Antidepressant Effect of Mongolian Pharmaceutical Betel Shisanwei Ingredient Pills and Its Improvement Effect on Depressive Syndromes

[Objectives]To analyze the effect of Mongolian pharmaceutical Betel Shisanwei Ingredient Pills in the clinical treatment of patients with depression.[Methods]From June 2020 to May 2021,64 patients with depression who received treatment in Inner Mongolia Minzu University were selected to participate in this study.These patients were randomly numbered from 1 to 64,and then divided into two groups according to the principle of odd or even number.Patients with odd number were regarded as the reference group,and treated by western medicine fluoxetine;patients with even number were regarded as the study group,and treated by Mongolian pharmaceutical Betel Shisanwei Ingredient Pills.The therapeutic effects of the two groups of patients were compared.[Results]Before treatment,there was no significant difference in the scores of patients'depressive syndromes between the two groups(P>0.05).After treatment,there were two significant changes in comprehensive score of depressive symptoms in both groups.Compared with before treatment,the data of the same group after treatment decreased significantly.Comparison between the two groups showed that the score of patients'depressive syndromes in the study group(13.28±5.49)was significantly lower than that in the reference group(18.46±6.51),and the overall response rate of treatment in the study group(96.88%,31/32)was obviously higher than that in the reference group(75.00%,24/32),showing statistically significant differences(P<0.05).[Conclusions]In the treatment of depression,Mongolian medicine therapy can significantly improve the depressive syndromes in patients,with more prominent curative effects,and is worthy of promotion and application.

Healing property of the Piper betel phenol, allylpyrocatechol against indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration and mechanism of action

AIM：To evaluate the protective activity of allylpyrocatechol （APC）, the major antioxidant constituent of Piper betel, against the indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration in the rat model and correlates with its antioxidative and mucin protecting properties.METHODS： Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups. Normal control rats （group Ⅰ ） were given the vehicle oral dose of gum acacia in distilled water （1 mL per rat）; ulcerated control and treated rats （groups Ⅱ-V） were given a single dose of indomethacin （30 mg/kg body wt.）; group Ⅱ rats were sacrificed 4 h after indomethacin administration; groups Ⅲ-Ⅴ rats were given the vehicle （1 mL per rat） or APC （2 mg/kg body wt.） or misoprostol （1.43 μg/kg body wt.） once daily by oral intubation for 7 d starting from 4 h after the indomethacin administration. After 7 d, the stomach tissues were excised for histological examination and biochemical analysis. RESULTS： Treatment with APC （2 mg/kg body wt per day） and misoprostol （1.43 μg/kg body wt per day） for 7 d could effectively heal the stomach ulceration as revealed from the ulcer index and histopathological studies. Compared to the zero day ulcerated group, treatment with APC and misoprostol reduced the ulcer index by 93.4% and 85.4% respectively （P 〈 0.05）. Both APC and misoprostol accelerated ulcer healing observed in natural recovery （P 〈 0.05）, their respective healing capacities not being significantly different. The healing capacities of APC and misoprostol could be attributed to their antioxidant activity as well as the ability to enhance the rnucin content of the gastric tissues. Compared to the ulcerated untreated rats, those treated with APC and rnisoprostol showed near normal MDA levels, while the protein levels were 86% and 78% of the normal value respectively （P 〈 0.05）. Likewise, both APC and rnisoprostol increased the SOD, catalase, and rnucin levels significantly （P 〈 0.05）, the effect of APC being better. CONCLUSION： APC can protect indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration due to its antioxidative and mucin protecting properties.

Betel quid chewing and oral potential malignant disorders and the impact of smoking and drinking:A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Oral potential malignant disorders(OPMDs)are a precancerous condition of oral disease.Several studies have found that betel quid chewing,smoking and alcohol drinking might be the risk factors of OPMDs.But the relationships of them,especially their interaction are still inconclusive.AIM To evaluate the relationship between betel quid chewing and OPMDs and to explore the interaction of smoking and alcohol drinking on the relationship.METHODS We searched Pub Med,Web of Science,Embase and the Cochrane Library databases with items complete until January 2021 for relevant studies.The research data were extracted according to the inclusion criteria.The pooled odds ratios(ORs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)were used to evaluate the effect size.Subgroup analysis was performed to assess interactions between exposures and OPMDs.Relative excess risk of interaction(RERI)was used to estimate the size of interaction.RESULTS Nine articles were selected in the final meta-analysis.The results showed that betel quid chewing(pooled OR:8.70,95%CI:5.18-14.61),alcohol consumption(pooled OR:1.95,95%CI:1.5-2.55),and smoking(pooled OR:4.35,95%CI:3.06-6.2)could significantly increase the risk of OPMDs compared to individuals without these behaviors.Smoking and alcohol drinking synergistically increased the association between betel quid chewing and OPMDs(pooled OR;:14.38,95%CI:7.14-28.95;pooled OR;:11.12,95%CI:8.00-15.45,respectively).The RERI;and RERI;were 2.33 and 1.47,respectively.CONCLUSION The synergistic effects between smoking/drinking and betel quid highlights the importance of focusing on individuals with multiple exposures.Further study should be conducted to confirm these interactions.

