Development of a DFN-based probabilistic block theory approach for bench face angle design in open pit mining

In open pit mining,uncontrolled block instabilities have serious social,economic and regulatory consequences,such as casualties,disruption of operation and increased regulation difficulties.For this reason,bench face angle,as one of the controlling parameters associated with block instabilities,should be carefully designed for sustainable mining.This study introduces a discrete fracture network(DFN)-based probabilistic block theory approach for the fast design of the bench face angle.A major advantage is the explicit incorporation of discontinuity size and spatial distribution in the procedure of key blocks testing.The proposed approach was applied to a granite mine in China.First,DFN models were generated from a multi-step modeling procedure to simulate the complex structural characteristics of pit slopes.Then,a modified key blocks searching method was applied to the slope faces modeled,and a cumulative probability of failure was obtained for each sector.Finally,a bench face angle was determined commensurate with an acceptable risk level of stability.The simulation results have shown that the number of hazardous traces exposed on the slope face can be significantly reduced when the suggested bench face angle is adopted,indicating an extremely low risk of uncontrolled block instabilities.

A Comparative Study of Two Tree-Based Models for Predicting Flyrock Velocity at Open Pit Bench Mining

Blasting is a cost-effective technique to break hard rock volumes by using explosives in the mining and civil engineering realms. Moreover, although blasting is a designed process and plays an indispensable role in these industries, it can also have multiple adverse environmental impacts. One such effect is flyrock, which poses risks to nearby machinery, and residential structures, and can even lead to injuries or fatalities. To optimize blasting efficiency as well as restrict side effects, prediction of the blast aftereffects is vital. Therefore, the present work focuses on using two machine learning methods to predict the velocity of flyrock in the open pit mine. To address this issue, a comprehensive dataset was gathered from the open pit mine. Then, Decision Tree and Random Forest algorithms were employed to predict flyrock velocity. The Random Forest model demonstrated superior performance compared to the Decision Tree model. Nonetheless, the performance of the Decision Tree model was deemed satisfactory, as evidenced by its coefficient of determination value of 0.83, mean squared error (MSE) of 4.2, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 5.6%. Considering these metrics, it is reasonable to conclude that tree-based algorithms can be effective in predicting flyrock velocity.

Gas Bench Ⅱ-IRMS磷酸法在线测定水中溶解无机碳碳同位素分析条件及影响因素

采用Gas Bench Ⅱ-IRMS对水中溶解无机碳碳同位素在线测定影响因素进行研究,确立了分析方法。通过对影响因素的研究确定了水中溶解无机碳碳同位素测试的最佳平衡时间;样品水中溶解无机碳浓度与样品测试的信号强度呈明显正相关;测试过程中色谱柱温度的高低不仅会影响样品峰的出峰时间,还会影响样品峰宽、峰高及峰积分面积等,影响最终测试结果。为了确保水中溶解无机碳碳同位素测试方法的准确性与可行性,进行了方法试验验证,水中溶解无机碳碳同位素比值(δ^(13)C)的测定值与验证单位给出的δ^(13)C测定值相一致,此测试方法具有可行性。在线测试的高效率和小样量与传统方法比较有显著优势,这为拓展同位素分析技术的应用领域提供了一种快速、高效的手段。本测试分析方法适用于地下水、地表水、大气降水的溶解无机碳碳同位素组成的在线测定。

Gas Bench Ⅱ-IRMS测定地下水中溴同位素新技术

建立了利用Gas Bench Ⅱ联用同位素比值质谱仪(Gas Bench Ⅱ-IRMS)用于测定地下水中溴稳定同位素的方法。基于溴比氯更容易被重铬酸钾氧化的性质,将Br-氧化成Br2,而氯残留在原溶液中,从而把溴与氯分离开;再利用AgNO3将溴以AgBr的形式沉淀下来,然后将AgBr转化成CH3Br进行溴稳定同位素质谱测定。反应中,CH3I用量为20μL,AgBr用量为0.5mg。本测试流程需溴4～10mg,质谱测试时间由1.5h缩短为800s,测试精度优于±0.1‰(2σ)。该方法可以用于地下水中溴同位素测定,在水文地质研究中具有广阔的应用前景。

基于Workbench的青核桃力学特性分析

根据青核桃去皮过程中的受力特点,分析青核桃静力学特性,建立青核桃的几何模型;通过对青核桃进行不同加载方式下的压力试验,运用Workbench对青核桃在不同加载方式下的力学特性进行仿真模拟。通过比较压力试验和模拟仿真值,发现二者的结果一致,说明仿真的可行性,所建的力学模型可以分析核桃青皮在去皮过程的破损机理,可为研制新型青核桃去皮机械提供参考依据。压力试验与有限元模拟结果表明,施加相同压力条件下,方向并不是去青皮的决定性因素。

