Cosmic Bubbles

The present paper is inspired by the article “Ho’oleilana: An Individual Baryon Acoustic Oscillation?” published by R. B. Tully, C. Howlett, and D. Pomarède on Sep. 2023 [1]. They claim: Evidence is presented here for the discovery of a remarkably strong individual contribution to the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) signal at z = 0.068, an entity that is given the name Ho’oleilana. K. Dawson, co-spokesperson for Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument is more inclined to believe that this latest finding is something of a coincidence, a chance alignment that simply looks like a sphere with a radius around what you’d expect for a BAO [2]. In this paper, we provide a short summary of experimental observations of Boötes Void and Superclusters;discuss the main features of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model;introduce notions “Cosmic Voids” and “Cosmic Bubbles”;elaborate a mathematical framework for different types of Cosmic Bubbles (Hubble Spherical Bubble for the World, Disk Bubbles for Galaxies;Spherical Bubbles for Extrasolar Systems, Dark Matter (DM) Spherical Bubbles for Galaxies and Superclusters);make a conclusion that the Boötes is a DM Cosmic Bubble and suggest experiments, which confirm our conclusion.

Bubbles技术在视觉识别研究中的应用

Bubbles技术是一种新型的视觉认知掩蔽技术,能有效地获得刺激的关键信息,为认知研究者提供了客观可量化的研究手段.该技术在视觉识别研究中得到了广泛应用.文章综述了Bubbles技术在面孔识别和文字识别研究中的应用,以期为相关领域的研究提供新的视角.

Investigation of bubbles escape behavior from low basicity mold flux for high-Mn high-Al steels using 3D X-ray microscope

During the continuous casting process of high-Mn high-Al steels,various types of gases such as Ar need to escape through the top of the mold.In which,the behavior of bubbles traversing the liquid slag serves as a restrictive link,closely associated with viscosity and the thickness of liquid slag.In contrast to two-dimensional surface observation,three-dimensional(3D)analysis method can offer a more intuitive,accurate,and comprehensive information.Therefore,this study employs a 3D X-ray microscope(3D-XRM)to obtained spatial distribution and 3D morphological characteristics of residual bubbles in mold flux under different basicity of liquid slag,different temperatures,and different holding times.The results indicate that as basicity of slag increases from 0.52 to 1.03,temperature increases from 1423 to 1573 K,the viscosity of slag decreases,the floating rate of bubbles increases.In addition,when holding time increases from 10 to 30 s,the bubbles floating distance increases,and the volume fraction and average equivalent sphere diameter of the bubbles solidified in the mold flux gradually decreases.In one word,increasing the basicity,temperature,and holding time leading to an increase in the removal rate of bubbles especially for the large.These findings of bubbles escape behavior provide valuable insights into optimizing low basicity mold flux for high-Mn high-Al steels.

Evolution of helium bubbles in FeCoNiCr-based high-entropy alloys containing γ′ nanoprecipitates

A series of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) containing nanoprecipitates of varying sizes is successfully prepared by a non-consuming vacuum arc melting method.In order to study the irradiation evolution of helium bubbles in the FeCoNiCrbased HE As with γ' precipitates,these samples are irradiated by 100-keV helium ions with a fluence of 5 × 10^(20) ions/m^(2) at 293 K and 673 K,respectively.And the samples irradiated at room temperature are annealed at different temperatures to examine the diffusion behavior of helium bubbles.Transmission electron microscope(TEM) is employed to characterize the structural morphology of precipitated nanoparticles and the evolution of helium bubbles.Experimental results reveal that nanosized,spherical,dispersed,coherent,and ordered L1_(2)-type Ni_(3)Ti γ' precipitations are introduced into FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs by means of ageing treatments at temperatures between 1073 K and 1123 K.Under the ageing treatment conditions adopted in this work,γ' nanoparticles are precipitated in FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HE As,with average diameters of 15.80 nm,37.09 nm,and 62.50 nm,respectively.The average sizes of helium bubbles observed in samples after 673-K irradiation are 1.46 nm,1.65 nm,and 1.58 nm,respectively.The improvement in the irradiation resistance of FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs is evidenced by the diminution in bubbles size.Furthermore,the FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs containing γ' precipitates of 15.8 nm exhibits the minimum size and density of helium bubbles,which can be ascribed to the considerable helium trapping effects of heterogeneous coherent phase boundaries.Subsequently,annealing experiments conducted after 293-K irradiation indicate that HEAs containing precipitated phases exhibits smaller apparent activation energy(E_(a)) for helium bubbles,resulting in larger helium bubble size.This study provides guidance for improving the irradiation resistance of L1_(2)-strengthened high-entropy alloy.

