The Central Asian metallogenic domain （CAMD） is a multi-core metallogenic system controlled by boundary strike-slip fault systems. The Balkhash metallogenic belt in Kazakhstan, in which occur many large and super-la...The Central Asian metallogenic domain （CAMD） is a multi-core metallogenic system controlled by boundary strike-slip fault systems. The Balkhash metallogenic belt in Kazakhstan, in which occur many large and super-large porphyritic Cu--Mo deposits and some quartz vein- and greisen-type W-Mo deposits, is a well-known porphyritic Cu--Mo metallogenic belt in the CAMD. In this paper 11 molybdenite samples from the western segment of the Balkhash metallogenic belt are selected for Re--Os compositional analyses and Re--Os isotopic dating. Molybdenites from the Borly porphyry Cu deposit and the three quartz vein-greisen W--Mo deposits--East Kounrad, Akshatau and Zhanet--all have relatively high Re contents （2712--2772 μg/g for Borly and 2.267--31.50 μg/g for the other three W-Mo deposits）, and lower common Os contents （0.670-2.696 ng/g for Borly and 0.0051--0.056 ng/g for the other three）. The molybdenites from the Borly porphyry Cu--Mo deposit and the East Kounrad, Zhanet, and Akshatau quartz vein- and greisen-type W-Mo deposits give average model Re--Os ages of 315.9 Ma, 298.0 Ma, 295.0 Ma, and 289.3 Ma respectively. Meanwhile, molybde- nites from the East Kounrad, Zhanet, and Akshatan W-Mo deposits give a Re--Os isochron age of 297.9 Ma, with an MSWD value of 0.97. Re--Os dating of the molybdenites indicates that Cu-W-Mo metallogenesis in the western Balkhash metallogeuic belt occurred during Late Carboniferous to Early Permian （315.9--289.3 Ma）, while the porphyry Cu--Mo deposits formed at ~316 Ma, and the quartz vein-greisen W--Mo deposits formed at ~298 Ma. The Re--Os model and isochron ages thus suggest that Late Carboniferous porphyry granitoid and pegmatite magmatism took place during the late Hercy- nian movement. Compared to the Junggar-East Tianshan porphyry Cu metallogenic belt in northwestern China, the formation of the Cu-Mo metallogenesis in the Balkhash rnetallogenic belt occurred between that of the Tuwu-Yandong in East Tianshan and the Baogutu porphyry Cu deposits in West Junggar. Collectively, the large-scale Late Carboniferous porphyry Cu-Mo metallogenesis in the Central Asian metallogenic domain is related to Hercynian tectono-magmatic activities.展开更多
Lake Balkhash is the third largest inland lake in Central Asia after the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea.The Ili River-Balkash Lake Basin resides in the southeastern part of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the western par...Lake Balkhash is the third largest inland lake in Central Asia after the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea.The Ili River-Balkash Lake Basin resides in the southeastern part of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the western part of China's Ili Prefecture,which belongs to the arid and semi-arid region.In the middle to late 20^(th)century,the Ili River-Balkash Lake Basin was affected by climate change and human activities,and the problems of water ecology and water resources became increasingly prominent,which became the focus of attention for China and Kazakhstan.In this study,the water level derived from radar altimeter data,the water surface area extracted from Landsat data,and the temperature and precipitation data in the basin were comprehensively utilised.Data analysis of the time course and correlation of hydrological,meteorological elements in the lake basin,water dynamic changes,and influencing factors of Lake Balkhash was studied.The results show that the cyclical change of regional climate is the main factor affecting the change of lake water,and human activities in the short term can regulate the change of water volume in Lake Balkhash.The research results in this paper can provide a scientific basis for the solution of water disputes in cross-border rivers between China and Kazakhstan.展开更多