Financial viability and conservation role of betel leaf based agroforestry： an indigenous hill farming system of Khasia community in Bangladesh

A study was conducted to investigate the cultural and financial management techniques of betel leaf based agroforestry system practiced in or near homegardens of Khasia community in Jaintapur Upazila in the district of Sylhet, Bangladesh. The Khasia is an edu- cated community where 100% of Khasia people were literate, a stunning fact for this ethnic community in Bangladesh. The average family size in the study area was 7.68, with a ration of male and females of 141：100. The homegardens of the Khasia are rich in species composition, which 15 timber species, 22 horticultural species, six medicinal species, 13 annual crops including leafy vegetables, seven species of spices and five species of bamboo were identified along with betel leaf. The Khasia is an economically prosperous community with the minimum family incomes of Tk 4 000 per month （Tk. 70=1 US Dollar）. Betel leaf based agroforestry is very common being a prevalent source of income. About 95.45% of the households are involved in betel leaf husbandry. The mean annual income from one hectare of be- tel leaf plantation was estimated to be Tk. 80979. This practice was proven to be a profitable business where the benefit cost ratio was cal- culated to be 4.47. Moreover, the species composition in the betel leaf plantation area （the forest area once utilized by Khasia for shifting cultivation） was found to be very promising to play the significant role in conservation of biological diversity making the practice a sustainable agroforestry system.

Current Situation and Management Recommendations about Betel Nut Planting in Hainan

The betel nut planting area and yield in Hainan have reached 94000 ha and 231000 t,respectively.There are some problems in betel nut planting such as dispersed cultivation,irrational planting layout,excessively dense planting and serious betel nut yellow leaf disease.For the sustainable development of Hainan betel nut,it is necessary to focus on building the disease-resistant betel nut plantation,so as to prevent and control the occurrence and spread of betel nut yellow leaf disease;transform the low-yield betel nut plantation,and strengthen betel nut production management,in order to improve betel nut yield and promote sustainable development of betel nut industry.

Current Situation and Development Recommendations for Betel Nut Processing in Hainan Province

Hainan's betel nut processing industry continues to develop,and the yield has reached 231000 t. There are some problems in betel nut industry such as unreasonable initial processing layout,processing capacity surplus,and deep processing industry lag. It is suggested that we should guide the initial processing layout of betel nut according to local conditions,and carry out overall deep processing planning of betel nut; support betel nut deep processing plant in the main producing areas,establish betel nut initial processing and deep processing serial production line,and develop new betel nut product; build betel nut production,processing,transport and marketing information database and market information early warning mechanism,and improve betel nut processing information service platform to timely provide information services and continuously develop betel nut industry.

Financial viability and conservation role of betel leaf based agroforestry:an indigenous hill farming system of Khasia community in Bangladesh

A study was conducted to investigate the cultural and financial management techniques of betel leaf based agroforestry system practiced in or near homegardens of Khasia community in Jaintapur Upazila in the district of Sylhet, Bangladesh.The Khasia is an educated community where 100% of Khasia people were literate, a stunning fact for this ethnic community in Bangladesh.The average family size in the study area was 7.68, with a ration of male and females of 141:100.The homegardens of the Khasia are rich in species composi-tion, which 15 timber species, 22 horticultural species, six medicinal species, 13 annual crops including leafy vegetables, seven species of spices and five species of bamboo were identified along with betel leaf.The Khasia is an economically prosperous community with the minimum family incomes of Tk 4 000 per month(Tk.70=1 US Dollar).Betel leaf based agroforestry is very common being a prevalent source of income.About 95.45% of the households are involved in betel leaf husbandry.The mean annual income from one hectare of betel leaf plantation was estimated to be Tk.80979.This practice was proven to be a profitable business where the benefit cost ratio was calculated to be 4.47.Moreover, the species composition in the betel leaf plantation area(the forest area once utilized by Khasia for shifting cultivation) was found to be very promising to play the significant role in conservation of biological diversity making the practice a sus-tainable agroforestry system.