Behaviors of cavitation bubbles driven by high-intensity ultrasound

In a multi-bubble system, the bubble behavior is modulated by the primary acoustic field and the secondary acoustic field. To explore the translational motion of bubbles in cavitation liquids containing high-concentration cavitation nuclei,evolutions of bubbles are recorded by a high-speed camera, and translational trajectories of several representative bubbles are traced. It is found that translational motion of bubbles is always accompanied by the fragmentation and coalescence of bubbles, and for bubbles smaller than 10 μm, the possibility of bubble coalescence is enhanced when the spacing of bubbles is less than 30 μm. The measured signals and their spectra show the presence of strong negative pressure, broadband noise,and various harmonics, which implies that multiple interactions of bubbles appear in the region of high-intensity cavitation.Due to the strong coupling effect, the interaction between bubbles is random. A simplified triple-bubble model is developed to explore the interaction patterns of bubbles affected by the surrounding bubbles. Patterns of bubble interaction, such as attraction, repulsion, stable spacing, and rebound of bubbles, can be predicted by the theoretical analysis, and the obtained results are in good agreement with experimental observations. Mass exchange between the liquid and bubbles as well as absorption in the cavitation nuclei also plays an important role in multi-bubble cavitation, which may account for the weakening of the radial oscillations of bubbles.

Effect of Micro-electrolysis and Micro-nano Bubbles Coupled with Peroxymonosulfate Treatment of Rural Domestic Sewage

With the continuous deepening of rural revitalization strategy and the increasingly strict sewage discharge standards,rural domestic sewage treatment technology is facing higher challenges and requirements.The combined process of micro-electrolysis+micro-nano bubbles coupled with peroxymonosulfate was constructed in this study,and the treatment effect and application value of this technology were explored with the actual rural domestic sewage as the treatment object.The experimental results showed that under the conditions of HRT of 120 min,PMS dosage of 0.15 mmol/L,pH=7,MBs air intake of 15 ml/min,current intensity of 15 A,and Fe/C mass ratio of 1:1,the removal rates of COD,ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus can reach 88.55%,77.18%and 74.67%,respectively.Under the condition that the pH value of sewage was not adjusted,the non-biochemical simultaneous decarbonization,denitrification and phosphorus removal of rural domestic sewage can be achieved by micro-electrolysis and micro-nano bubbles coupled with peroxymonosulfate.The concentrations of effluent COD,ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus met the requirements of the first level standard of the Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Facilities(DB45T2413-2021).And the comprehensive operating cost was about 1.15 yuan/m 3.