基于Workbench的缩套式超高压缸体优化设计

某设备的缩套式超高压缸体存在内壁始终为应力最大位置,且缸体应力分布相当不均匀的问题。为满足缸体最大等效应力小于缸体材料的屈服极限,以内外缸体内壁剪应力相等为约束条件,结合过盈配合及设计要求,利用响应面法对缩套式超高压缸体进行优化设计。结果表明,缸体的过盈量从优化前的0.30 mm减小到优化后的0.2662 mm,降低了内外缸安装套合时的工作难度;内缸内壁到外缸内壁的等效应力的变化率从优化前的0.787 MPa/mm降为0.0568 MPa/mm,缸体的应力分布不均匀性较优化前有了较大的改观。

基于ANSYS Workbench的结构应力分析的子模型法

提出了在ANSYS Workbench中使用子模型的一种新方法。首先创建一个包含远端区,过渡区和子模型区的几何模型;然后对此几何模型进行分析得到粗糙模型的结果,并把过渡区的节点位移导出;整理导出结果形成ANSYS APDL命令;最后基于过渡区和子模型区得到子模型,在子模型中加载命令流从而形成新的边界条件,通过对子模型区的反复细化从而得到问题的收敛解。使用ANSYS中的一个算例进行考察,并与经典方法进行比较,结果表明:该方法具有很高的精度,计算结果正确,且操作简易,适合在复杂零件仿真中使用。

Sizing of rock fragmentation modeling due to bench blasting using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)

One of the most important characters of blasting,a basic step of surface mining,is rock fragmentation because it directly effects on the costs of drilling and economics of the subsequent operations of loading,hauling and crushing in mines.Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)and radial basis function(RBF)show potentials for modeling the behavior of complex nonlinear processes such as those involved in fragmentation due to blasting of rocks.We developed ANFIS and RBF methods for modeling of sizing of rock fragmentation due to bench blasting by estimation of 80%passing size(K_(80))of Golgohar iron mine of Sirjan.Iran.Comparing the results of ANFIS and RBF models shows that although the statistical parameters RBF model is acceptable but ANFIS proposed model is superior and also simpler because ANFIS model is constructed using only two input parameters while seven input parameters used for construction of RBF model.

Inertia Matching During Dynamic Simulation of Vehicle Drive System on Test Bench

Framework and basic parameters of a test bench for motor drive system of electric vehicle (EV) are illuminated. Two kinds of electric drive models, one was for the electric vehicle drived on real road, the other was for that on test bench, are put forward. Then, dynamic analysis of these models is made in detail. Inertia matching method of the test bench is researched and some useful formulas and graphs are brought forward. The experiment of an electric bus is introduced in order to explain the usage of this inertia matching method.

Air-Decking Technique in Bench Blasting

The mechanism and the design parameters of blasting with air-decking are studied. The theory of detonation waves is used to investigate the processes of the one-dimensional plane detonation wave within a borehole. The interac- tion of the rarefaction wave with an interface and reflection on a rigid wall is also analyzed. The same courses of the shock wave are also investigated. This decides the distribution of the pressure of the explosion products changing with time along the borehole. Based on the above theoretical analysis, two conditions should be met for a reasonable range of values of the air-decking ratio in blasting rock. First, the rarefaction wave from the contact interface between detonation products and air reaches the bottom earlier than that of the reflected shock wave from the end of the stemming. Second, the reflected shock wave reaches the contact interface between the detonation products and air earlier than that of the reflected rarefaction wave from the bottom of the borehole. Finally, the reasonable value of the air-decking ratio must be decided theoretically in air-decking blasting. For different explosives, the reasonable range of air-decking ratio varies from 0.15 to 0.4. This result is well consistent with what was obtained by previous researchers.

Low-Load Bench Press Training to Fatigue Results in Muscle Hypertrophy Similar to High-Load Bench Press Training

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the training responses observed with low-load resistance exercise to volitional fatigue translates into significant muscle hypertrophy, and compare that response to high-load resistance training. Nine previously untrained men (aged 25 [SD 3] years at the beginning of the study, standing height 1.73 [SD 0.07] m, body mass 68.9 [SD 8.1] kg) completed 6-week of high load-resistance training (HL-RT) (75% of one repeti-tion maximal [1RM], 3-sets, 3x/wk) followed by 12 months of detraining. Following this, subjects completed 6 weeks of low load-resistance training (LL-RT) to volitional fatigue (30% 1 RM, 4 sets, 3x/wk). Increases (p 0.05) in magnetic resonance imaging-measured triceps brachii and pectorals major muscle cross-sectional areas were similar for both HL-RT (11.9% and 17.6%, respectively) and LL-RT (9.8% and 21.1%, respectively). In addition, both groups increased (p 0.05) 1RM and maximal elbow extension strength following training;however, the percent increases in 1RM (8.6% vs. 21.0%) and elbow extension strength (6.5% vs. 13.9%) were significantly (p 0.05) lower with LL-RT. Both protocols elicited similar increases in muscle cross-sectional area, however differences were observed in strength. An explanation of the smaller relative increases in strength may be due to the fact that detraining after HL-RT did not cause strength values to return to baseline levels thereby producing smaller changes in strength. In addition, the results may also suggest that the consistent practice of lifting a heavy load is necessary to maximize gains in muscular strength of the trained movement. These results demonstrate that significant muscle hypertrophy can occur without high-load resistance training and suggests that the focus on percentage of external load as the important deciding factor on muscle hypertrophy is too simplistic and inappropriate.

