糖蜜草(Melinis minutiflora Beauv.)内生固氮菌分离鉴定

糖蜜草(MelinisminutifloraBeauv.)是热带地区的一种优良牧草。采用选择性培养基在厌氧和好氧两种培养条件下,从糖蜜草根、茎中都可分离得到具有较强固氮酶活性的菌株。通过SDS-PAGE全细胞蛋白电泳技术快速聚类分析表明,来源于糖蜜草中的菌株为同一类群。16SrDNA序列分析和总DNA的G+C%含量进一步确定糖蜜草中所分离的菌株属于固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum),与产脂固氮螺菌(Azospirillumlipoferum)亲缘关系较近。BIOLOG板测定结果显示,糖蜜草菌株TMCY243对多种碳源具有很强的适应性,与产脂固氮螺菌(A.lipoferum)的模式菌株DSM1691存在着较大的差异。以上结果表明,糖蜜草内生固氮菌为固氮螺菌属的一个新类群。

增强UV-B辐射与不同水平氮素对谷子(Setaria italica(L．)Beauv．)叶片保护物质及保护酶的影响

研究了生长在1.875 mmol.L-1和15 mmol.L-1硝态氮素水平条件下的谷子(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv.)开花期间在进行强度为7.12 kJ.m-.2d-1增强UV-B辐射处理时叶片类黄酮含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和保护酶活性变化差异。主要结果表明在开花期无论是否进行增强UV-B辐射处理,较低水平氮素均比较高水平氮素更有利于提高谷子叶片PAL活性;叶片类黄酮含量除在进行增强UV-B处理时较低氮素条件下生长的谷子在开花末期显著高于较高氮素条件下生长的谷子外,受氮素水平影响不甚明显。而在开花期不进行与进行增强UV-B辐射处理,氮素水平对叶片保护酶的影响有所差异:不进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD活性有显著影响而对ASP活性无显著影响,对CAT和POD活性则在开花期部分阶段有显著影响。进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD与CAT活性有显著影响而对ASP、POD活性影响不显著。

毛尖紫萼藓(Grimmia pilifera P. Beauv)PSII光化学效率对脱水和复水的响应

利用快速叶绿素荧光动力学技术研究了毛尖紫萼藓脱水和复水过程中叶绿素荧光变化,结果显示在脱水过程中毛尖紫萼藓PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光合机构电子传递的量子产额(ETo/ABS)、捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中超过QA的其它电子受体的概率(ETo/TRo)、单位叶面积的反应中心的数量(RC/CSo)以及PSⅡ受体库(Area)对叶片含水量的响应等均存在相对含水量阈值。在阈值范围内脱水,对以上荧光参数影响不大,低于阈值后,各荧光参数值迅速下降,直至PSII反应中心完全关闭以及光化学过程结束。再复水后,毛尖紫萼藓光合机构的最大捕光效率、实际光化学效率、PSII反应中心受体侧的电子传递链以及反应中心均能得到快速而有效的恢复。表明一定时间内脱水不会对毛尖紫萼藓的光合器官造成严重伤害,光合系统仍维持在可恢复状态。

山东长岛南4岛狗尾草(Setaira viridis(L.)Beauv)种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术研究了山东省长岛县南部4岛90份狗尾草材料的遗传多样性及遗传结构.13个ISSR引物共扩增出148个位点,多态性位点比率为70.30%,Shannon信息指数在物种水平上为0.344 9.根据Gst值,遗传变异有16.53%发生在种群间.遗传距离分析表明,NCS种群与DHS种群遗传一致度最高,遗传距离与地理距离之间没有相关性.

古粟(Setaria italica Beauv.)研究综述

粟于中国北方俗称"谷子",脱壳后称"小米",南方则通称"小米",在古代粮食作物中的地位举足轻重。近世学者对粟的史前考古发现、起源与传播、稷的粟黍之争、生产与文化等方面行了研究,并且已经取得了很多成果,但在某些方面的探索还非常不够,如史前人类生活中粟作的地位与演变;古粟的栽培、储藏、加工与利用技术;历史上粟的生产布局、价格与产量的变动;粟与古代经济、政治、文化的关系等。今后应加强在这些方面的投入,不断拓展粟研究的深度和广度。

糖蜜草（Melinis minutiflora Beauv．）幼穗分化发育．及花和果实形态的研究

本文对糖密草（ＭｅｌｉｎｉｓｍｉｎｕｔｉｆｌｏｒａＢｅａｕｖ．）的幼穗分化发育及花和果实的形态作了研究，将幼穗分化发育过程划分为以下九个时期：第一苞原基形成期；第一次枝梗原基形成期；第二、三次枝梗原基形成期；小穗及颖花原基形成期；雌、雄蕊原基形成期；花粉母细胞形成期；花粉母细胞减数分裂期；花粉充实期；花粉成熟期。全过程历时约需４２ｄ．从抽穗到颖果成熟约需５０ｄ。糖蜜草的花序为圆锥花序。每花序有可育花２０００—３０００朵．小穗是由小穗轴、内外颖片、不育花外稃和小花构成。小花包括有内外稃各一片、一鳞被、雄蕊三枚和一枚雌蕊，颖果千粒重为９１ｍｇ。

