Detection of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Plastic Bottles Using Vertical Cultivation at Various Temperatures

Polycarbonate plastics containing bisphenol A (BPA) used to manufacture drinking water bottles. Kurdistan region in northern Iraq is a developed area with increased pollution from plastic bottles. Trace amounts of BPA have been detected in bottled water samples. The absorption of BPA was measured with HPLC using a vertical cultivation system with Bulbs of the Allium Cepa plant planted in these plastic bottles with monitored growth. Vertical cultivation was found to have a low level of BPA in the plant cells, making it a safe cultivation method under specific climate conditions. The mean concentration of BPA in vertical cultivation is 0.19 ug/ml (3.8 ng for a 20 uL injection), and the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) is 0.63 ug/ml (12.7 ng for 20 uL injection). While Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that the concentrations are relatively low in water samples stored at room temperature compared to those exposed to direct sunlight (40°C) and water bottle samples stored at (-4°C), The correlation coefficients were found to be good (0.9992). SEM is used for plastic bottle samples stored at different temperatures. The images identify compound decay and explore the morphology of BPA in manufactured plastic materials.

The Adsorption of Pb(II)Using Silica Gel Synthesized from Chemical Bottle Waste:Optimization Using Box-Behnken Design

The adsorption of Pb(II)on silica gel synthesized from chemical glass bottle waste has been studied.The effect of independent variables(adsorbent dose,initial concentration of Pb(II),contact time,and pH)on the Pb(II)removal from water was evaluated and optimized using the Response Surface Methodology(RSM).Under optimized conditions(adsorbent dose:20 mg;contact time:30 min;initial Pb(II)concentration:120 mg.L^(−1);and pH:8),the removal of Pb(II)was 99.77%.The adsorption equilibrium data obtained from the batch experiment were investigated using different isotherm models.The Langmuir isotherm model fits the experimental data.This shows that the surface of the silica gel synthesized from chemical bottles waste was covered by a Pb(II)monolayer.XRF analysis showed that the synthesized silica gel had a SiO_(2) content of 75.63%.Amorphous silica was observed from XRD analysis.SEM-EDX characterization showed that Pb was adsorbed on the silica gel surface.SEM analysis showed that silica gel has irregular particles with a surface area of 297.08 m2.g^(−1) with a pore radius of 15.74 nm calculated from BET analysis.

Silica Gel from Chemical Glass Bottle Waste as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue:Optimization Using BBD

This research focuses on the effective removal of methylene blue dye using silica gel synthesized from chemical glass bottle waste as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective adsorbent.The adsorption process was optimized using Box-Behnken Design(BBD)and Response Surface Methodology(RSM)to investigate the influence of pH(6;8 and 10),contact time(15;30 and 45 min),adsorbent mass(30;50 and 70 mg),and initial concentration(20;50 and 80 mg/L)of the adsorbate on the adsorption efficiency.The BBD was conducted using Google Colaboratory software,which encompassed 27 experiments with randomly assigned combinations.The silica gel synthesized from chemical glass bottle was characterized by XRD,FTIR,SEM-EDX and TEM.The adsorption result was measured by spectrophotometer UV-Vis.The optimized conditions resulted in a remarkable methylene blue removal efficiency of 99.41%.Characterization of the silica gel demonstrated amorphous morphology and prominent absorption bands characteristic of silica.The Langmuir isotherm model best described the adsorption behavior,revealing chemisorption with a monolayer coverage of methylene blue on the adsorbent surface,and a maximum adsorption capacity of 82.02 mg/g.Additionally,the pseudo-second-order kinetics model indicated a chemisorption mechanism during the adsorption process.The findings highlight the potential of silica gel from chemical glass bottle waste as a promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment,offering economic and environmental benefits.Further investigations can explore its scalability,regenerability,and reusability for industrial-scale applications.