Effects of frothers on bubbles size and flotation performance of hydrophobic minerals

Frothers facilitate the reduction of bubbles size by preventing bubbles coalescence and produce more stable froths.The collision probability of the bubbles and particles substantially increases by decreasing bubble size.For the same volume system,fewer bubbles result from a distribution of large-sized bubbles,and more bubbles result from a distribution of small-sized bubbles.In this research,fundamental two-phase frother characterization parameters were aimed to link with three-phase coal and talc flotation behavior.For this purpose,the effect of single and dual frother systems on inhibiting bubble coalescence was investigated with methyl isobutyl carbinol(MIBC),isooctanol(2 ethyl hexanol),pine oil,and Dowfroth 250.Based on the results of single frothers,isooctanol at the lowest critical coalescence concentration(CCC)value of 6×10^(−6) achieved the smallest bubbles with Sauter mean diameter of 0.80 mm.By blending Dowfroth 250 and pine oil,the bubbles size decreased significantly,reaching 0.45 mm.While the highest recoveries in coal flotation were obtained in single and frother blends where the bubbles size was measured as the smallest in two-phase system,and such a relationship was not found for talc flotation.

Microstructure Characterization of Bubbles in Gassy Soil Based on the Fractal Theory

The microscopic characterization of isolated bubbles in gassy soil plays an important role in the macroscopic physical properties of sediments and is a key factor in the study of geological hazards in gas-bearing strata.Based on the box-counting method and the pore fractal features in porous media,a fractal model of bubble microstructure parameters in gassy soil under different gas con-tents and vertical load conditions is established by using an industrial X-ray CT scanning system.The results show that the fractal di-mension of bubbles in the sample is correlated with the volume fraction of bubbles,and it is also restricted by the vertical load.The three-dimensional fractal dimension of the sample is about 1 larger than the average two-dimensional fractal dimension of all the slices from the same sample.The uniform porous media fractal model is used to test the equivalent diameter,and the results show that the variation of the measured pore diameter ratio is jointly restricted by the volume fraction and the vertical load.In addition,the measured self-similarity interval of the bubble area distribution is tested by the porous media fractal capillary bundle model,and the fitting curve of measured pore area ratio in a small loading range is obtained in this paper.

Atomistic study on the microscopic mechanism of grain boundary embrittlement induced by small dense helium bubbles in iron

The helium bubbles induced by 14 MeV neutron irradiation can cause intergranular fractures in reduced activation ferritic martensitic steel,which is a candidate structural material for fusion reactors.In order to elucidate the susceptibility of different grain boundaries(GBs)to helium-induced embrittlement,the tensile fracture processes of 10 types of GBs with and without helium bubbles in body-centered cubic(bcc)iron at the relevant service temperature of 600 K were investigated via molecular dynamics methods.The results indicate that in the absence of helium bubbles,the GBs studied here can be classified into two distinct categories:brittle GBs and ductile GBs.The atomic scale analysis shows that the plastic deformation of ductile GB at high temperatures originates from complex plastic deformation mechanisms,including the Bain/Burgers path phase transition and deformation twinning,in which the Bain path phase transition is the most dominant plastic deformation mechanism.However,the presence of helium bubbles severely inhibits the plastic deformation channels of the GBs,resulting in a significant decrease in elongation at fractures.For bubble-decorated GBs,the ultimate tensile strength increases with the increase in the misorientation angle.Interestingly,the coherent twin boundary∑3{112}was found to maintain relatively high fracture strength and maximum failure strain under the influence of helium bubbles.

Shape and diffusion instabilities of two non-spherical gas bubbles under ultrasonic conditions

Ultrasonic cavitation involves dynamic oscillation processes induced by small bubbles in a liquid under the influence of ultrasonic waves. This study focuses on the investigation of shape and diffusion instabilities of two bubbles formed during cavitation. The derived equations for two non-spherical gas bubbles, based on perturbation theory and the Bernoulli equation, enable the analysis of their shape instability. Numerical simulations, utilizing the modified Keller–Miksis equation,are performed to examine the shape and diffusion instabilities. Three types of shape instabilities, namely, Rayleigh–Taylor,Rebound, and parametric instabilities, are observed. The results highlight the influence of initial radius, distance, and perturbation parameter on the shape and diffusion instabilities, as evidenced by the R_0–P_a phase diagram and the variation pattern of the equilibrium curve. This research contributes to the understanding of multiple bubble instability characteristics, which has important theoretical implications for future research in the field. Specifically, it underscores the significance of initial bubble parameters, driving pressure, and relative gas concentration in determining the shape and diffusive equilibrium instabilities of non-spherical bubbles.

