Comparison between Four Types of Buffers for DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

To detect the genome of viruses (in environmental and clinical samples), we use electrophoresis running buffer after PCR reaction. Also, electrophoresis buffers were used widely to separate any DNA molecule. In this paper, we used four types of previously known electrophoresis buffers to compare which is easy for preparation, simple in structure, low cost and good performance in agarose gel electrophoresis. For this, we used two agarose concentration (1%, 2%) and two types of DNA ladder (100 bp, 1 kb) represent both smaller and larger sizes of molecule for each type of buffers, from the result we found in first level both supper buffer and TAE buffer with good performance and in second level we found bicarbonate buffer also with good performance also. Finally, we found the tang buffer cannot pose any electrophoretic activity on DNA agarose gel electrophoresis.

Wedge-shaped HfO_(2) buffer layer-induced field-free spin-orbit torque switching of HfO_(2)/Pt/Co structure

Field-free spin-orbit torque(SOT)switching of perpendicular magnetization is essential for future spintronic devices.This study demonstrates the field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization in an HfO_(2)/Pt/Co/TaO_(x) structure,which is facilitated by a wedge-shaped HfO_(2)buffer layer.The field-free switching ratio varies with HfO_(2)thickness,reaching optimal performance at 25 nm.This phenomenon is attributed to the lateral anisotropy gradient of the Co layer,which is induced by the wedge-shaped HfO_(2)buffer layer.The thickness gradient of HfO_(2)along the wedge creates a corresponding lateral anisotropy gradient in the Co layer,correlating with the switching ratio.These findings indicate that field-free SOT switching can be achieved through designing buffer layer,offering a novel approach to innovating spin-orbit device.

Impact response and energy absorption of metallic buffer with entangled wire mesh damper

An innovative metallic buffer consisting of series-connected hat-shaped entangled wire mesh damper(EWMD)and parallel springs are proposed in this work to enhance the reliability of engineering equipment.The impact response and the energy dissipation mechanism of hat-shaped EWMD under different quasi-static compression deformations(2-7 mm)and impact heights(100-200 mm)are investigated using experimental and numerical methods.The results demonstrate distinct stages in the quasi-static mechanical characteristics of hat-shaped EWMD,including stiffness softening,negative stiffness,and stiffness hardening.The loss factor gradually increases with increasing compression deformation before entering the stiffness hardening stage.Under impact loads,the hat-shaped EWMD exhibits optimal impact energy absorption when it enters the negative stiffness stage(150 mm),resulting in the best impact isolation effect of metallic buffer.However,the impact energy absorption significantly decreases when hat-shaped EWMD enters the stiffness hardening stage.Interestingly,quasi-static compression analysis after experiencing different impact loads reveals the disappearance of the negative stiffness phenomenon.Moreover,with increasing impact loads,the stiffness hardening point progressively shifts to an earlier stage.

Non-destructive buffer enabling near-infrared-transparent inverted inorganic perovskite solar cells toward 1400 h light-soaking stable perovskite/Cu(In,Ga)Se_(2) tandem solar cells

Near-infrared(NIR)transparent inverted all-inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are excellent top cell candidates in tandem applications.An essential challenge is the replacement of metal contacts with transparent conductive oxide(TCO)electrodes,which requires the introduction of a buffer layer to prevent sputtering damage.In this study,we show that the conventional buffers(i.e.,small organic molecules and atomic layer deposited metal oxides)used for organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are not applicable to all-inorganic perovskites,due to non-uniform coverage of the vulnerable layers underneath,deterioration upon ion bombardment and moisture induced perovskite phase transition,A thin film of metal oxide nanoparticles by the spin-coating method serves as a non-destructive buffer layer for inorganic PSCs.All-inorganic inverted near-infrared-transparent PSCs deliver a PCE of 17.46%and an average transmittance of 73.7%between 780 and 1200 nm.In combination with an 18.56%Cu(In,Ga)Se_(2) bottom cell,we further demonstrate the first all-inorganic perovskite/CIGS 4-T tandem solar cell with a PCE of 24.75%,which exhibits excellent illumination stability by maintaining 86.7%of its initial efficiency after 1400 h.The non-destructive buffer lays the foundation for efficient and stable NIR-transparent inverted inorganic perovskite solar cells and perovskite-based tandems.