Metric Basis of Four-Dimensional Klein Bottle

The Metric of a graph plays an essential role in the arrangement of different dimensional structures and finding their basis in various terms.The metric dimension of a graph is the selection of the minimum possible number of vertices so that each vertex of the graph is distinctively defined by its vector of distances to the set of selected vertices.This set of selected vertices is known as the metric basis of a graph.In applied mathematics or computer science,the topic of metric basis is considered as locating number or locating set,and it has applications in robot navigation and finding a beacon set of a computer network.Due to the vast applications of this concept in computer science,optimization problems,and also in chemistry enormous research has been conducted.To extend this research to a four-dimensional structure,we studied the metric basis of the Klein bottle and proved that the Klein bottle has a constant metric dimension for the variation of all its parameters.Although the metric basis is variying in 3 and 4 values when the values of its parameter change,it remains constant and unchanged concerning its order or number of vertices.The methodology of determining the metric basis or locating set is based on the distances of a graph.Therefore,we proved the main theorems in distance forms.

Influence of the Partial Substitution of Bitumen by a Mixture of Sulphur and Tyre and Plastic Bottle Powders on the Behaviour of Bituminous Concrete

This article deals with the influence of the partial substitution of bitumen by a mixture of sulphur and tyre and plastic bottle powders on the characterization of asphalt concrete. The approach adopted was to subject a control asphalt concrete to level 2 formulation tests as well as those modified at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by substituting bitumen with a mixture of tyre powder, plastic bottle powder and sulphur at 40%, 28% and 32% respectively. The results of the PCG, Duriez and rutting tests carried out on the control and modified bituminous concretes (manufactured using the wet process) revealed three (03) major findings, in particular with regard to workability, resistance to simple compression and rutting. The experimental results show an increasing trend in the essential parameters. At 40% substitution, there was a 22.73% increase in compactness, reflecting a significant improvement in the material’s workability. With regard to simple compressive strength, the increase is 34.02% at 40% substitution, highlighting the limitation of crack formation and propagation under heavy precipitation. With regard to rutting, the 16% drop in susceptibility at 40% substitution reflects a significant improvement in the behaviour of the material under dynamic mechanical stresses in heavy precipitation. The improvement in these behaviours results from the insertion of the plastic bottle powder into the interstices of the granular skeleton, thus reducing its cellular structure, and also from the interactions between the sulphur with the tyre powder and the sulphur with the plastic bottle powder, i.e. cross-linking or vulcanisation.

Bitter Bottle Gourd Toxicity

Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), colloquially known as “lauki” or “doodhi” in India, is an edible plant in the Cucurbitaceae family. Consumption of raw bottle gourd juice is common practice in India. However, little known is the fact that ingestion of raw bottle gourd juice that is extremely bitter tasting is associated with cucurbitacin toxicity. Cucurbitacin is a pheromone produced by the plant as a defense mechanism against insects and herbivores. It is responsible for imparting the bitter taste, and the associated toxicity. The exact mechanism of cucurbitacin toxicity is not well understood, however it is suspected to result in gastric erosions and increased capillary permeability, resulting in rapid onset of vomiting, diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, hypotension and shock. As serum and urine concentration measurements of cucurbitacin are not readily available, bottle gourd toxicity remains a clinical diagnosis based largely on the temporal association of ingestion of unusually bitter tasting vegetable or its juice with rapid onset of symptoms. Physician awareness is therefore of paramount importance in the diagnosis of this unusual entity. We present the case of a 78-year-old woman, with no comorbid conditions, who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with three episodes of vomiting and multiple episodes of watery loose stools soon after ingestion of extremely bitter tasting, fresh bottle gourd juice. A prompt diagnosis of cucurbitacin toxicity was made in the ED and fluid resuscitation was commenced expeditiously. However, it was noted that most physicians were unfamiliar with this entity, and therefore skeptical of the diagnosis. Our rationale in presenting this clinical case report is three-fold: 1) To create physician awareness regarding this unique clinical entity, especially among emergency physicians, as they are the first point of contact for a critically ill patient. 2) To highlight the rapid onset and progression of symptoms in cucurbitacin toxicity. 3) To emphasize aggressive fluid resuscitation and symptomatic management as the mainstay of clinical treatment.