Changes in coronary bifurcations after stent placement in the main vessel and balloon opening of stent cells:theory and practical verification on a bench-test model

Objective To describe changes that occur in stent morphology and structure after its implantation in coronary bifurcation.Side branch (SB) compromise after stenting of main vessel in coronary bifurcation is a major intraprocedural problem and for the long term,as a place of restenosis.Methods We created an elastic wall model (parent vessel diameter 3.5mm,daughter branches 3.5mm and 2.75mm)with 30,45 and 60 degree distal angulation between branches.After stent implantation,struts to the side branch were opened with 2.0mm and consequently 3.0mm diameter balloons.Subsequent balloon redilatations and kissing balloon inflations (KBI) were performed.All stages of the procedure were photographed with magnification up to 100 times.Results We found that the leading mechanism for side branch compromise was carina displacement,and discovered theoretical description for expected ostial stenosis severity.Based on our model we found that displacement of bifurcation flow divider cause SB stenosis with almost perfect coincidence with our theoretical predictions.Opening of stent cells through the proximal and distal stent struts always increased interslrut distance,but never achieved good apposition to the wall.Balloon diameter increase didn't give proportional enlargement in stent cell diameters.KBI leads to some small better stent positioning,correcting main vessel strut dislodgment from wall,but never gave full strut-wall contact.Distance between struts and wall was minimal only when the stent cell perfectly faced ostium of SB.This was also our observation that the shape of ostium of SB becomed eUiptically-bean shaped after stent implantation and generally kept that shape during consequent stages of experiment.Measured diameter and area stenosis were perfectly fitted and theoretically predicted from our concept Conclusion We have described stent-wall deformations in stent-balloon technique for treatment of coronary bifurcation demonstrating carina displacement as possibly main mechanism of side branch compromise after main vessel stenting.We have shown that KBI could not give full strut-wall contact if there is no perfect facing of stem cell and SB ostium.(J Geroatr Cardool 2008;5(1):43-49)

Electronic Unit Pump Test Bench Development and Pump Properties Research

A unit pump test bench is developed on an in-line pump test platform. The bench is composed of pump adapting assembly, fuel supply subsystem, lubricating subsystem and a control unit. A crank angle domain injection control method is given out and the control accuracy can be 0.1° crank degree. The bench can test both mechanical unit pump and electronic unit pump. A test model-PLD12 electronic unit pump is tested. Full pump delivery map and some influence factors test is done. Experimental results show that the injection quantity is linear with the delivery angle. The quantity change rate is 15% when fuel temperature increases 30 ℃. The delivery quantity per cycle increases 30 mg at 28 V drive voltage. The average delivery difference for two same type pumps is 5 %. Test results show that the bench can be used for unit pump verification.

Optimization of Dump Bench Configuration to Improve Waste Dump Capacity of Narynsukhait Open Pit Coal Mine

In next two years, the current waste dump of Narynsukhait coal mine is predicted insufficient to accommodate the overburden as limited of the waste dump capacity. Thus, redesigning waste dump is paramount to increase capacity of the dump in future. This paper describes current condition of waste dump of Narynsukhait coal mine and then discusses the optimization of waste dump geometry by analyzing the effect of different waste dump’s bench configuration on slope performance. Optimization of the geometry is carried out by investigating and comparing the performance of geometrical combinations of bench height, bench angles and number of safety berm by means of numerical modeling. The model shows that increasing height of bench is able to induce shear stress in the bench and may initiate bench instable. However, the shear stress can be limited by having safety berm and/or reducing bench angle to satisfy the stability criteria.

Optimization of the catch bench design using a genetic algorithm

Rockfalls are one of the hazards that may be associated with open pit mining. The majority of rockfalls occur due to the existing conditions of slopes, such as back break, fractures and joints. Constructing a berm on the catch bench is a popular method for the mitigation of rockfall hazards in open pit mining.The width of the catch bench and the height of the berm play a major role in the open pit bench design.However, there is no systematic method currently available to optimize the size of these parameters. This study proposes a novel methodology which calculates the optimum catch bench width by integrating the rockfall simulation model and genetic algorithm into a Simulation-Optimization Model. The proposed methodology is useful when used to determine the minimum catch bench width, or the maximum overall slope angle, insuring that a sufficient factor of safety of the slope is included while maximizing the overall profitability of the open pit mine.