Modeling of liquid film thickness around Taylor bubbles rising in vertical stagnant and co-current slug flowing liquids

The hydrodynamic study of the liquid film around Taylor bubbles in slug flow has great significance for understanding parallel flow and interaction between Taylor bubbles.The prediction models for liquid film thickness mainly focus on stagnant flow,and some of them remain inaccurate performance.However,in the industrial process,the slug flow essentially is co-current flow.Therefore,in this paper,the liquid film thickness is studied by theoretical analysis and experimental methods under two conditions of stagnant and co-current flow.Firstly,under the condition of stagnant flow,the present work is based on Batchelor's theory,and modifies Batchelor's liquid film thickness model,which effectively improves its prediction accuracy.Under the condition of co-current flow,the prediction model of average liquid film thickness in slug flow is established by force and motion analysis.Taylor bubble length is introduced into the model as an important parameter.Dynamic experiments were carried out in the pipe with an inner diameter of 20 mm.The liquid film thickness,Taylor bubble velocity and length were measured by distributed ultrasonic sensor and intrusive cross-correlation conductivity sensor.Comparing the predicted value of the model with the measured results,the relative error is controlled within 10%.

Suppression of Plasma Bubbles over South America under Weak Geomagnetic Perturbations

During a long-term Equatorial Plasma Bubbles(EPBs)occurrence between October 2020 and March 2021,a significant EPB suppression event was identified on November 22 and the observations from multi-instrument have been utilized to investigate this event.Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk(GOLD)satellite observed prominent EPBs between 23:40 UT and 23:55 UT during the long-term occurrence days.However,no dark stripes representing EPBs were observed on November 22,and the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly(EIA)structure remained intact.The Total Electron Content(TEC)maps show that these EPBs appeared in the region between 35°W and 65°W longitudes and the magnitudes of the TEC loss in EPBs regions were about 20 TECU.Except for 22 November,the S4 index was consistently greater than 0.6 throughout November,indicating significant ionospheric scintillation.The Rate Of TEC Index(ROTI)maps revealed that the spatial extent and intensity of EPBs increased after their suppression,and the EPBs were locally generated.The swarm electron density measurements indicated that the variation amplitudes of EPBs at 510 km altitude were approximately 3 to 5 times larger than that at 460 km altitude.The impact region of EPBs at 510 km was between 15°S and 20°N latitudes,while at 460 km,it was between 0°and 17°N latitudes.During the period of EPB suppression,the average h’f at three ionosonde stations decreased by about 50 km,and the vertical drift velocity(V z)approached~0 m/s while it was more than 20 m/s during the long-term occurrence.

Inhibition mechanism of air nanobubbles on brass corrosion in circulating cooling water systems

Air nanobubbles(A-NBs)were used to inhibit the brass corrosion in circulating cooling water for the first time in the study.The results of mass loss method and electrochemical method showed that A-NBs had the obvious corrosion inhibition effect.The inhibition rate reached 52%at 35℃.The impedance and surface characterization results of corrosion samples indicated that the corrosion inhibition mechanisms of A-NBs mainly included adsorption of corrosion ions,promoting the formation of the passivation film on metal surface and the formation of the bubble layer and scale film on metal surface.A-NBs are potential excellent corrosion inhibitors.

