single test indicated the best combination of conditions was as fol ows： freeze time, 30 min; destruction time, 20 min; added water, 15 times; destruction times, 2 times; number of freeze-thaw cycles, 3 cycles. The results of orthogonal test indicated the influencing factors ranked as destruction time 〉 destruction times 〉 freeze time. The best combination of conditions was as fol ows： freeze time, 30 min; destruction time, 25 min; destruc-tion times, 2 times. Under above conditions, the polysaccharide yield reached 57.76 mg/g. [Conclusion] This research would provide a basis and reference for practical production.

Hypoglycemic polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula and Auricularia polytricha inhibit oxidative stress,NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Auricularia auricula(AA)and Auricularia polytricha(AP)are popular edible fungi.This study successfully produced hypoglycemic polysaccharides from un-smashed or smashing and sieving(through a 10-mesh sieve)AA and AP(termed as AAP/AAP-10 and APP/APP-10)via scalable processes(water extraction,ethanolic precipitation and deproteinization).This is the first report to compare the effectiveness of AAP and APP in combating streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and diabetes-related changes in mice(body weight,fasting blood glucose,serum insulin,proinflammatory mediator and cytokines,oxidative stress-related products,antioxidant enzymes).APP and AAP with different molecular weights and monosaccharide molar ratios could be therapeutic options for diabetes with a low dose(100 mg/kg/day)likely working better.At the same dose,APP generally performed more effective than AAP,and AAP-10/APP-10 seemed slightly more beneficial than AAP/APP.One mechanism underlying these antidiabetic functions might involve the NF-κB and associated signalling pathways.AP is cheaper than AA,thereby representing a favorable source of functional polysaccharides.

Antioxidant Activities and Inhibitory Effects of <i>Auricularia Auricular</i>and Its Functional Formula Diet Against Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell <i>in Vitro</i>

The functional formula diet AHP, containing polysaccharides from Auricularia auricular, polyphenolic compounds from Hawthorn (Crataegus) and Pueraria radix, has been recently developed as a dietary intervention against dyslipidemia in our previous study. In the present study, its antioxidant activities and protective effects against proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were investigated. AHP possessed the potent radical-scavenging effects against hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, and also the inhibitory effects against peroxidation of low density lipoprotein induced by Cu2+ in vitro. The protective effects of AHP against proliferation of VSMCs were evaluated through the methodology of serum pharmacology. The serum containing AHP significantly inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and also promoted the nitric oxide production of VSMCs. Our study indicated that this functional formula diet would be a potent alternative as a functional diet to prevent atherosclerosis at early stage.

Liquid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis Bs-07 to enhance anticoagulant function of Auricularia auricula polysaccharide

In order to improve the anticoagulant function of Auricularia auricula, Auricularia auricula polysaccharide （AAP） was converted into its derivatives by the microbial fermentation method and then polysaccharide derivatives with stronger anticoagulant activity were prepared. The optimal conditions for fermenting the polysaccharide from A. auricula were examined and the in vitro anticoagulant activities of transformed and untransformed polysaccharides were compared. Response surface tests and an orthogonal experiment indicated that the best conditions for microbial conversion of AAP3 were an AAP3 concentration of 4.0 mg/ mL, a ratio of substrate （AAP3 ） to donor （p-hydroxybenzoic acid） of 40：1, and a pH of 6.0. Bacillus subtilis Bs-07 was inoculated and then placed on a rotary shaker （ 120 r/min）, followed by fermentation for 48 h at 35 ℃. The conversion rate was found to be greater than 40%. The result of in vitro anticoagulant activity showed that the transformed polysaccharide improved activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time values and greatly enhanced anticoagulant activity compared to the untransformed polysaccharide.

Preliminary studies on the early quality identification of A uric ularia auricular

In production industry of Auricularia auricular, the varieties quality is most important impact factor on output. For evaluating the early quality of the edible fungus, 9 varieties of Auricularia auricular (Au9, CF09, CF05, 29, 916, chang10, chang7, Au.Japanese and 8808) were cultured on the medium consists of potato dextrose agar (PDA) and sawdust to test their mycelium growth rate, endurance to high temperature, resistance to mildew, assimilation of nutriment, and resistance to drought. The result showed that the mycelium of Chang 10, CF09, 29 and Au.Japanese varieties had the eminent characteristics such as short lifespan, stronger assimilation of nutriment, and endurance to high temperature and steady growth. These four varieties are determined as superiority varieties of Auricularia auricular in accordance with the research results.