Fast UAV path planning in urban environments based on three-step experience buffer sampling DDPG

The path planning of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)is a critical issue in emergency communication and rescue operations,especially in adversarial urban environments.Due to the continuity of the flying space,complex building obstacles,and the aircraft's high dynamics,traditional algorithms cannot find the optimal collision-free flying path between the UAV station and the destination.Accordingly,in this paper,we study the fast UAV path planning problem in a 3D urban environment from a source point to a target point and propose a Three-Step Experience Buffer Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(TSEB-DDPG)algorithm.We first build the 3D model of a complex urban environment with buildings and project the 3D building surface into many 2D geometric shapes.After transformation,we propose the Hierarchical Learning Particle Swarm Optimization(HL-PSO)to obtain the empirical path.Then,to ensure the accuracy of the obtained paths,the empirical path,the collision information and fast transition information are stored in the three experience buffers of the TSEB-DDPG algorithm as dynamic guidance information.The sampling ratio of each buffer is dynamically adapted to the training stages.Moreover,we designed a reward mechanism to improve the convergence speed of the DDPG algorithm for UAV path planning.The proposed TSEB-DDPG algorithm has also been compared to three widely used competitors experimentally,and the results show that the TSEB-DDPG algorithm can archive the fastest convergence speed and the highest accuracy.We also conduct experiments in real scenarios and compare the real path planning obtained by the HL-PSO algorithm,DDPG algorithm,and TSEB-DDPG algorithm.The results show that the TSEBDDPG algorithm can archive almost the best in terms of accuracy,the average time of actual path planning,and the success rate.

Irrigation and Thermal Buffering Using Mathematical Modeling

Two methods of irrigation,drip,and sprinkler were studied to determine the response of the Javits green roof to irrigation.The control study was dry unirrigated plots.Drip irrigation consisted of irrigation tubes running through the green roof that would water the soil throughout and sprinkler irrigation used a sprinkler system to irrigate the green roof from above.In all cases,the irrigated roofs had increased the soil moisture,reduced temperatures of both the upper and lower surfaces,reduced growing medium temperatures and reduced air temperatures above the green roof relative to the unirrigated roof.The buffered temperature fluctuations were also studied via air conditioner energy consumption.There was a 28%reduction in air conditioner energy consumption and a 33%reduction in overall energy consumption between dry and irrigated plots.Values of thermal resistance or S were determined for accuracy and for this study,there was little change which is ideal.A series of infra-red and thermal probe measurements were used to determine temperatures in the air and sedum.It was determined that the sprinkler irrigation did a better job than the drip irrigation in keeping cooler temperatures within the green roof.A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to verify the variation in moisture temperatures buffering energy consumption.By getting a p-value<0.05,it indicates that the model is accurate for prediction and medium temperatures were statistically different.

Numerical Study and Optimization of CZTS-Based Thin-Film Solar Cell Structure with Different Novel Buffer-Layer Materials Using SCAPS-1D Software

This study explored the performances of CZTS-based thin-film solar cell with three novel buffer layer materials ZnS, CdS, and CdZnS, as well as with variation in thickness of buffer and absorber-layer, doping concentrations of absorber-layer material and operating temperature. Our aims focused to identify the most optimal thin-film solar cell structure that offers high efficiency and lower toxicity which are desirable for sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources globally. SCAPS-1D, widely used software for modeling and simulating solar cells, has been used and solar cell fundamental performance parameters such as open-circuited voltage (), short-circuited current density (), fill-factor() and efficiency() have been optimized in this study. Based on our simulation results, it was found that CZTS solar cell with Cd0.4Zn0.6S as buffer-layer offers the most optimal combination of high efficiency and lower toxicity in comparison to other structure investigated in our study. Although the efficiency of Cd0.4Zn0.6S, ZnS and CdS are comparable, Cd0.4Zn0.6S is preferable to use as buffer-layer for its non-toxic property. In addition, evaluation of performance as a function of buffer-layer thickness for Cd0.4Zn0.6S, ZnS and CdS showed that optimum buffer-layer thickness for Cd0.4Zn0.6S was in the range from 50 to 150nm while ZnS offered only 50 – 75 nm. Furthermore, the temperature dependence performance parameters evaluation revealed that it is better to operate solar cell at temperature 290K for stable operation with optimum performances. This study would provide valuable insights into design and optimization of nanotechnology-based solar energy technology for minimizing global energy crisis and developing eco-friendly energy sources sustainable and simultaneously.