Effects of adjacent bubble on spatiotemporal evolutions of mechanical stresses surrounding bubbles oscillating in tissues

The cavitation dynamics and mechanical stress in viscoelastic tissues, as the primary mechanisms of some ultrasound therapies, are extremely complex due to the interactions of cavitation bubble with adjacent bubbles and surrounding tissues.Therefore, the cavitation dynamics and resultant mechanical stress of two-interacting bubbles in the viscoelastic tissues are numerically investigated, especially focusing on the effects of the adjacent bubble. The results demonstrate that the mechanical stress is highly dependent on the bubble dynamics. The compressive stress and tensile stress are generated at the stage of bubble expansion and collapse stage, respectively. Furthermore, within the initial parameters examined in this paper, the effects of the adjacent bubble will distinctly suppress the radial expansion of the small bubble and consequently lead its associated stresses to decrease. Owing to the superimposition of two stress fields, the mechanical stresses surrounding the small bubble in the direction of the neighboring bubble are smaller than those in other directions. For two interacting cavitation bubbles, the suppression effects of the nearby bubble on both the cavitation dynamics and the stresses surrounding the small bubble increase as the ultrasound amplitude and the initial radius of the large bubble increase, whereas they decrease with the inter-bubble distance increasing. Moreover, increasing the tissue viscoelasticity will reduce the suppression effects of the nearby bubble, except in instances where the compressive stress and tensile stress first increase and then decrease with the tissue elasticity and viscosity increasing respectively. This study can provide a further understanding of the mechanisms of cavitation-associated mechanical damage to the adjacent tissues or cells.

Optimization of cavitation venturi tube design for pico and nano bubbles generation

Hydrodynamic cavitaion venturi tube technique is used for pico and nano bubble generations in coal column flotation. In order to determine the optimal design of hydrodynamic cavitation venture tube for pico and nano bubble generation, a four-factor three-level Central Composite Design of Experimental was conducted for investigating four important design parameters of cavitation venturi tube governing the median size and the volume of pico and nano bubbles. The test results showed that maximum volume of pico and nano bubbles, 65–75%, and minimum mean pico and nano bubble size,150–240 nm, were achieved at the medium ratio of the diameter of outlet of the venturi-tube and diameter of throat(3–4), medium outlet angle(11–13°), high inlet angle(26–27°) and high ratio of the length of the throat and the diameter of throat(2.3–3). Study the effects of the producing pico and nano bubbles on fine coal flotation was performed in a 5 cm diameter 260 cm height flotation column. The optimal percentage of pico and nano bubbles was about 70%, which produced maximum combustible material recovery of 86% with clean coal ash content of 11.7%.

Study on the Flow Field around Two Parallel Moving Bubbles and Interaction Between Bubbles Rising in CMC Solutions by PIV

The flow fields surrounding two parallel moving bubbles rising from two identical orifices submerged in non-Newtonian fluid of carboxymethylcellulose （CMC） solution of three different mass concentration were measured experimentally by the use of particle image velocimetry （PIV）. The influences of gas flowrate, solution mass concentration, orifice interval and the angle between two bubble centers line and vertical direction on the flow field surrounding bubbles were discussed respectively by analyzing the velocity vector, velocity contours as well as individual velocity components. The results show that the liquid velocity both in front of two bubbles and behind increases with gas flowrate duo to shear-thinning effect of previous bubbles, whereas decreases with the increase of CMC concentration due to the increase of drag force acting on bubbles. The effect of the orifice interval on the flow field around two moving bubbles becomes gradually obvious as the interval becomes closer. Moreover, two adjacent side-by-side bubbles repulse each other during rising, leading to the practical interval between them increased somewhat above the orifice interval. When the distance between bubbles is less than the orifice interval 10 mm, the interaction between two neighboring bubbles changed from mutual repellence to attraction with the decrease of the angle of the line of linking two bubble centers to the vertical direction.

On the interaction between bubbles and the free surface with high density ratio 3D lattice Boltzmann method

The bubbles rise up and burst at the free surface is a complex two-phase process.A free energy lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)model is adopted in this paper to study this phenomenon.The interface capturing technique[Zheng et al.,2006]is used to deal with the high density ratio problem.The Laplace law and the air-water interface capturing ability are validated for the multiphase model.The interaction between the single bubble or multiple bubbles and the free surface are studied by the multiphase model.The force acting on the bubble and the evolution of the free surface is studied.Meanwhile,effect of the initial distance between two adjacent bubbles on interaction effects of multiple bubbles is investigated as well.