单模-多模光纤产生系列Bottle beam

提出一种利用多模光纤的多模干涉效应在自由空间中获得多个局域空心光(Bottle beam)的新方法。单模-多模光纤结构是一段多模光纤无偏心地连接到一段单模光纤上,光由单模光纤传输到多模光纤激发产生一系列的LP0,n模,由于多模干涉效应在多模光纤中相互叠加,当入射到自由空间后形成了多个Bottle beam。文中对光束传输过程进行理论分析并利用Matlab进行仿真实验,结果表明在自由空间中可以获得系列Bottle beam。当多模光纤纤芯直径分别为45μm,60μm和90μm时所选择的光场段内的Bottle beam的尺寸大小基本相同(约400μm×20μm),而第一个空间暗域沿轴向两侧相对光强差值分别为0.62,0.41和0.11,可见当多模光纤的纤芯直径越大时所得到的Bottle beam暗域的轴向两侧光强越相近,因此也越有利于囚禁微粒。

Snuff Bottles—An East-Meets-West Art

THE snuft bottle came toChina from Italy,but once itwas in China, it was turnedinto an exquisite object of art.The Italians say that long,longago a tobacconist stocked a greatdeal of tobacco,but one day hediscovered it has all gone rotten andwas exuding a special smell。

基于Bottle的Python网络应用开发

Python语言在网络应用开发中占有重要的位置。Bottle是一个Python网络应用开发微框架。本文以一个简单日志系统为例,介绍了运用Bottle开发网络应用基本方法。

Heterosis, Combining Ability and Gene Action for Yield in Bottle Gourd

The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Olericulture Division, Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh during the winter season of 2018-2019 to study the genetic architecture of yield in a seven parent half diallel cross of bottle gourd. The values of mean square for GCA (general combining ability) and SCA (specific combining ability) were highly significant which suggested the presence of both additive and non-additive genetic variance in the population. But the higher magnitude of GCA compared to SCA indicated predominance of additive genetic variance. In most of the cases, the cross between poor and poor parents showed positive SCA effect for fruit yield, which indicated the higher yield. The estimates of significant positive better parent heterosis ranged from 6.27 to 49.72 percent. Analysis of genetic components of variation suggested that additive components were more important in the inheritance of fruit yield. This character was observed being controlled by two to three pairs of genes or groups of genes. Narrow sense heritability was 23 percent indicating probability of selection in generations. The graphical analysis also indicated wide genetic diversity among the parents.

Water and Energy Footprint Assessment of Bottled Water Industries in India

Assessment of water and energy footprint for eight bottled water industries was carried out. The investigation showed that one litre of bottled water has a water footprint of 17.41 litres and energy footprint of 7.08 MJ. Water consumption by the industry comprises 61% during material production, 17% in processes, 16% in energy and only 6% in the actual product. Hence, maximum consumption of water is in material production, while the processes required a smaller fraction of the total water and energy consumed. Therefore, water footprint can be reduced through optimization of water consumption in material production.

News about Tap and Bottled Water: Can This Influence People’s Choices?

The pursuit of alternative safe water has increased dramatically the world trade in bottled water. Events happened in Canada which changed the population’s perception about the quality of tap water, despite all government efforts. Media has an important role to pass on information because there is value judgment in its reports. As a result, this study aims to present recent data from two Canadian newspapers of national circulation, which refer to tap water and bottled water. It used quantitative and qualitative data for this analysis. The study concludes that the media, taken into consideration, provides its readers with important information, but the information can also be ambiguous. Nevertheless, it arouses interest in further research about this subject matter and about protecting water resources.

Bottle gourd(Lagenaria siceraria) juice poisoning

BACKGROUND: Bottle gourd(Lagenaria siceraria) is popularly known as lauki, ghia or dudhi in India. Its consumption is advocated by traditional medicine healers for controlling diabetes mellitus, hypertension, liver diseases, weight loss and other diseases. However, in last few years there have been reports of suspected toxicity due to consumption of its juice leading to severe vomiting and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. As emergency physicians we need to be aware of this very rare poisoning specially in India.METHODS: We present a case of a 52-year-old woman who presented with multiple episodes of hematemesis and shock to the emergency department(ED) after consuming bottle gourd juice. The patient was resuscitated and stabilized with fl uids, proton pump inhibitors and antiemetics and shifted to the intensive care unit(ICU) under the care of a gastroenterology team for urgent endoscopy and further management.RESULTS: The patient received intravenous fluids, antibiotics, antiemetics, and antacids and underwent upper gastroenterologic endoscopy during the hospitalization. She was discharged in a stable condition 4 days later.CONCLUSIONS: As a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, bottle gourd contains toxic tetracyclic triterpenoid compounds called cucurbitacins which are responsible for the bitter taste and toxicity. There is no known antidote for this toxicity, and clinicians treat such patients symptomatically only. It is important to educate the public about the harmful effects of this potentially life-threatening toxicity.