Z-Buffer精度问题的分析与解决

分析了在视景仿真应用中,由于普通显卡所支持的Z-Buffer的位数不够,当两个多边形距离很近时,计算机无法区分对应相同屏幕坐标的两个象素点的Z-Buffer的值,从而引起的闪烁现象。并提出了两种解决思路。

Acid Buffering Capacity of Forest Litter from Some ImportantPlantation and Natural Forests in South China

The role of forest litter as an acid-base buffering system was assessed by litter from plantation and natural forests in South China. Samples were either extracted with acid solutions or titrated with acid or base solutions. Litter was found to be a strong acid-base buffering system. Two legume species, Acacia mangium Willd and A. auriculaiformis A. Cunn, had very high litter pH values of around 6, which was 2 pH units higher than that of the soil where they grew. Litter of all other plantation species had litter pH of around 4, similar to that of the soil. Both legume species have high potential to neutralize soil acidity and the litter layer could act to shield soil against acid rain. The current stand of two legume species was estimated to be able to raise rain acidity by 0.1 to 0.4 pH units. Inorganic ions did not fully explain the pH pattern of different litter extracts, but high sodium and low nitrate partly accounted for the high pH of the two legume species. Some natural forest species had extremely low pH. As a whole, the litter of the natural climax forest was the driving force of soil acidification. Although plant residues are strong acid-base buffering system and able to adjust acidity of environment, only a few species can be expected to make soil more acid or alkaline through this mechanism since most species have litter pH values similar to those of soil where they grow.

Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Improved Performance Using Bathophenanthroline as a Buffer Layer

The role of bathophenanthroline （Bphen） as a buffer layer inserted between fullerene （C60） and Ag cathode in organic photovoltaic （OPV） cell was discussed. By introducing Bphen as a buffer layer with thicknes from 0 to 2.5 nm, the power conversion efficiency of the OPV cell based on copper phthalocyanine （CuPc） and C60 was increased from 0.87% to 2.25% under AM 1.5 solar illumination at an intensity of 100 mW/cm^2, which was higher than that of bathocuproine used as a buffer layer. The photocurrent-voltage characteristics showed that Bphen effectively improves electron transport through C60 layer into Ag electrode and leads to balance charge carrier transport capability. The influence of Bphen thickness on OPV cells was also investigated. Furthermore, the absorption spectrum shows that an additional Bphen layer enhances the light harvest capability of CuPc/C60.

基于FrameBuffer的嵌入式GUI系统设计

本文首先简要介绍了Linux平台下嵌入式GUI的发展状况 ,接着阐述GUI系统的设计思想 ,最后着重介绍了基于Frame

Study on Screening of Optimal Blocking Buffer and Sample Diluent for ELISA

[Objective] This study aimed to increase the sensitivity and specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） through analyzing the effects of different blocking buffers and sample diluents and their different concentrations on the result of ELISA. [Method] Different types of blocking buffer [casein, gelatin, BSA, goat serum （GS）, horse serum （HS） and rabbit serum （RS）]and sample diluent （PBST, casein, gelatin, BSA, GS, HS and RS） as well as their different concentrations were tested in ELISA to screen the optimal combination of blocking buffer and sample diluent. [Result] The results showed that 2% BSA had better effect on blocking than 1% and 3% BSA, and both 2% and 1% casein had better blocking effect than 3% casein; 8% and 10% RS showed better blocking effects than 6%RS and 7%RS; compared to BSA and casein, RS had the best effect on blocking, and 8% RS performed best as the blocking buffer and sample diluent. [Conclusion] A good combination of blocking buffer and diluent can effectively reduce the non-specific reaction and improve the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA. This study provides an important reference for the development of a perfect ELISA method.