The Ili River Delta(IRD)is an ecological security barrier for the Lake Balkhash and an important water conservation area in Central Asia.In this study,we selected the IRD as a typical research area,and simulated the w...The Ili River Delta(IRD)is an ecological security barrier for the Lake Balkhash and an important water conservation area in Central Asia.In this study,we selected the IRD as a typical research area,and simulated the water yield and water conservation from 1975 to 2020 using the water yield module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model.We further analyzed the temporal and spatial variations in the water yield and water conservation in the IRD from 1975 to 2020,and investigated the main driving factors(precipitation,potential evapotranspiration,land use/land cover change,and inflow from the Ili River)of the water conservation variation based on the linear regression,piecewise linear regression,and Pearson's correlation coefficient analyses.The results indicated that from 1975 to 2020,the water yield and water conservation in the IRD showed a decreasing trend,and the spatial distribution pattern was"high in the east and low in the west";overall,the water conservation of all land use types decreased slightly.The water conservation volume of grassland was the most reduced,although the area of grassland increased owing to the increased inflow from the Ili River.At the same time,the increased inflow has led to the expansion of wetland areas,the improvement of vegetation growth,and the increase of regional evapotranspiration,thus resulting in an overall reduction in the water conservation.The water conservation depth and precipitation had similar spatial distribution patterns;the change in climate factors was the main reason for the decline in the water conservation function in the delta.The reservoir in the upper reaches of the IRD regulated runoff into the Lake Balkhash,promoted vegetation restoration,and had a positive effect on the water conservation;however,this positive effect cannot offset the negative effect of enhanced evapotranspiration.These results provide a reference for the rational allocation of water resources and ecosystem protection in the IRD.展开更多
综述了哈萨克斯坦巴尔喀什成矿带萨亚克大型铜矿田地质特征、矿田构造与成矿模式。萨亚克铜矿田是中亚成矿域巴尔喀什成矿带唯一的以矽卡岩型铜矿化为主的大型铜矿床,产在萨亚克地堑复向斜内。该矿田包括几个在空间上相对独立的矽卡岩...综述了哈萨克斯坦巴尔喀什成矿带萨亚克大型铜矿田地质特征、矿田构造与成矿模式。萨亚克铜矿田是中亚成矿域巴尔喀什成矿带唯一的以矽卡岩型铜矿化为主的大型铜矿床,产在萨亚克地堑复向斜内。该矿田包括几个在空间上相对独立的矽卡岩型铜矿床、斑岩型铜钼网状脉矿床和一系列石英脉型矿脉,构成了斑岩型和矽卡岩型两个端元形成的成矿系列,但以矽卡岩型为主。矿床主要位于中石炭世灰岩与晚石炭世花岗岩类的接触带上,具有独特的矽卡岩型Cu-Au-Mo矿化组合,成矿时代为海西中晚期,根据本研究进行的锆石SHR I MP定年结果,主要与次要成矿期年龄分别为335±2Ma和308±10Ma。金属矿床主要赋存在地堑复向斜内局部发育的鞍状背斜顶部,部分富矿体的产出严格受断裂构造-岩浆活动的控制。闪长岩与铜矿化作用的关系最为密切,铜含量可高达1%以上;其次,花岗闪长岩与铜矿化的关系也较为密切,铜含量可达0.2%以上。萨亚克矽卡岩型铜矿田铜保有储量约为57.5万吨。展开更多
基金the National No. 305 Project Office of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China and the Satpaev Institute of Geological Sciences of Kazakhstan for their support and assistance in the field investigation and sampling for this studyFinancial support supplied by the key project in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program in the Eleventh Five-year Plan Period(No. 2007BAB25B02)
文摘The Central Asian metallogenic domain （CAMD） is a multi-core metallogenic system controlled by boundary strike-slip fault systems. The Balkhash metallogenic belt in Kazakhstan, in which occur many large and super-large porphyritic Cu--Mo deposits and some quartz vein- and greisen-type W-Mo deposits, is a well-known porphyritic Cu--Mo metallogenic belt in the CAMD. In this paper 11 molybdenite samples from the western segment of the Balkhash metallogenic belt are selected for Re--Os compositional analyses and Re--Os isotopic dating. Molybdenites from the Borly porphyry Cu deposit and the three quartz vein-greisen W--Mo deposits--East Kounrad, Akshatau and Zhanet--all have relatively high Re contents （2712--2772 μg/g for Borly and 2.267--31.50 μg/g for the other three W-Mo deposits）, and lower common Os contents （0.670-2.696 ng/g for Borly and 0.0051--0.056 ng/g for the other three）. The molybdenites from the Borly porphyry Cu--Mo deposit and the East Kounrad, Zhanet, and Akshatau quartz vein- and greisen-type W-Mo deposits give average model Re--Os ages of 315.9 Ma, 298.0 Ma, 295.0 Ma, and 289.3 Ma respectively. Meanwhile, molybde- nites from the East Kounrad, Zhanet, and Akshatan W-Mo deposits give a Re--Os isochron age of 297.9 Ma, with an MSWD value of 0.97. Re--Os dating of the molybdenites indicates that Cu-W-Mo metallogenesis in the western Balkhash metallogeuic belt occurred during Late Carboniferous to Early Permian （315.9--289.3 Ma）, while the porphyry Cu--Mo deposits formed at ~316 Ma, and the quartz vein-greisen W--Mo deposits formed at ~298 Ma. The Re--Os model and isochron ages thus suggest that Late Carboniferous porphyry granitoid and pegmatite magmatism took place during the late Hercy- nian movement. Compared to the Junggar-East Tianshan porphyry Cu metallogenic belt in northwestern China, the formation of the Cu-Mo metallogenesis in the Balkhash rnetallogenic belt occurred between that of the Tuwu-Yandong in East Tianshan and the Baogutu porphyry Cu deposits in West Junggar. Collectively, the large-scale Late Carboniferous porphyry Cu-Mo metallogenesis in the Central Asian metallogenic domain is related to Hercynian tectono-magmatic activities.