Classification of Various Bottled Mineral Waters Marketed in Djibouti

In this study, nineteen different brands of bottled mineral waters (7 brands local and 12 brands imported) were collected from supermarkets and independent food stores throughout Djibouti. The chemical composition mentioned on the labels of the nineteen bottled mineral waters has made the subject of a first verification by Ionic Balance Error (IBE). It was found out of the nineteen brands selected, 12 brands (2 brands local and 10 brands imported) had acceptable charge balance error. Correlation Analysis (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were used to analyze the data collected from the labels of bottled water. The obtained results showed that the 12 brands of studied waters can be grouped in 4 distinct classes with similar chemical characteristics. Two local and one imported brands have the same chemical composition but marketed under different names. It was observed that the chemical content local water brands were within the normal range prescribed by both WHO and USEPA except five imported water brands that have concentration values Ca, HCO3, Mg and SO4 beyond acceptable standards. Total hardness values classified most of the studied brands from moderate to very hard water.

Study of the efficacy of a Wheaton coated bottle with permethrin and deltamethrin in laboratory conditions and a WHO impregnated paper with bendiocarb in field conditions

Objective:To determine the efficacy of WHO impregnated paper and CDC coated bottle based on number of storage days and number of limes of consecutive use,in the assessment of insecticide vector susceptibility tests in laboratory and field conditions.Methods:Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l.mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Seme-Kpodji and Cotonou districts in Southern Benin in April 2013 during the first rainy season.Anopheles gambiae s.l.mosquitoes were also collected from the breeding sites in Parakou district in Northern Benin in May 2013 at the beginning of the rainy season.Susceptibility tests were done using impregnated paper with bendiocarb(0.1%)following WHO protocol and stock solutions of permethrin(21.5 ug per bottle)and deltamethrin(12.5 ug per bottle)following CDC protocol on unfed female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old.These bioassays were repeated a certain number of times.The temperature and relative humidity were monitored and recorded during the susceptibility tests.Results:This study showed that a WHO impregnated paper with bendiocarb could be used four times during four consecutive days in field conditions.Regarding a Wheaton coated bottle with permethrin or deltamethrin,they could be used at least three limes during four consecutive days in laboratory conditions.Conclusions:The day storage and the number of times that a WHO impregnated paper and a CDC coated bottle maintained their efficacy are useful in the assessment of insecticide vectors susceptibility tests.

Virtual simulation experiment of the design and manufacture of a beer bottle-defect detection system

Background Machine learning-based beer bottle-defect detection is a complex technology that runs automatically;however,it consumes considerable memory,is expensive,and poses a certain danger when training novice operators.Moreover,some topics are difficult to learn from experimental lectures,such as digital image processing and computer vision.However,virtual simulation experiments have been widely used to good effect within education.A virtual simulation of the design and manufacture of a beer bottle-defect detection system will not only help the students to increase their image-processing knowledge,but also improve their ability to solve complex engineering problems and design complex systems.Methods The hardware models for the experiment(camera,light source,conveyor belt,power supply,manipulator,and computer)were built using the 3DS MAX modeling and animation software.The Unreal Engine 4(UE4)game engine was utilized to build a virtual design room,design the interactive operations,and simulate the system operation.Results The results showed that the virtual-simulation system received much better experimental feedback,which facilitated the design and manufacture of a beer bottle-defect detection system.The specialized functions of the functional modules in the detection system,including a basic experimental operation menu,power switch,image shooting,image processing,and manipulator grasping,allowed students(or virtual designers)to easily build a detection system by retrieving basic models from the model library,and creating the beer-bottle transportation,image shooting,image processing,defect detection,and defective-product removal.The virtual simulation experiment was completed with image processing as the main body.Conclusions By mainly focusing on bottle mouth defect detection,the detection system dedicates more attention to the user and the task.With more detailed tasks available,the virtual system will eventually yield much better results as a training tool for image processing education.In addition,a novel visual perception-thinking pedagogical framework enables better comprehension than the traditional lecture-tutorial style.