基于PC图形卡W-Buffer的交互直接体绘制

提出一种基于PC图形卡W Buffer的交互光线投射算法,这是一种面绘制与体绘制结合的快速体绘制方法.首先用3D分割等方法提取边界体素或用MarchingCubes等算法提取等值面,然后利用图形硬件预先投影这些边界体素或等值面以产生深度信息,最后由光线投射模块根据W Buffer中的深度信息快速找到实际等值面的位置,进行采样、着色、不透明度与颜色合成等渲染工作.这一方法不仅显著地加快了成像速度,而且不降低图像质量.实验结果表明,用该算法在PC机上以200×200分辨率渲染时,能达到10帧/秒的速度,基本满足虚拟内窥镜系统的动态导航和高质量图像要求,具有较大实用价值.

Influence of Buffering Pressure Characteristics on Shift Clutch Engagement Process

The dynamic math model of shift clutch in engagement process was determined on the basis of hydraulic buffering valve and shift clutch of a power shift steering transmission. The influence of buffering pressure characteristic on shift clutch engagement process was analyzed. The study results could be used to the characteristics match of the shift clutch with the hydraulic system of the high speed tracked vehicle power shift steering transmission and the performance prediction.

利用P-Buffer模拟虚拟场景的后视镜和鸟瞰图

基于OpenGL的PBuffer技术,将虚拟场景的后视镜场景和鸟瞰图场景实时渲染为动态纹理,将纹理映射到对应模型,最终实现了对后视镜和鸟瞰图的模拟.在鸟瞰图绘制中,对地形采用了基于Cg语言的凹凸纹理效果,进一步提高了系统的绘制效率.

基于共享Buffer的LIGBT和PLDMOS器件研究

介绍了基于共享Buffer技术的SOI(绝缘体上硅)LIGBT和PLDMOS,相对于传统工艺可以节约2层光刻板和2步工艺流程。主要通过研究在器件漏区的缓冲层特性,对器件特性影响明显。通过实验和仿真结果对比,共享Buffer技术的器件通过工艺和版图优化后能达到原有器件的表现性能。

Using the Fractional Order Method to Generalize Strengthening Buffer Operator and Weakening Buffer Operator

To reveal the relationship between a weakening buffer operator and strengthening buffer operator, the traditional integer order buffer operator is extended to one that is fractional order. Fractional order buffer operator not only can generalize the weakening buffer operator and the strengthening buffer operator, but also results in small adjustments of the buffer effect.The effectiveness of the grey model(GM(1,1)) with the fractional order buffer operator is validated by six cases.

Growth of CuI buffer layer prepared by spraying method

CuI thin films with nano-scale grains of about 35nm were deposited via spraying method with using acetonitrile as solvent. The influence of iodine doping concentration in acetonitrile solution on the structure, topographic and optical properties of CuI thin films was investigated. X-ray diffraction results showed that CuI iodine-doped films doped CuI：I2 were in γ-phase of zinc blende structure with （111） preferential plane. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the microstructure of CuI films depended on the relative amount of doping iodine in the solution. When the iodine doping amount in acetonitrile solution was 0.025 g, the film was uniform and compact, the optical transmittance was 75.4% in the part of visible region and the energy band gap was close to 2.96 eV.

Timing Optimization by Inserting Minimum Buffers with Accurate Delay Models

An algorithm of minimizing the number of buffers under certain delay constraint with accurate delay models is presented.Given a two-terminal net,the algorithm can minimize the total number of buffers inserted to meet the delay constraint.A high order delay model is applied to estimate interconnect delay and a nonlinear delay model based on look-up table is for buffer delay estimation.The experimental results show that the algorithm can efficiently achieve the trade-offs between number of buffers and delay,and avoid needless power and area cost.The running time is satisfactory.

Path-Based Timing Optimization by Buffer Insertion with Accurate Delay Model

An algorithm of path based timing optimization by buffer insertion is presented.The algorithm adopts a high order model to estimate interconnect delay and a nonlinear delay model based on look up table for gate delay estimation.And heuristic method of buffer insertion is presented to reduce delay.The algorithm is tested by industral circuit case.Experimental results show that the algorithm can optimize the timing of circuit efficiently and the timing constraint is satisfied.