基于ISSR数据探讨卷叶凤尾藓(Fissidens dubius P.Beauv.)遗传多样性

卷叶凤尾藓（Fissidens dubius P.Beauv.）是凤尾藓科凤尾藓属植物,该种分布广泛,形态变异强烈。为了解其遗传多样性及种群遗传结构特点,本研究利用ISSR分子标记对采集于浙江、福建、广西、四川、辽宁5个省区的卷叶凤尾藓14个自然种群的遗传多样性进行了评价。结果显示：筛选出的12对引物共扩增出259条清晰、重复性高的条带,其中多态性位点有248个,多态位点百分率为95.75%;种群总的Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.2327,Shannon’s信息指数为0.3701,说明卷叶凤尾藓遗传多样性水平较高;14个种群的遗传分化系数（Gst）为0.7078,种群间的基因流（Nm）为0.1864,表明大部分遗传变异（72.01%）存在于种群间,27.99%的遗传变异存在于种群内,即卷叶凤尾藓种群间遗传分化明显。基于ISSR数据的聚类分析表明,在遗传距离50为分组阈值处,14个种群可被分为6组（G1~G6）：G1为来自于浙江省不同采集地点的8个种群（JHBS除外）;G2由浙江金华北山种群（JHBS）组成;G3包括福建武夷山（WYS）和天宝岩种群（TBY）;G4、G5、G6分别由广西龙胜县花坪种群（GX）、四川龙池种群（LC）、辽宁白石砬子保护区种群（BSLZ）组成,表明卷叶凤尾藓种群间的遗传分化主要由地理距离造成,种群内的遗传分化可能与其生境的异质性有关。

Genetic Analysis and Preliminary Mapping of a Highly Male-Sterile Gene in Foxtail Millet(Setaria italica L.Beauv.) Using SSR Markers

Breeding of male-sterile lines has become the mainstream for the heterosis utilization in foxtail millet,but the genetic basis of most male-sterile lines used for the hybrid is still an area to be elucidated.In this study,a highly male-sterile line Gao146A was investigated.Genetic analysis indicated that the highly male-sterile phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene a single recessive gene.Using F 2 population derived from cross Gao146A/K103,one gene controlling the highly male- sterility,tentatively named as ms1,which linked to SSR marker b234 with genetic distance of 16.7 cM,was mapped on the chromosome VI.These results not only laid the foundation for fine mapping of this highly male-sterile gene,but also helped to accelerate the improvement of highly male-sterile lines by using molecular marker assisted breeding method.

Genetic Diversity and Classification of Chinese Elite Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] Revealed by Acid-PAGE Prolamin

Arid and semi-arid regions of China account for more than half of the country. Because of drought resistance and high nutritive value, elite foxtail millet (Setaria Italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is one of the most important cereal crops in China. Evaluation of germplasm and genetic diversity of foxtail millet is still in its infancy, but prolamin could play an important role as a protein marker. To investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of foxtail millet from different ecological zones of China, 90 accessions of foxtail millet were collected from three major ecological areas: North, Northwest, and Northeast China. The prolamin contents were examined by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (acid-PAGE). Five to twenty-two prolamin bands appeared in tested varieties, of which were polymorphic, so prolamin patterns of foxtail millet varieties can be used in variety identification and evaluation. Structure analysis identified six groups, which matches their pedigree information but not their geographic origins. This indicated a high degree (87.78%) of consistency with a phylogenetic classification based on SSR. The results showed prolamin banding patterns were an effective method for analyzing foxtail millet genetic variability.

In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv.

[Objectives] To study the in vitro antioxidant activity of L. franchetii Beauv. [Methods] The DPPH and ABTS^+ scavenging rate and reducing power of L. franchetii Beauv. were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. [Results] The 70% ethanol extract of L. franchetii Beauv. had strong antioxidant capacity, and its antioxidant capacity increased with the increase of mass concentration. [Conclusions] The 70% ethanol extract of L. franchetii Beauv. has higher DPPH and ABTS^+ scavenging rate and reducing power.

Identification of Original Plants, Traits, Microstructure and Powder of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv.

[Objectives] This study aimed to provide experimental data for the identification and application of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. [Methods] The original plants, traits, microstructure and powder of L. franchetii Beauv. were identified. [Results] The identification characteristics of L. franchetii Beauv. in the original plants, traits and microstructure were obvious. [Conclusions] This study can provide reference for the identification of original plants and herbs and the development of quality standards of L. franchetii Beauv. and provide a basis for further research and development.