基金jointly funded by the China Geological Survey Project “Cooperative Mapping of Hydrology and Environmental Geology in Five Countries of Central Asia” (DD20160106)National Key Research and Development Program “National Water Resources Stereo Monitoring System and Remote Sensing Technology Application” (2017YFC0405802)the key supporting research project of National Natural Science Foundation of China “High-resolution Model Development and Simulation Studies of Lake Processes in the Tibetan Plateau and Their Interaction with the Atmosphere” (91637209)
文摘Lake Balkhash is the third largest inland lake in Central Asia after the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea.The Ili River-Balkash Lake Basin resides in the southeastern part of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the western part of China's Ili Prefecture,which belongs to the arid and semi-arid region.In the middle to late 20^(th)century,the Ili River-Balkash Lake Basin was affected by climate change and human activities,and the problems of water ecology and water resources became increasingly prominent,which became the focus of attention for China and Kazakhstan.In this study,the water level derived from radar altimeter data,the water surface area extracted from Landsat data,and the temperature and precipitation data in the basin were comprehensively utilised.Data analysis of the time course and correlation of hydrological,meteorological elements in the lake basin,water dynamic changes,and influencing factors of Lake Balkhash was studied.The results show that the cyclical change of regional climate is the main factor affecting the change of lake water,and human activities in the short term can regulate the change of water volume in Lake Balkhash.The research results in this paper can provide a scientific basis for the solution of water disputes in cross-border rivers between China and Kazakhstan.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071245)the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Innovation Environment Construction Special Project&Science and Technology Innovation Base Construction Project(PT2107)+2 种基金the Third Xinjiang Comprehensive Scientific Survey Project Sub-topic(2021xjkk140305)the Tianshan Talent Training Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022TSYCLJ0011)the K.C.Wong Education Foundation(GJTD-2020-14).
文摘The Ili River Delta(IRD)is an ecological security barrier for the Lake Balkhash and an important water conservation area in Central Asia.In this study,we selected the IRD as a typical research area,and simulated the water yield and water conservation from 1975 to 2020 using the water yield module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model.We further analyzed the temporal and spatial variations in the water yield and water conservation in the IRD from 1975 to 2020,and investigated the main driving factors(precipitation,potential evapotranspiration,land use/land cover change,and inflow from the Ili River)of the water conservation variation based on the linear regression,piecewise linear regression,and Pearson's correlation coefficient analyses.The results indicated that from 1975 to 2020,the water yield and water conservation in the IRD showed a decreasing trend,and the spatial distribution pattern was"high in the east and low in the west";overall,the water conservation of all land use types decreased slightly.The water conservation volume of grassland was the most reduced,although the area of grassland increased owing to the increased inflow from the Ili River.At the same time,the increased inflow has led to the expansion of wetland areas,the improvement of vegetation growth,and the increase of regional evapotranspiration,thus resulting in an overall reduction in the water conservation.The water conservation depth and precipitation had similar spatial distribution patterns;the change in climate factors was the main reason for the decline in the water conservation function in the delta.The reservoir in the upper reaches of the IRD regulated runoff into the Lake Balkhash,promoted vegetation restoration,and had a positive effect on the water conservation;however,this positive effect cannot offset the negative effect of enhanced evapotranspiration.These results provide a reference for the rational allocation of water resources and ecosystem protection in the IRD.
文摘综述了哈萨克斯坦巴尔喀什成矿带萨亚克大型铜矿田地质特征、矿田构造与成矿模式。萨亚克铜矿田是中亚成矿域巴尔喀什成矿带唯一的以矽卡岩型铜矿化为主的大型铜矿床,产在萨亚克地堑复向斜内。该矿田包括几个在空间上相对独立的矽卡岩型铜矿床、斑岩型铜钼网状脉矿床和一系列石英脉型矿脉,构成了斑岩型和矽卡岩型两个端元形成的成矿系列,但以矽卡岩型为主。矿床主要位于中石炭世灰岩与晚石炭世花岗岩类的接触带上,具有独特的矽卡岩型Cu-Au-Mo矿化组合,成矿时代为海西中晚期,根据本研究进行的锆石SHR I MP定年结果,主要与次要成矿期年龄分别为335±2Ma和308±10Ma。金属矿床主要赋存在地堑复向斜内局部发育的鞍状背斜顶部,部分富矿体的产出严格受断裂构造-岩浆活动的控制。闪长岩与铜矿化作用的关系最为密切,铜含量可高达1%以上;其次,花岗闪长岩与铜矿化的关系也较为密切,铜含量可达0.2%以上。萨亚克矽卡岩型铜矿田铜保有储量约为57.5万吨。
