A guide for selecting the appropriate plot design to measure ungulate browsing

Ungulate browsing often impairs tree regeneration,thus preventing the achievement of economic or conservation goals.Forest ungulate management would thus benefit from a practical decision tool that facilitates method selection from a wide range of monitoring methods and indicators currently available.In this study,we first provide an overview of the different browsing-impact monitoring methods and indicators currently applied.We then present a newly developed decision matrix for method evaluation that can assist forest stakeholders in choosing the browsing-impact monitoring method best suited to their needs,based on the selected indicators.The first step involved two separate literature reviews to create an overview of the currently applied methods and to select the indicators best suited for measuring browsing impact.Three types of indicator groups with their respective parameters were considered important for method evaluation:browsing indicators(e.g.regeneration density,browsing incidents),performance indicators(e.g.expense,expertise)and data quality indicators(e.g.susceptibility to measurement errors).Subsequently,all parameters defined within each indicator group were categorised and a grade was assigned to each category.To create the final method-indicator matrix,each browsing-impact monitoring method received a grade for each parameter within all indicator groups,reflecting the specific advantages and disadvantages of implementing the respective parameter within a specific method.The utility of the matrix in selecting the most suitable monitoring method was then demonstrated using the example of Germany's national parks.Based on the weights added to the method-indicator matrix,as defined by national park representatives,and considering local requirements the nearest-tree method was favoured over the other two methods.This newly developed matrix provides a more scientific objectification of ungulate browsing-impact measures and can be easily used by forest managers to address their own requirements,based on a consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the included methods.

Effective search with saliency-based matching and cluster-based browsing

Similarity matching and this paper, a saliency-based information presentation are two matching algorithm is proposed key factors in information retrieval. In for user-oriented search based on the psychological studies on human perception, and major emphasis on the saliently similar aspect of objects to be compared is placed and thus the search result is more agreeable for users. After relevant results are obtained, the cluster-based browsing algorithm is adopted for search result presentation based on social network analysis. By organizing the results in clustered lists, the user can have a general understanding of the whole collection by viewing only a small part of results and locate those of major interest rapidly. Experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed algorithm over the traditional work.

A Behavioral Authentication Method for Mobile Based on Browsing Behaviors

The passwords for unlocking the mobile devices are relatively simple,easier to be stolen,which causes serious potential security problems.An important research direction of identity authentication is to establish user behavior models to authenticate users.In this paper,a mobile terminal APP browsing behavioral authentication system architecture which synthesizes multiple factors is designed.This architecture is suitable for users using the mobile terminal APP in the daily life.The architecture includes data acquisition,data processing,feature extraction,and sub model training.We can use this architecture for continuous authentication when the user uses APP at the mobile terminal.

Effect of Browsing on the Growth of Jojoba Seedlings in the Dry-Lands of Kenya

Jojoba is a desert shrub,introduced in the marginal areas of Kenya during 1980s.Jojoba domestication is being faced by browsing problems due to pastoralism in these areas.Massive browsing of leaves lowers photosynthesis leading to decline in plant functions.An experiment was set up in Maungu,with the aim of determining the effect of browsing on jojoba seedlings.The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three treatments replicated three times.The treatments consisted of varying levels of browsing as follows:non browsed,50%browsed and fully browsed.Seedlings were raised for six months before sampling.Variables assessed were:survival,height,root-collar diameter,leaf size,root length and number,internode length,sprout number,root/shoot ratio and total biomass.ANOVA was performed to determine differences among the treatments whilst significant differences among the means were separated using least significant difference(LSD)at p≤0.05.Results showed fully browsed seedlings were significantly lower in height(26.2 cm),internode length(9.7 mm),leaf length(18.3 mm)and width(10.4 mm)and total fresh plant biomass(11.0 g)compared to the non browsed ones which showed 31.1 cm,23.2,36.1 and 16.6 mm and 17.8 g,respectively.On the other hand,fully browsed seedlings showed significantly higher root/shoot ratio.Seedling growth was negatively affected by severity of browsing which resulted in stunted growth.The study recommended that browsing of seedlings should be prevented since it hinders plant growth.