Breakup of Cavitation Bubbles within the Diesel Droplet

Supercavitation in the diesel nozzle increases the instability of droplets in part due to the two-phase mixture, while the effect of cavitation bubbles on the instability of drops is still unclear. In order to investigate the breakup of cavitation bubbles within the diesel droplet, a new mathematical model describing the disturbance growth rate of the diesel bubble instability is developed. The new mathematical model is applied to predict the effects of fluids viscosity on the stability of cavitation bubbles. The predicted values reveal that the comprehensive effect of fluids viscosity makes cavitation bubbles more stable. Compared with the viscosities of air and cavitation bubble, the diesel droplet＇s viscosity plays a dominant role on the stability of cavitation bubbles. Furthermore, based on the modified bubble breakup criterion, the effects of bubble growth speed, sound speed, droplet viscosity, droplet density, and bubble-droplet radius ratio on the breakup time and the breakup radius of cavitation bubbles are studied respectively. It is found that a bubble with large bubble-droplet radius ratio has the initial condition for breaking easily. For a given bubble-droplet radius ratio （0.2）, as the bubble growth speed increases （from 2 m/s to 60 m/s）, the bubble breakup time decreases（from 3.59 gs to 0.17 ps） rapidly. Both the greater diesel droplet viscosity and the greater diesel droplet density result in the increase of the breakup time. With increasing initial bubble-droplet radius ratio （from 0.2 to 0.8）, the bubble breakup radius decreases （from 8.86 trn to 6.23 tm）. There is a limited breakup radius for a bubble with a certain initial bubble-droplet radius ratio. The mathematical model and the modified bubble breakup criterion are helpful to improve the study on the breakup mechanism of the secondary diesel droplet under the condition of supercavitation.

Simulation study on factors influencing the entrainment behavior of liquid steel as bubbles pass through the steel/slag interface

In this study, a water/silicone oil interface was used to simulate the steel/slag interface in a converter. A high-speed camera was used to record the entrainment process of droplets when air bubbles were passed through the water/silicone oil interface. Motion parameters of the bubbles and droplets were obtained using particle kinematic analysis software, and the entrainment rate of the droplets was calculated. It was found that the entrainment rate decreased from 29.5% to 0 when the viscosity of the silicone oil was increased from 60 mPa.s to 820 mPa.s in the case of bubbles with a 5 mm equivalent diameter passing through the water/silicone oil interface. The results indicate that in- creasing the viscosity of the silicone oil is conducive to reducing the entrainment rate. The entrainment rate increased from 0 to 136.3% in the case of silicone oil with a viscosity of 60 mPa.s when the equivalent diameter of the bubbles was increased from 3 mm to 7 ram. We there- fore conclude that small bubbles are also conductive to reducing the entrainment rate. The force analysis results for the water colmnn indicate that the entrainment rate of droplets is affected by the velocity of the bubble passing through the water/silicone oil interface and that the en- trainment rate decreases with the bubble velocity.

Behaviors of fine bubbles in the shroud nozzle of ladle and tundish

Fine bubbles will create when the inert gas is introduced to the high rapidsteel stream within the shroud nozzle between ladle and tundish. The collision and attachment amongthe bubbles and fine inclusions will promote the floatation efficiency of inclusions in the tundish.The behaviors of the bubbles, such as the dispersion in shroud, coalescence and floatation intundish, are studied. The results show that the maximum sizes of the bubbles in the water and steelflow within the shroud in the length of 1.2 m are 0.70-1.44 mm and 1.53-3.16 mm respectively whenthe flow rates are 0.006-0.016 m^3/s; the terminal velocities of fine bubbles in the water andmolten steel within the tundish are 0.02-0.2 and 0.05-0.6 m/s.