Forest-based betel leaf and betel nut farming of the Khasia indigenous People in Bangladesh: approach to biodiversity conservation in Lawachara National Park(LNP)

An exploratory survey was conducted among the Khasia living in Lawachara National Parkt （LNP） to investigate their depend- ency on the protected area （PA） for livelihoods, betel leaf hill farming, traditional forest conservation and perceptions of the PA, Field data were collected by interviewing 48 household heads from two villages （punjis） located inside the LNP and visiting their farms.： The economy of the Khasia was forest-based. They were largely dependent on betel leaf hill farming in LNP and nearly 71% of their mean annual income was de- rived from this irrespective of farmer category. On average, about 14% of the incomes of the poorer farmers came from forest produce followed by 10% and 6% for medium and rich farmers respectively. Hills and forests were the foundations of their lives and livelihoods, and LNP was the life-blood of Khasia survival. As a sustainable production system, this farming practice plays a vital role in conserving biodiversity in LNP and might be replicated elsewhere.

Developmental Strategies of Betel Nut Industry in Hainan Province

The developmental status of the betel nut industry is introduced, including cultivation situation, processing and development situation, and consumer market situation. The result shows that the cultivation of betel nut in Hainan Province develops rapidly and the primary processing of betel nut has formed certain scale, but the deep processing of betel nut is backward. Except for the mino amount of the betel nuts consumed by Hainan Island, a large majority of the betel nuts are processed into dry fruit to sell to Hunan Province to reprocess. The problems exist in the development of betel nut industry in Hainan Province are analyzed, covering blind cultivation, extensive management, backward processing, lagged new product development and the single and concentrated consumer market. The strategic choice of developing the betel nut industry of Hainan Province is analyzed as well. Hainan Province should carry out the green, sustainable, diversified, cooperative and export-oriented industrial developmental strategy.

Effects of Bio-probiotic Betel Bokashi on Raising Pigs and Preventing Diarrhea in Young Piglets in Central Vietnam

Infection of Escherichia coli in piglets is identified as one of major problems in pig husbandry.Data were collected from different experiments conducted at farm levels and results showed that the percentage of piglets infected with E.coli was very high.E.coli infected healthy piglets were up to 48.9%and E.coli infected diarrhea piglets accounted for 88.3%.Using Betel Bokashi and antibiotics in treatment brings about different results.Out of 48 infected piglets,15 piglets were selected for three groups treatment with five each group.Results showed that 92.3%diarrhea piglets treated with Betel Bokashi recovered in 3.85 d,while 100%and 88.23%treated with antibiotics were cured in 4 d and 4.01 d,respectively.Post-treatment piglets in group 3 grew up faster than group 1 and group 2,with gains 231,218 and 212 g,respectively.

Sustainable Development of Betel Nut Industry in Hainan Province

In 2014,the betel nut planting area was 94000 ha,betel nut yield reached 231000 t,and the annual processing capacity of green standard betel nut drying equipments reached 677400 t in Hainan Province.The yellows in betel nut plantation have posed a serious threat to the development of betel nut industry,and the initial processing plants of betel nut are scattered,with low benefits.It is recommended to establish ecological betel nut plantations,use nutrition regulation to prevent betel nut yellows,and develop integrated betel nut processing plants to promote the sustainable development of betel nut industry.

Efficacy of Betel Leaf Extracts as Antioxidant in Moisturizing Cream

This work aims to study the appropriate method for extract Betel leaf as crude extracts to prepare as a natural antioxidant in moisturizing hand cream. Betel leaf was treated by 7 methods and the optimized method was selected for preparation of Betel leaf extract. The fresh Betel leaf and dried Betel leaf were used in this study. Betel leaf extracts were analysed for total phenolic content and essential oil as eugenol content. Then Betel leaf extracts were used as the one component for moisturizing hand cream. The lipid oxidation was evaluated by measurement on malondialdehyde content. The results revealed that an extracts solution from dried Betel leaf contained total phenolic content and eugenol content more than flesh Betel leaf. The ethanol extraction method was the optimum method since this method showed the maximum total phenolic content and eugenol content in dried Betel leaf as 5.26 g/100 g and 138.95 mg/100 g, respectively. The moisturizing creams were formulated by using crude Betel leaf extracts as the one composition compare with base cream （no addition of Betel leaf extracts）. The moisturizing cream samples were analysed for malondialdehyde. its showed that the cream that contained Betel leaf extract contained malondialdehyde content lower than in cream base. Thus, crude extracts from Betel leaf showed the efficacy to reduce lipid oxidation reaction in moisturizing hand cream.

