The Resolution of the Great 20th Century Debate in the Foundations of Mathematics

The paper resolves the great debate of the 20th century between the three philosophies of mathematics-logicism, intuitionism and formalism—founded by Bertrand Russell and A. N. Whitehead, L. E. J. Brouwer and David Hilbert, respectively. The issue: which one provides firm foundations for mathematics? None of them won the debate. We make a critique of each, consolidate their contributions, rectify their weakness and add our own to resolve the debate. The resolution forms the new foundations of mathematics. Then we apply the new foundations to assess the status of Hilbert’s 23 problems most of which in foundations and find out which ones have been solved, which ones have flawed solutions that we rectify and which ones are open problems. Problem 6 of Hilbert’s problems—Can physics be axiomatized?—is answered yes in E. E. Escultura, Nonlinear Analysis, A-Series: 69(2008), which provides the solution, namely, the grand unified theory (GUT). We also point to the resolution of the 379-year-old Fermat’s conjecture (popularly known as Fermat’s last theorem) in E. E. Escultura, Exact Solutions of Fermat’s Equations (Definitive Resolution of Fermat’s Last Theorem), Nonlinear Studies, 5(2), (1998). Likewise, the proof of the 274-year-old Goldbach’s conjecture is in E. E. Escultura, The New Mathematics and Physics, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 138(1), 2003.

On Positional Games With Perfect Information and Their Applications

The game theory was firstly used for description of economic phenomena and social interaction. But there are certain type of perfect information games （PI-games）, the so-called positional game or Banach-Mazur games, which so far have not been applied in economy. The perfect information positional game is defined as the game during which at any time the choice is made by one of the players who is acquainted with the previous decision of his opponent. The game is run on a sequential basis. The aim of this paper is to discuss selected Banach-Mazur games and to present some applications of positional game. This paper also shows new theoretical example of a determined PI-game, based by theoretical overview. All considerations are pure theoretical and based by logical deduction.

The Constructivist Real Number System

The paper summarizes the contributions of the three philosophies of mathematics—logicism, intuitionism-constructivism (constructivism for short) and formalism and their rectification—which constitute the new foundations of mathematics. The critique of the traditional foundations of mathematics reveals a number of errors including inconsistency (contradiction or paradox) and undefined and vacuous concepts which fall under ambiguity. Critique of the real and complex number systems reveals similar defects all of which are responsible not only for the unsolved long standing problems of foundations but also of traditional mathematics such as the 379-year-old Fermat’s last theorem (FLT) and 274-year-old Goldbach’s conjecture. These two problems require rectification of these defects before they can be resolved. One of the major defects is the inconsistency of the field axioms of the real number system with the construction of a counterexample to the trichotomy axiom that proved it and the real number system false and at the same time not linearly ordered. Indeed, the rectification yields the new foundations of mathematics, constructivist real number system and complex vector plane the last mathematical space being the rectification of the complex real number system. FLT is resolved by a counterexample that proves it false and the Goldbach’s conjecture has been proved both in the constructivist real number system and the new real number system. The latter gives to two mathematical structures or tools—generalized integral and generalized physical fractal. The rectification of foundations yields the resolution of problem 1 and the solution of problem 6 of Hilbert’s 23 problems.

Fuzzy Zorn’s lemma with applications

We introduced the fuzzy axioms of choice,fuzzy Zorn’s lemma and fuzzy well-ordering principle,which are the fuzzy versions of the axioms of choice,Zorn’s lemma and well-ordering principle,and discussed the relations among them.As an application of fuzzy Zorn’s lemma,we got the following results:(1)Every proper fuzzy ideal of a ring was contained in a maximal fuzzy ideal.(2)Every nonzero ring contained a fuzzy maximal ideal.(3)Introduced the notion of fuzzy nilpotent elements in a ring R,and proved that the intersection of all fuzzy prime ideals in a commutative ring R is the union of all fuzzy nilpotent elements in R.(4)Proposed the fuzzy version of Tychonoff Theorem and by use of fuzzy Zorn’s lemma,we proved the fuzzy Tychonoff Theorem.