Short-Term Influence of Burning on Species Abundance, Biomass Production, Wood Plant Density and Browsing Unit in an Albany Thicket of the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Fire is regarded as management practice for maintaining grasslands and savannas. The vegetation occurring in fire prone areas becomes highly adapted to fire occurrences in savannas and grasslands. However, documentation on the influence of burning on vegetation is still limited in an albany thicket biome. The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term influence of burning on species abundance, biomass production, wood plant density and browsing unit. Six plots (2500 m2) were demarcated;in each plot two parallel transects of 120 m2 with 5 m distance apart were measured. Three plots were burned in spring season, while no burning was done on the other remaining plots. Forty points per plot were obtained using step-point method to determine the relative abundance at burned and unburned plots. Woody plants occurred within a transect were identified, counted and recorded to determine density and browsing unit. Three quadrats (i.e. 0.25 m2) per plot were randomly laid within the transect;aboveground plant material within a quadrat were harvested. A total of 18 samples were harvested and oven dried at 60˚C for 48 hours to determine biomass production. The results showed that Themeda triandra (14%) and Panicum maximum (10%) were most abundant grass species at the burned plots. Burned plots had significantly higher biomass production (4804 kg/ha) compared to unburned plots (3641 kg/ha). Vachellia karoo (burned: 65.85% & unburn: 13.70%) and Searsia pallens (burned: 26.83% & unburned: 6.85%) were most dominant wood plant species at both burned and unburned plots. Burned plots had the highest browsing unit (3221 BU/ha) compared to unburned plots (2058 BU/ha). The decrease of woody plants at the burned plots proved that fire has a tremendous potential for managing woody plants. This study provided information on short-term influence of burning, however further long-term trials are required to determine the effects of burning.

Impact on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from Cool- and Warm-Season Legumes Used in a Green Manure-Forage Cropping System

Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha-1) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea produced 8.41 t DM ha-1 with a total N yield of 319 kg N ha-1 and total C production of 3835 kg C ha-1. The WSL treatments had only small effects on rye forage yield and N concentration, possibly due to mineralization of N from a large SOC pool already in place. The CSL treatments also had only minimal effects on sorghum-sudangrass forage production. Winter pea, arrow leaf and crimson clover were productive cool season legumes and could be useful as green manure crops. Mungbean and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) were highly productive warm season legumes but may include more production risk in green manure systems due to soil moisture competition.

Growth and chemical responses of trembling aspen to simulated browsing and ungulate saliva

Aims Woody plant-browser systems represent an understudied facet of herbivory.We subjected four genotypes of trembling aspen to artificial browsing,similar to that of a large mammalian herbivore,and applied deer saliva to clipped and unclipped trees to assess:(i)the effects of artificial browsing on aspen growth and phytochemistry of leaves and stems,(ii)genotypic variation in responses and(iii)potential alterations of responses by mammalian saliva.Methods Potted aspen trees were grown outdoors on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus.The experiment consisted of a fullycrossed,2×2×4 randomized complete block design,with two levels of artificial browsing(unclipped and clipped),two levels of saliva application(no saliva and saliva)and four aspen genotypes.To simulate ungulate browsing damage,we removed the upper 50%of the stem of half of the trees by pinching the stem with needle-nosed pliers and then separating it by tearing.For half of the damaged trees,we immediately swabbed the wound with deer saliva.Trees in the unclipped plus saliva treatment were swabbed with saliva at the 50%height mark.To assess the effects of clipping and saliva application,we harvested all trees after 2 months and measured various growth and chemical properties.Growth measurements included height,vertical growth,mass of leaves,stems and roots,leaf number and area and bud set.Chemical parameters included defensive,nutritional and structural components of both foliage and stems.Important Findings Clipping affected most of the growth parameters measured,decreasing tree height,leaf,stem,root and total tree mass and leaf area.Clipped trees had greater vertical growth,more leaves and higher specific leaf area(SLA)than unclipped trees.Deer saliva had little to no effect on plant growth response to the clipping treatment.Terminal budset was delayed by clipping and varied among genotypes but not in response to saliva application.Clipping also affected most of the phytochemical variables measured,reducing defensive compounds(phenolic glycosides and condensed tannins(CTs))and nutrients(N),but increasing structural components(cellulose and lignin)in both leaves and stems.Saliva had very little effect on tree chemistry,causing only a slight decrease in the amount of CTs in leaves.In general,leaves contained more defensive compounds and nutrients,but much less cellulose,compared with stems.Genotypes differed for all physical and chemical indices,and in tolerance to damage as measured by vertical growth.In addition,for most of the physical and chemical variables measured,genotype interacted with the clipping treatment,suggesting that in natural stands some genotypes will resist or tolerate browsing better than others,affecting forest genetic composition and ultimately forest dynamics.