中国古代槟榔文化的接受与传播

作为舶来品的槟榔,在饮食、医药、赋税等方面扮演过重要的角色,具有丰厚的历史文化。梳理文献发现,两汉三国时期,槟榔视作“奇草异木”记载在各种《异物志》中,开始被接受;南北朝时期,槟榔是贵族士宦的“奢侈品”,唐代受佛教平等思想影响日渐向大众传播,宋代逐渐成为百姓家的“寻常物”。槟榔之所以能被接受与传播,并在海南用于婚俗,是因其本身的物质文化之外,还与其因贵异而用于重要的人际礼仪、文人墨客极力推崇渲染和赋予了槟榔君子品格等精神文化有着莫大的关系。

含紫薯花青素的槟榔芋淀粉薄膜性能及其应用

开发含紫薯花青素(PSPA)并可生物降解的槟榔芋淀粉薄膜(TSF),并研究其光学性能、厚度、含水率、水溶性、颜色、总酚含量、抗氧化活性、红外光谱和微观结构等性能,初步探讨TSF对鲜切莴笋、鱼肉和猪肉储存过程中新鲜度的指示作用。研究表明TSF的紫外-可见光谱和PSPA溶液的光谱变化规律是一致的,表明PSPA与槟榔芋淀粉具有良好的成膜机制。TSF厚度适中,含水率为39.17%,水溶性为36.93%;TSF的DPPH清除率达到94%,表明TSF的抗氧化活性高。将TSF应用于鲜切莴笋、鱼肉和猪肉的新鲜度监测,TSF先呈现淡紫色,随着时间推移,鲜切莴笋、鱼肉和猪肉逐渐腐败变质,48 h后,TSF在莴笋中呈现蓝紫色、猪肉中呈现浅绿色、鱼肉中呈现淡黄色。

新形势下海南槟榔产业发展SWOT分析

本文针对海南自贸港建设背景下槟榔产业面临的挑战,通过SWOT分析明确了产业发展的机遇和挑战。优势方面包括海南的地理环境、种质资源、原料产地、科技支撑和产业集群优势;劣势方面包括盲目种植、加工能力薄弱和人才缺乏;机遇方面包括政府重视、自贸港建设和中医药产业发展;挑战方面包括槟榔黄化病、加工滞后、负面舆论、产业政策缺失和自贸港建设需求。最后,针对存在的问题,提出了政策支持、科学种植、产品升级和科技创新等建议。

基于可编程控制器的槟榔包装控制系统设计

为解决槟榔自动包装机封口装置存在封口不牢固、包材烧穿等问题,设计了一种基于可编程控制器(programmable logic controller, PLC)技术的槟榔自动包装机封口装置控制系统,以实现槟榔包装的稳定性。介绍封口装置工艺以及控制系统结构,包括PLC、温度传感器、位置传感器、温度控制模块、伺服电机等。封口装置中温度为主要研究对象,同时为弥补传统PID(proportional-integral-differential)控制的不足,改善传统LADRC(linear active disturbance rejection control)控制参数整定困难等问题,提出一种粒子群(particle swarm optimization, PSO)优化改进型线性自抗扰温度控制器,以提高封口装置温度控制的鲁棒性和抗扰性。最后进行仿真和实验研究。结果表明:与传统PID以及自抗扰(active disturbance rejection control, ADRC)控制器相比,加入粒子群(particle swarm optimization, PSO)算法优化后的改进型LADRC方法,可以使系统输出响应、快速性增强,调节时间变短,封口装置实际包装温度误差<0.4℃。可见所述封口装置系统有效提高温度控制精度,一定程度上提升了槟榔自动包装机的生产效率。