基于ANSYS WORKBENCH乳化液泵齿轮有限元分析

以BRK500/37.5型高压乳化液泵齿轮为研究对象,在三维建模软件UG中建立乳化液泵齿轮的三维模型,并进行装配。然后将三维模型导入到ANSYS WORKBENCH中,对齿轮进行结构强度分析,得出齿轮在作业时的应力和应变值。同时考虑动态特性对齿轮的影响,对齿轮进行模态分析,计算出齿轮的固有频率和振型,找到齿轮的薄弱部位,为乳化液泵齿轮的设计和研究提供理论依据。

Coal rib response during bench mining: A case study

In 2016, room-and-pillar mining provided nearly 40% of underground coal production in the United States.Over the past decade, rib falls have resulted in 12 fatalities, representing 28% of the ground fall fatalities in U.S.underground coal mines.Nine of these 12 fatalities(75%) have occurred in room-andpillar mines.The objective of this research is to study the geomechanics of bench room-and-pillar mining and the associated response of high pillar ribs at overburden depths greater than 300 m.This paper provides a definition of the bench technique, the pillar response due to loading, observational data for a case history, a calibrated numerical model of the observed rib response, and application of this calibrated model to a second site.

Coastal landscape evolution tracked from late Holocene wave-cut benches in the Sinan Archipelago,Southwest Korea

Glacio-isostatic adjustment(GIA)and tectonic activity are important factors in the formation of marine terraces.Late Holocene wave-cut benches in the eastern part of the West Sea of Korea,also called the Yellow Sea,can be divided into two steps:531 cm above sea level(ASL)for the upper bench(T2)and 464-481 cm ASL for the lower bench(T1).Sediments on the benches a re classified into four units,and are interpreted to be beach deposits acco rding to gravel shape,textu re,and seaward inclination.The ove rlying sediment indicates that T2 was formed at approximately 530 cm ASL before 2900 yr BP,and T1 at approximately 460-480 cm ASL before 1520 yr BP.Late Holocene(4000-2000 yr BP)relative sea level(RSL)curves based on GIA models are inconsistent with the wave-cut bench elevations.Comparing T1 and T2 benches to the RSL curves of the West Sea,the upper and the lower benches were uplifted by approximately 5-8 m and 4-7 m,respectively.Although the area is several hundred kilometers away from plate boundaries,the high frequency of earthquakes in the West Sea may have induced the uplift of wave-cut benches during the last 2000 years.These indicate that the west coast of the Korean Peninsula(KP)should no longer be considered an area of subsidence,but be assigned to a regime of uplift during the late Holocene.

蜂窝式SCR催化剂Bench(中型)实验活性系数研究

对V-W-Ti系蜂窝式脱硝催化剂(SCR) Bench(中型)性能评价的影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,烟气中水分含量与催化剂的脱硝活性系数呈负指数关系,与催化剂转化活性系数不相关;烟气中氧含量越大,催化剂的脱硝活性系数越高,而转化活性系数则越低;温度与脱硝活性系数近似呈线性关系,与转化活性系数呈指数关系;催化剂的活性受到活性物质含量的影响,每增加0. 1%的钒,活性上升0. 54 m/h左右,转化活性上升29. 26 m/h;催化剂表面越粗糙则其活性系数越高; Ti O2粗颗粒和细颗粒的比例为3. 2∶1时,催化剂活性最高。提出了催化剂脱硝活性系数及催化剂转化活性系数模型,其预测精度较好,并给出了计算二氧化硫转化率的经验式。

Bench and Full Scale Study of Removal Effect and Mutagenicity on Mesocyclops Leukarti with Chlorine Dioxide

Mesocyclops Leukarti of zooplankton propagates excessively in eutrophic water body and it can not be effectively inactivated by the conventional process in drinking waterworks for its special surface structure. In this paper, a study of removal efficiency on Mesocyclops Leukarti with chlorine dioxide in a drinking waterworks was performed. Bench scale results showed that chlorine dioxide is more effective against Mesocyclops Leukarti. And Mesocyclops Leukarti could be effectively removed from water by 1.0 mg/L chlorine dioxide preoxidation cooperated with the conventional process during the full scale study. The chlorite, by.product of prechiorine dioxide, was constant at 0.45 mg/L after filtration, which was lower than the critical value of the USEPA. GC-MS examination and Ames test showed that the quantity of organics and the mutngenicity in the water treated by chlorine dioxide is obviously less than that of prechlorination.