Determination and Multidimensional Analysis of 22 Kinds of Inorganic Elements in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from Different Production Areas

[Objectives]To determine the content of inorganic elements in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from different production areas, and provide a reference for quality control, safety assessment, and clinical application of L. franchetii Beauv.. [Methods] The contents of Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, Hg, Cr in the sample of L. franchetii Beauv. were determined by the wet digestion and technique of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES), and the principal component analysis was carried out for the determination results. [Results] A total of 20 inorganic elements were detected from the samples of L. franchetii Beauv. from different production areas, among which the contents of Ca, Al, P and Fe were higher. There were significant differences among different elements, and samples of different production areas show similar distribution patterns of main elements. Correlation analysis shows that 17 elements had an extremely significant positive correlation and 19 elements had a significant positive correlation. According to the principal component analysis, B, Ca, K, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sn, Sr, Fe, Ni, Ti, V, Zn, Al, and Cd were characteristic inorganic elements of L. franchetii Beauv. [Conclusions] This method is simple, rapid and accurate, and can be used for the analysis and determination of inorganic elements in L. franchetii Beauv., and provides a theoretical basis for better development and utilization of L. franchetii Beauv.

Quality Evaluation of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from Different Localities Based on Moisture,Ash and Extract Contents and Thin-layer Chromatography

[Objectives] The aim was to determine the moisture,ash and extract contents in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from different localities. [Methods] The contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash and extract in L. franchetii from different localities were determined according to the methods described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 Edition). [Results] In the 10 samples,the contents of moisture were all less than or equal to 15. 0%; the contents of total ash were all below 12. 0%; and the contents of acid-insoluble ash were all less than 3. 0%. The contents of water-soluble extract( by cold-soaked extraction method) in the samples were all below 12. 0% except those from Hongyuan Prairie of Sichuan Province and Xinglong Mountain in Lanzhou City,Gansu Province. [Conclusions]The contents of the four indicators measured in this experiment varied by small margins,indicating that the quality was relatively stable. This study provides theoretical data for the revision of the quality standards for L. franchetii.

施氮量对谷子产量、氮素利用及小米品质的影响

【目的】明确不同施氮量下谷子产量、干物质分配和氮素累积转运特征,分析氮用量对小米糊化特性和有益微量元素含量的影响及其与植株氮素累积的关系,探究植株氮素营养对小米品质的影响。【方法】于2020—2021年在山西省沁县研究4个施氮水平(0、75、120和150 kg·hm^(-2))对春播谷子产量、氮素吸收与利用特征及小米品质的影响。【结果】施氮提高谷子收获穗数、穗粒数和植株的干物质生产能力,增加了氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运率,促进了干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,从而提高产量。施氮也提高了小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒的含量,其中,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时上述元素含量的增幅最大,氮利用率最高。与不施氮相比,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时谷子收获穗数、穗粒数、产量、地上部生物量、收获指数、氮素累积总量和氮素转运率增幅最高,增幅分别可达7.5%、23.3%、31.0%、21.2%、8.6%、40.3%和9.2%,小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量的增幅分别为37.2%、43.6%、56.0%、30.5%和16.9%。过量施氮(150 kg·hm^(-2))不利于谷子穗粒数和收获指数的提高及氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运,与施氮量75 kg·hm^(-2)比较,两年氮素转运率分别降低了23.1%和28.2%;氮素施用过量也降低了小米支链淀粉含量,淀粉形成受限,抑制了小米粉最终黏度、回升值和峰谷黏度,影响糊化品质,同时氮肥利用率低至25%左右。谷子地上部氮吸收量与小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量呈极显著的正相关,但与小米中支链淀粉含量、小米粉的最终黏度和峰谷黏度呈显著的负相关。【结论】施氮量在75—120kg·hm^(-2),能促进谷子干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,实现籽粒产量、小米糊化品质和有益微量元素含量的同步提升。

稗草对酰胺类除草剂抗药性水平的测定及对乙草胺的抗药性生理生化机制

通过盆栽法测定了成都平原水稻稗草种群对4种酰胺类除草剂的抗药性水平,以及3个代表性稗草种群对乙草胺胁迫的生理响应。结果表明,2018年和2019年成都平原稻区供试稗草种群对乙草胺均达中抗水平,抗性指数(RI)分别为12.37~16.46和16.15~21.86;对异丙甲草胺处于低抗或中抗水平,RI分别为9.41~10.44和9.69~10.98;对丁草胺处于低抗水平,RI分别为3.74~4.59和4.55~5.16;对苯噻酰草胺处于敏感或低抗水平,RI分别为2.45~3.79和2.73~3.98。在乙草胺胁迫下,抗性稗草种群与敏感种群实际光量子产额、胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等生理指标均呈下降趋势;生化指标谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈上升趋势,但抗性稗草的损伤明显低于敏感型稗草。因此,成都平原稻区供试稗草种群对常见酰胺类除草剂仍处于敏感至中等水平抗性,GSTs活性提高是稗草对乙草胺产生代谢抗性的主要原因。