利用GC-IMS分析两个槟榔种质雌花挥发性风味物质差异

为研究不同种质槟榔花的挥发性风味物质差异,采集白花和黄花两个槟榔种质雌花,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)技术构建其挥发性风味物质指纹图谱,比较2种槟榔雌花释放的挥发性风味物质组分及相对含量的差异。结果表明,两个种质雌花共检出挥发性风味物质72种,两者挥发性风味物质含量差异主要集中在醇类和酯类。黄花种质雌花的醇类物质中乙醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮、异丁醇均高于白花种质3倍以上。白花种质雌花的酯类物质相对含量是黄花的2.3倍,以乙酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸-3-甲基丁酯为主;白花种质雌花的乙酸叶醇酯、乳酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、丁酸甲酯相对含量也高于黄花种质。相似度和主成分分析表明,根据槟榔雌花挥发性风味物质可以区分两种槟榔雌花。

基于网络毒理学及实验验证探讨槟榔对口腔黏膜下纤维化的影响

目的基于网络毒理学方法和体内实验验证探讨槟榔对口腔黏膜下纤维化的影响及作用机制。方法通过TCSMP和Swiss数据库筛选槟榔潜在活性成分对应靶点,利用GeneCards、Disgenet数据库得到口腔黏膜下纤维化(oral submucosal fibrosis,OSF)疾病相关靶点。将交集靶点上传至STRING数据平台构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(protein-protein interaction,PPI)网络,再采用Metascape数据平台进行基因本体(gene ontology,GO)功能和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路富集分析。采用槟榔水提取液低、中、高浓度干预大鼠口腔黏膜,大鼠开口度、病理形态学、免疫组织化学等检测对网络毒理学结果进行验证。结果网络毒理学结果表明槟榔52个成分中含有587个相关靶点,OSF相关靶点761个,二者交集靶点72个。PPI网络分析结果显示,白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)、细胞凋亡调节因子Bcl-2(apoptosis regulator Bcl-2,BCL2)、表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)、细胞肿瘤抗原p53(cellular tumor antigen p53,TP53)可能是槟榔影响OSF的关键靶点。KEGG通路富集分析获得PI3K-Akt信号通路、AGE-RAGE信号通路、松弛素信号通路、EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药等信号通路。动物实验结果显示,中、高剂量组开口度值较对照组、低剂量组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),HE染色、Masson染色表明中、高剂量组出现不同程度的纤维化病变,免疫组织化学结果提示槟榔水提取液上调IL-6、TNF-α等炎性因子,且呈一定的剂量相关性。结论槟榔可能通过上调IL-6、TNF-α等关键炎性因子以介导炎症反应诱导口腔黏膜下纤维化的发生。

Correlation of Betel Quid with Oral Cancer from 1998 to 2017： A Study Based on Bibliometric Analysis

Background： Betel quid chewing has been a major risk factor for oral cancer （OC） in southern China. This study aimed to analyze the scientific publications on the relationship between betel quid chewing and OC and construct a model to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate pertinent publications from 1998 to 2017. Methods： The publications from 1998 to 2017 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Microsoft Excel, Thomson Data Analyzer, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace software were used to analyze the publication outcomes, journals, countries/regions, institutions, authors, research areas, and research frontiers. Results： A total of 788 publications on the relationship between betel quid chewing and OC published until October 25, 2017, were identified. The top 4 related journals were Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine, Oral Oncology, Plos One, and lnternational Journal of Cancer. The top five countries engaged in related research included China, India, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Malaysia. The corresponding disciplines, such as oncology, oral surgery, pathology, environmental and occupational health, and toxicology, were mainly concentrated in three disciplines. The subject ternas squamous cell carcinoma, OC, betel quid, expression, oral submucous fibrosis, India, and p53 ranked first among research hotspots. The burst terms squamous cell carcinoma, OC, betel quid, and expression ranked first in research frontiers. Conclusions： Research in this area emphasized hotspots such as squamous cell carcinoma, OC, oral submucosal fibrosis, betel quid, and tobacco. The annual number of publications steadily decreased from 1998 to 2017, with a lack of a systematic study from interdisciplinary perspectives, inadequate pertinent journals, limited regions with the practice of betel quid chewing, and insufficient participation of researchers, which indicate that as the prevalence of OC increases, particularly in China, research in this area warrants further expansion.

槟榔产业经济研究综述

为了解槟榔产业经济的研究进展,采用文献分析方法,从槟榔产业发展现状、产业竞争力、槟榔价格形成机制、市场消费状况和产业发展路径5个方面进行梳理和述评,进一步指出槟榔产业经济在生产、市场、分析评价方面研究中存在的不足,并根据产业发展需求,提出研究趋势和展望。