Therapeutic effect of natural melanin from edible fungus Auricularia auricula on alcohol-induced liver damage in vitro and in vivo

This study explored the therapeutic effects of Auricularia auricula melanin(AAM)on alcoholic liver damage in vitro and in vivo.Human normal liver L02 cells were pre-treated with ethanol and then treated with AAM to explore the therapeutic effect of AAM on ethanol-induced hepatocyte injury.The results show that AAM signifi cantly elevated the cell viability,ameliorated the cell morphology,reduced the ROS and increased the GSH/GSSG of ethanol-pretreated L02 cells.Then,mice were administered with ethanol to induce acute alcoholic liver damage,and administered with AAM to further study the therapeutic effect of AAM on alcoholic liver damage in mice.As a result,AAM reduced the levels of ALT,AST,TG,and MDA,increased the levels of ADH,SOD,and CAT in liver damage mice.The therapeutic effect of AAM may be related to inhibition of CYP2E1 expression and activation of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidase.The research enriched the bioactivity of AAM and provided some ideas for the development of melanin-related health foods.

Alcohols Extraction Process and Content of Active Ingredients in Chinese Northeastern Auricularia auricula

[Objectives] The aim was to study the type and content of alcohol-soluble active ingredients in Auricularia auricula. [Methods]With total yield of alcohol extract as an indicator,the optimal concentrations of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol for alcohol extraction of A. auricula powder were determined. The contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids in three different alcohol extracts of A. auricula,as well as in the alcohol extracts of polysaccharides and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were determined. [Results] When90% ethanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract of A. auricula was 10. 7%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 5. 68 mg/100 g,0. 43% and 0. 55%,respectively. When 100% isopropanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 10. 1%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 84 mg/100 g,0. 66% and 0. 37%,respectively. When 70% n-butanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 5. 4%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 07 mg/100 g,1. 68% and 0. 30%,respectively. The yields of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol extracts of polysaccharide and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were 13. 8%,14. 3% and 8. 9%,respectively. In the three kinds of alcohol extracts,the contents of total flavonoids were 8. 28,11. 99,and 12. 38 mg/100 g,respectively; the contents of polyphenols were 0.14%,0. 38% and 0. 75%,respectively; and the contents of triterpenoids were 0. 25%,0. 60% and 0. 58%,respectively. [Conclusions]This study will provide certain reference for the in-depth study and development and utilization of active ingredients in A. auricula.

^(60)Co-γ射线诱变选育黑木耳高产多糖菌株

以前期筛选的高产多糖菌株‘黑丰2号’为出发菌株,采用^(60)Co-γ射线诱变方法对其进行处理,经过初筛、复筛、拮抗试验和ISSR分子标记验证及遗传稳定性试验,研究了黑木耳菌株的诱变条件,以期获得黑木耳高产多糖菌株。结果表明:在辐照剂量为1800Gy和剂量率为2.5Gy·min^(-1)的条件下选育出一株黑木耳高产多糖菌株。其拮抗试验和ISSR分子标记试验的结果均验证其为诱变菌株。经液体培养其菌丝多糖产量和原始菌株相比提高了近30%。经6次转代培养后其菌丝多糖产量较稳定,表明其遗传稳定性良好。