Browsing to the Max

A Beijing-based Web browser is gaining global market share on October 28, just one day before the Internet’s 40th birth- day, Beijing-based technology firm Maxthon International Ltd. announced the establishment of China’s largest browser research and development center.

Easy Web Browsing助力日本世博会——帮助世界各地的老年人和视力受损的人浏览网站

2005年3月22日,2005年日本世博会组委会主席Shoichiro Toyoda先生、日本社会服务协会主席Shinsaku Sakata先生和IBM日本公司总裁Takuma Otoshi先生共同宣布在2005年日本世博会的官方网站上使用Easy WebBrowsing——这一互联网辅助解决方案,为日语、英语、法语、汉语(繁体中文和简体中文)、韩语和西班牙语提供可以大声朗读文本内容的功能。这种功能可以帮助个人电脑初学者、老年人和视力受损的人轻松浏览网页。

基于ASP技术的网上考试系统的设计与实现

介绍了一个基于ASP技术的网上考试系统的设计方法 ,该系统采用Browse Server模式 ,服务器端利用ADO组件访问数据库 ,后台数据库采用SQLSERVER ;系统中试题和答卷都以文件形式存在 ,试题的发放采用了ASP的文件组件 ,答卷的上交采用了文件上载组件SA -FileUp ;为提高系统的安全性 ,采用了同一考场中考生的考题互异 ,动态绑定考生的学号、试卷及所用的计算机 ,动态设置系统的可用范围等一些特殊控制 ;

基于B/S的机动车、驾驶员档案管理系统

将档案的管理完全数字化,从而为档案的规范化管理和档案的安全性提供保证,并极大地提高了工作效率。给出了基于Browser/Server的机动车、驾驶员原始档案管理系统的体系结构以及软件系统的功能结构。

信息查询系统的设计与实现

论述了在 Intranet网络基础上的一种信息管理系统的体系结构 ,结合所设计的武汉大学某学院内部网上的教师信息查询系统介绍了信息查询系统的组成结构。

基于Browser/Server开发的中国土壤系统分类检索系统

以土壤系统分类和土壤调查资料为依托 ,建立区域土壤类型、诊断土层及其诊断特性的数据库 ,以满足区域农业生产和科学研究对土壤信息的需要 ,是现代土壤科学研究的核心内容之一。在综合分析《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案 )》的指标体系 ,即土壤诊断土层和诊断特性的基础上 ,采用数据库管理、地理信息系统、面向对象编程技术、浏览器 /服务器模式和多层数据库技术等研究方法 ,使用 C++Builder4 .0开发工具 ,在土壤系统分类的计算机自动检索实现、网络实现及其应用领域以及土壤信息网上发布作了初步探索 ,开发了基于