响应面法优化火绒草中总黄酮与总酚酸的提取工艺研究

为探究野生火绒草(Leontopodium leontopodioides(Wild.)Beauv)总黄酮与总酚酸最佳提取工艺及抗氧化活性,本试验采用快速溶剂萃取法探索萃取温度、循环次数、加热时间及萃取压力对火绒草总黄酮、总酚酸提取含量的影响,通过单因素试验和响应面设计法确定了活性物质的最佳提取工艺。结果表明:当使用70%乙醇提取火绒草中总黄酮时最佳提取工艺为:萃取温度93℃,循环次数3次,加热时间20 min,萃取压力102 bar,提取含量为(45.45±0.36)mg·g^(-1);总酚酸最佳提取工艺为:萃取温度90℃,循环次数3次,加热时间19 min,萃取压力97 bar,提取含量为(23.52±0.34)mg·g^(-1)。火绒草总黄酮提取液对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的IC_(50)为0.012 mg·mL^(-1)和0.356 mg·mL^(-1),具有一定的还原力。本研究可为火绒草活性物质的提取工艺及加工利用提供可靠的理论依据和详实的科学参考。

卷柏化学成分研究

目的 研究中药卷柏 (Selaginellatamariscina (Beauv .)Spring)水提物中的化学成分。方法 利用SephadexLH 2 0及硅胶等色谱技术进行分离纯化 ,根据理化性质、光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果 得到 4个化合物 ,分别鉴定为 1 羟基 2 [2 羟基 3 甲氧基 5 (1 羟基乙基 ) 苯基 ] 3 (4 羟基 3 ,5 二甲氧基苯基 ) 丙烷 1 O β D 葡糖苷 (卷柏苷B ,I) ,腺苷 (II) ,鸟苷 (III) ,熊果苷 (IV)。结论 卷柏苷B为新化合物 ,腺苷、熊果苷。

卷柏中一个新木脂素苷的分离与鉴定

目的 研究卷柏的化学成分。方法 利用大孔吸附树脂、Sephadex LH-20、硅胶柱色谱进行分离纯化,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据鉴定结构。结果 从卷柏中分离得到4个化合物,分别鉴定为(75,8R)-7,8-二氢-7-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯基)-8-羟甲基-[1’-(7’-羟基)乙基-5’-甲氧基]苯骈呋喃-4-O-β-D-葡糖苷(命名为卷柏苷C,化合物Ⅰ)、D-甘露醇(化合物Ⅱ)、酪氨酸(化合物Ⅲ)、莽草酸(化合物Ⅳ)。结论 化合物Ⅰ为新化合物,化合物Ⅱ和Ⅲ为首次从卷柏属植物中分离得到,Ⅳ为首次从卷柏中分离得到。

谷子品种抗旱性的苗期快速鉴定

报道了在苗期快速鉴定谷子品种抗旱性的实验结果。通过比较种子在甘露醇渗透胁迫条件下的相对萌发率和芽生长抑制率、幼苗在适度控水条件下的相对含水量和水势、幼苗严重失水恢复供水后的存活率等几个指标,对5个谷子品种(鲁7060、羊角黄、豫谷5号、Jun24和Mar51)的苗期抗旱性进行鉴定。结果表明,Mar51在所鉴定的品种中具有相对的抗旱优势,可以作为谷子苗期抗旱性研究的代表性材料。谷子种子在甘露醇渗透胁迫条件下的相对萌发率与幼苗在适度控水条件下相对含水量的变化趋势一致,初步认为这两个指标可以作为苗期快速鉴定谷子抗旱性的筛选指标。

谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

作物全生育期抗旱性对发掘和利用抗旱品种和抗旱基因至关重要,但谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定至今未有报道,抗旱鉴定缺乏鉴定指标。本试验在干旱池模拟干旱条件下,对苗期抗旱性表现不同的谷子品种进行了全生育期抗旱性研究,调查分析了根干重等形态和生理性状在干旱胁迫条件下的变化;采用相关和灰色关联度等方法,分析这些指标与抗旱性(DRI)的关系。结果表明,相对根冠比、相对单穗粒重和灌浆期光合速率、蒸腾速率同抗旱性表现极显著相关,可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的指标;而相对根干重、相对单穗重、相对株高和气孔导度则可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的参考指标;在供试的品种中,红根谷和大齐头白表现了良好的综合抗旱性。本文还讨论了抗旱性的复杂性以及不同性状对干旱胁迫的反应,所建立的指标对谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定具有指导意义。