基于液相色谱-质谱代谢组学技术的硒化黑木耳代谢产物及通路分析

本研究通过在黑木耳菌包中添加外源硒,结合液相色谱-质谱联用代谢组学技术,运用主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析、层次聚类分析等多元统计学分析,探究硒化对黑木耳代谢通路及代谢物的动态变化影响。结果表明,从黑木耳(HME)、亚硒酸钠无机硒化黑木耳(HMEa)和富硒玉米秸秆有机硒化黑木耳(HMEb)组共定性出669个代谢物,通过对差异代谢物进行筛选,无机硒化组(HME vs HMEa)共得到228个差异代谢物;有机硒化组(HME vs HMEb)共得到267个差异代谢物,硒化对黑木耳中有机酸及其衍生物、脂类及类脂质分子含量影响较大,且有机硒化富硒效果更显著。综合两组的京都基因与基因组百科全书代谢通路分析,发现硒化对脂类代谢、氨基酸类代谢影响显著。综上所述,黑木耳受到硒化后,脂类代谢、氨基酸代谢以及其他次生代谢产物的生物合成过程发生显著变化,对黑木耳中脂类和氨基酸等代谢产物产生显著影响,说明硒化会对黑木耳的营养成分和风味品质产生一定影响。

Identification of phytochemicals from Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula with UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS

Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula are the first and second largest edible fungi in China with high nutritional and medicinal values.Research about phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula mainly focuses on polysaccharides,other phytochemicals are not fully studied.Phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula were investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS).Twenty-three compounds were identified in L.edodes,mainly including amino acids and analogs,flavonoids,nucleosides and analogs,phenols and steroids.Twenty-nine compounds were identified in A.auricula,mainly including amino acids and analogs,nucleosides and analogs,flavonoids and phenols.There are 9 common ingredients of L.edodes and A.auricula,including 4 amino acids and analogs,2 flavonoids,2 nucleosides and analogs and 1 phenol.

具有ACE抑制活性的黑木耳多肽酶解工艺优化

目的:优化黑木耳ACE抑制肽酶解制备工艺。方法:以ACE抑制率为评价指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验考察复合酶质量比、酶用量、酶解时间、酶解温度以及pH的影响。结果:最佳工艺为蛋白酶C与蛋白酶D质量比1:1.5、酶用量1600 U/mg、酶解时间120 min、酶解温度50℃、pH 7.5,此时黑木耳多肽的ACE抑制率为61.23%。结论:经优化得到的复合酶解工艺制备的黑木耳多肽具有较好的ACE抑制活性。

Pressure shear assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula and its biological activities

In this paper,using to the comprehensive scoring method,pressure shear assisted extraction was used to prepare polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula(PS-AAP)by orthogonal test to optimize the extraction.The highest comprehensive score(90.70)was obtained under 1:70 g/mL solid-liquid ratio,110°C reaction temperature,60 min reaction time and 1.0 MPa reaction pressure.Compared to AAP by water bath(WB-AAP),PS-AAP led to a higher extraction efficiency and decreased the relative molecular weight.In addition,infrared spectrum(FT-IR)analysis showed that pressure shear assisted did not change the polysaccharide structure.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)showed that PS-AAP was smaller and more broken by pressure shear assisted.Furthermore,the ratio of glucose to mannose in PS-AAP was relatively higher than WB-AAP,which also proved that PS-AAP had certain antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities.Compared with WB-AAP,the inhibitionα-glucosidase andα-amylase activity of PS-AAP increased by 11.37%and 24.43%respectively.These results revealed that PS-AAP has the poten-tial value of being a antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent.

黑木耳遗传多样性分析及高产多糖菌株筛选

利用体细胞不亲和性分析、ISSR分子标记对东北三省地区主栽及收集的45份黑木耳种质资源进行遗传多样性分析,并通过液体深层发酵技术筛选高产多糖菌株。结果表明,其中9个菌株拮抗反应不明显,亲缘关系较近;其他36个菌株的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.44~0.96,遗传背景丰富。当遗传相似系数为0.6时,供试菌株聚类为9个类群:黑山、黑丰、黑丰2、神8-7、黑威伴金、黑威15、黑保1号、2016-A、2016-B、2016-C、2016-E、2019-013、2019-192、新科10号、黑厚圆、华腾2号、华腾4号、春宝为第1类群;木29、长白7、新科1号、919为第2类群;高优王、1022、2019-003、918为第3类群;蕈丰黑、延丰13、半筋S1908、888、丰产王为第4类群;靖发13、89-1、丰收2号、2019-199、海元的遗传相似系数小于0.6,亲缘关系较远,单个菌株自成一类,分别为第5~9类群。经筛选,得到1株多糖含量高且丰产的黑木耳菌株黑丰2。