基于Web的工装全生命周期管理系统的研究

为了对工装信息进行有效管理,提出了工装全生命周期的思想,对工装的业务流程和功能进行了分析;利用动态服务器网页技术,开发了基于浏览器/服务器三层网络体系结构的工装全生命周期的管理系统,并详细介绍了系统实现的关键技术。

基于B/S模式的多媒体教室课件系统研究

针对教师在多媒体教室授课时课件使用中的问题,通过对课件系统相关技术分析、课件系统设计与实现,采用ASP+Access技术开发了基于Browse/Server模式的多媒体教室课件系统,实现了课件资源的网络共享与现代信息技术的教育应用.

电梯远程维修服务管理系统的设计与应用

随着城市高层商用大楼和住宅小区的增加,作为垂直运输重要工具的电梯得到了越来越广泛的应用。电梯产品主要用于载人,其可靠性直接关系到人的生命。因此要求可靠运行性能高,功能完备,尤其故障的诊断和维修服务能力更要达到较高水平。本文设计了一种基于Browse/Server结构的电梯维修服务管理系统,陈述了基于B/S的系统结构及优点,并研究了运用神经网络进行电梯故障诊断的原理以及实现技术,最后陈述了实际系统的实现。

Forest pasturing of livestock in Norway: effects on spruce regeneration

Forest pasturing of free-roaming livestock is a common prac- tice in many parts of the world, but knowledge on how it affects tree regeneration in boreal forests is lacking. We mapped tree density, live- stock site use and accumulated damage to young trees of commercial interest （Norway spruce, Picea abies L. Karst.） on 56 clearcuts inside and outside a fenced forest area used for livestock pasturing in Ringsaker, Norway. Inside the fence 56-1.8% of spruce trees were damaged com- pared to 37-3.4% outside. Proportion of damaged spruce trees was posi- tively related to cattle use of the clearcut, but not so for sheep. On the most intensively used clearcuts, four out of five trees were damaged. The density of deciduous trees was five times lower inside compared to out- side of the fence （varying with plant species）. While livestock grazing may reduce resource competition in favour of spruce, the current animal density clearly is impeding forest regeneration in the study area.

基于MIDAS技术的远程设备信号管理系统

针对企业MIS网趋于成熟的现状,为给企业生产提供信息化管理平台,基于Inprise公司的Midas技术,结合Browse/Server的WEB浏览模式,设计了远程设备信号管理系统。采用Microsoft的SQLServer关系数据库,以C++Builder为软件开发平台,分别开发了数据库服务器应用程序、客户端应用程序,实现了多层分布式数据库管理体系,提高了数据的存储、利用效率,查询方便快捷,可进行远程数据浏览,常规时频域分析,提交诊断结论,报表打印输出。试验结果说明其应用于工业现场稳定可靠,具有很高的灵活性、可扩展性和安全性。

基于ASP.NET的中小企业信息系统开发研究

为了加快中小企业的信息化过程,文章系统地介绍了基于ASP.NET技术的中小企业信息系统设计与开发全过程。

Geo-Social Profile Matching Algorithm for Dynamic Interests in Ad-Hoc Social Network

Among mobile users, ad-hoc social network (ASN) is becoming a popular platform to connect and share their interests anytime anywhere. Many researchers and computer scientists investigated ASN architecture, implementation, user experience, and different profile matching algorithms to provide better user experience in ad-hoc social network. We emphasize that strength of an ad-hoc social network depends on a good profile-matching algorithm that provides meaningful friend suggestions in proximity. Keeping browsing history is a good way to determine user’s interest, however, interests change with location. This paper presents a novel profile-matching algorithm for automatically building a user profile based on dynamic GPS (Global Positing System) location and browsing history of users. Building user profile based on GPS location of a user provides benefits to ASN users as this profile represents user’s dynamic interests that keep changing with location e.g. office, home, or some other location. Proposed profile-matching algorithm maintains multiple local profiles based on location of mobile device.