Champagne bottle neck sign in a patient with Moyamoya syndrome

The champagne bottle neck(CBN) sign refers to a reduction in the diameter of the proximal portion of the internal carotid artery that resembles a CBN, and is a characteristic feature of Moyamoya disease. A 43-yearold woman with an infarction of the posterior limb of the left internal capsule was diagnosed with Moyamoya syndrome associated with Graves' disease. The CBN sign was observed bilaterally. Cerebral revascularization surgery was performed, including left-sided superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery anastomosis. During four years of follow-up, she maintained a euthyroid state and did not have any further cerebral ischemic events. The CBN signs remained unchanged on both sides during this time. This is the first report of the CBN sign in a patient with Moyamoya syndrome associated with Graves' disease.

Multiple bottle beams based on metasurface optical field modulation and their capture of multiple atoms

Compared to conventional devices, metasurfaces offer the advantages of being lightweight, with planarization and tuning flexibility. This provides a new way to integrate and miniaturize optical systems. In this paper, a metasurface capable of generating multiple bottle beams was designed. Based on the Pancharatnam–Berry(P–B) phase principle, the metasurface lens can accurately control the wavefront by adjusting the aspect ratio of the titanium dioxide nanopillars and the rotation angle. When irradiated by left-handed circularly polarized light with a wavelength of 632.8 nm, the optical system can produce multiple micron bottle beams. Taking two bottle beams as examples, the longitudinal full widths at half-maximum of the optical tweezers can reach 0.85 μm and 1.12 μm, respectively, and the transverse full widths at half-maximum can reach 0.46 μm and 0.6 μm. Also, the number of generated bottle beams can be varied by controlling the size of the annular obstacle. By changing the x-component of the unit rotation angle, the metasurface can also change the shape of the bottle beam - the beam cross-section can be changed from circular to elliptical. This paper also analyzes the trapping of ytterbium atoms by the multi bottle beam acting as optical tweezers. It is found that the multi bottle beam can cool and trap multiple ytterbium atoms.

Classification for Glass Bottles Based on Improved Selective Search Algorithm

The recycling of glass bottles can reduce the consumption of resources and contribute to environmental protection.At present,the classification of recycled glass bottles is difficult due to the many differences in specifications and models.This paper proposes a classification algorithm for glass bottles that is divided into two stages,namely the extraction of candidate regions and the classification of classifiers.In the candidate region extraction stage,aiming at the problem of the large time overhead caused by the use of the SIFT(scale-invariant feature transform)descriptor in SS(selective search),an improved feature of HLSN(Haar-like based on SPP-Net)is proposed.An integral graph is introduced to accelerate the process of forming an HBSN vector,which overcomes the problem of repeated texture feature calculation in overlapping regions by SS.In the classification stage,the improved SS algorithm is used to extract target regions.The target regions are merged using a non-maximum suppression algorithm according to the classification scores of the respective regions,and the merged regions are classified using the trained classifier.Experiments demonstrate that,compared with the original SS,the improved SS algorithm increases the calculation speed by 13.8%,and its classification accuracy is 89.4%.Additionally,the classification algorithm for glass bottles has a certain resistance to noise.

Evaluation of nitrate and trace elements concentration in drinking water:Bottled,tap and well

Concentrations of nitrate and trace elements such as arsenic,cadmium,chromium,copper,manganese,nickel,lead,selenium,antimony and mercury in 18 different brands of bottled water were investigated.For comparison,samples of tap and well water from three different places of Tehran were also analyzed.UV/VIS spectrophotometer and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer were used for the analysis of nitrate and trace elements,respectively.Results obtained were compared to Iranian,World Health Organization(WHO)and Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)guideline for drinking water.Nitrate concentration in bottled,tap and well water samples were in maximum safe nitrate concentration of Iranian and WHO standards.However,70%of bottled water samples and one sample of tap water were below the standard level proposed by EPA and probably remedial action should be taken.Concentration levels of all analyzed elements investigated in all examined water samples were below the maximum contaminant level prescribed by Iranian,WHO and EPA regulations.