秦岭山区钢架大棚黑木耳吊袋栽培技术模式

黑木耳是一种富含多种营养物质、药食兼用的食用菌。针对甘肃省麦积区党川、利桥流域秦岭山区的环境条件和黑木耳生产管理难点,从栽培设施、品种及菌棒的选择、菌棒进棚管理、菌棒刺孔及吊袋、出耳管理、采摘、晾晒、晒棒等方面总结出了黑木耳钢架大棚吊袋栽培关键技术,旨在为麦积区及同类型区黑木耳大棚吊袋生产提供技术指导。

不同腐熟菌剂对黑木耳菌渣堆肥腐熟效果研究

通过研究不同腐熟菌剂对黑木耳菌渣堆肥腐熟效果的影响,筛选出适宜西北地区黑木耳菌渣发酵的腐熟菌剂。对黑木耳菌渣添加5种不同腐熟剂进行高温堆肥,研究不同腐熟菌剂对黑木耳菌渣发酵温度、水分、化学成分和种子发芽指数的影响。结果表明,接种不同腐熟菌剂均能不同程度缩短黑木耳菌渣料堆升温时间,加速堆体水分的下降,显著降低料堆的碳氮比,提高黑木耳菌渣料堆粗纤维的降解率,显著提高料堆的种子发芽指数和EC值。总体来说,黑木耳菌渣添加洛阳欧克生物科技有限公司、济宁世合生物有限公司和北京裕丰力多金肥业有限公司的腐熟菌剂堆肥腐熟效果更好。

陆生蓝藻地木耳中海藻糖提取工艺研究

该研究从三氯乙酸浓度、三氯乙酸用量、提取温度及时间4个方面初步探讨从地木耳中提取海藻糖的工艺,该研究通过单因素和正交试验,优化从地木耳中提取海藻糖的工艺条件,通过考察三氯乙酸浓度、用量、提取温度和时间对提取率的影响,确定最佳工艺条件。最佳工艺条件为0.3 M三氯乙酸浓度,用量5 mL,提取温度80℃,时间50 min。

黑木耳多糖提取方法比较

采用正交试验比较研究热水浸提法、微波辅助提取法和超声波辅助提取法提取黑木耳(Auriculariaauricula)多糖的工艺及效率。热水浸提法最佳工艺为料水质量比1∶40、提取温度80℃、提取时间4 h,提取率为8.41%;微波辅助提取法最佳工艺为料水质量比1∶30、微波功率560 W、微波时间90 s、提取温度80℃,提取率为14.08%;超声波辅助提取法最佳工艺为料水质量比1∶40、超声功率80 W、超声时间20min、提取温度60℃,提取率为15.22%。超声波辅助提取法效率最高,优于另两种方法。

黑木耳降血糖的研究进展及趋势分析

基于CiteSpace的黑木耳降血糖研究态势分析相关研究进展、热点及发展趋势,为中国黑木耳资源的可持续利用提供参考。利用CiteSpace对1993—2022年收录于中国知网(CNKI)有关黑木耳降血糖研究领域的4184篇文献信息进行科学计量与可视化分析。1993—2022年中国黑木耳资源备受学者关注,黑木耳降血糖领域的年发文量总体上呈先缓慢后快速上升的趋势,发文量最多的作者是:王振宇、孔祥辉、李婷婷、尹红力等,主要的研究机构有吉林农业大学、福建农林大学、南京农业大学、东北林业大学等;通过关键词突现结果表明,稳定性、结构表征、响应面法、结构解析、功能特性是近几年的突现关键词,突现强度分别为6.02、17.88、5.54、5.81和6.83。与上述关键词相关的主题都集中于黑木耳降血糖的有效成分及在分子水平上作用机制的研究,这也是中国黑木耳降血糖领域当前及未来一段时间的主要研究热点。未来黑木耳相关研究将呈现多元化的趋势,基础研究多着重在发掘黑木耳多糖的结构成分和阐明黑木耳降血糖的作用机理;应用研究主要集中在黑木耳精深加工产品的开发与利用。研究结果可为广大业内人士的后续研究与开发提供借鉴与参考,为黑木耳功能精准研究和产品开发奠定基础。