The competition between Bidens pilosa and Setaria viridis alters soil microbial composition and soil ecological function

Bidens pilosa is recognized as one of the major invasive plants in China.Its invasion has been associated with significant losses in agriculture,forestry,husbandry,and biodiversity.Soil ecosystems play an important role in alien plant invasion.Microorganisms within the soil act as intermediaries between plants and soil ecological functions,playing a role in regulating soil enzyme activities and nutrient dynamics.Understanding the interactions between invasive plants,soil microorganisms,and soil ecological processes is vital for managing and mitigating the impacts of invasive species on the environment.In this study,we conducted a systematic analysis focusing on B.pilosa and Setaria viridis,a common native companion plant in the invaded area.To simulate the invasion process of B.pilosa,we constructed homogeneous plots consisting of B.pilosa and S.viridis grown separately as monocultures,as well as in mixtures.The rhizosphere and bulk soils were collected from the alien plant B.pilosa and the native plant S.viridis.In order to focus on the soil ecological functional mechanisms that contribute to the successful invasion of B.pilosa,we analyzed the effects of B.pilosa on the composition of soil microbial communities and soil ecological functions.The results showed that the biomass of B.pilosa increased by 27.51% and that of S.viridis was significantly reduced by 66.56%.The organic matter contents in the bulk and rhizosphere soils of B.pilosa were approximately 1.30 times those in the native plant soils.The TN and NO_(3)^(-)contents in the rhizosphere soil of B.pilosa were 1.30 to 2.71 times those in the native plant soils.The activities of acid phosphatase,alkaline phosphatase,and urease in the rhizosphere soil of B.pilosa were 1.98-2.25 times higher than in the native plant soils.Using high-throughput sequencing of the16S rRNA gene,we found that B.pilosa altered the composition of the soil microbial community.Specifically,many genera in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were enriched in B.pilosa soils.Further correlation analyses verified that these genera had significantly positive relationships with soil nutrients and enzyme activities.Plant biomass,soil p H,and the contents of organic matter,TN,NO_(3)^(-),TP,AP,TK,and AK were the main factors affecting soil microbial communities.This study showed that the invasion of B.pilosa led to significant alterations in the composition of the soil microbial communities.These changes were closely linked to modifications in plant traits as well as soil physical and chemical properties.Some microbial species related to C,N and P cycling were enriched in the soil invaded by B.pilosa.These findings provide additional support for the hypothesis of soil-microbe feedback in the successful invasion of alien plants.They also offer insights into the ecological mechanism by which soil microbes contribute to the successful invasion of B.pilosa.Overall,our research contributes to a better understanding of the complex interactions between invasive plants,soil microbial communities,and ecosystem dynamics.

Antidiabetic Properties of Bidens pilosa and Its Polyacetylenic Compounds for Management of Diabetes: Systematic Review

Bidens pilosa is a member of the Asteraceae family that is widely distributed across the tropics. It has been utilized by different communities both as food and medicinal herb. This plant and its polyacetylenic compounds hold potential as a natural antidiabetic intervention that can be used to combat this global public health problem. Bioactive compounds found in this plant constitute promising interventions for combating obesity which is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. These phytocompounds can work independently or synergistically to modulate appetite, lipase activity, adipogenesis and adipocyte apoptosis. However, the efficacy, mode of action and scope of management of diabetes by these compounds remains elusive. The current review aims to summarize data on efficacy in the management of diabetes, an antidiabetic candidate polyacetylenic compound and possible biological activities as an antidiabetic agent from the available literature. Much emphasis has been directed to cytopiloyne as a representative of polyacetylenic compounds extracted from Bidens pilosa and its activity on diabetic animal models. The majority of the studies conducted on animal models described antidiabetic mechanisms that range from hypoglycemic to secretagogue activity of cytopiloyne in a dose-dependent manner. A clinical trial pilot indicated improved glycemic control of Bidens pilosa formulation among diabetic patients in the study. Bidens pilosa and its compounds are highly potent antidiabetic agent(s) that should be graduated to an intervention for management of diabetes through pre-clinical and clinical trials to elucidate its efficacy and safety.

干旱生境中接种丛枝菌根真菌对三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)光合特征的影响

为阐明丛枝菌根真菌对石灰岩地区适生植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosaL.)光合作用的影响,设置正常浇水(A)、中度干旱胁迫(B)和重度干旱胁迫(C)3个水分处理梯度,比较了不同水分处理条件下接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和未接种三叶鬼针草之间净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度、羧化效率、水分利用效率等特征的差异。结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低三叶鬼针草的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和羧化效率。胞间CO2浓度在处理的前期(7d)因干旱胁迫而降低,在后期随土壤含水量的降低而升高;水分利用效率则是中度胁迫的植株、正常浇水处理植株、重度胁迫植株依次降低。在正常浇水条件下接种G.mosseae对三叶鬼针草光合参数没有产生显著性影响;在中度胁迫条件下,接种植株较未接种植株在水分处理的前28d有更高的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和羧化效率;在重度胁迫条件下,虽然净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和羧化效率接种植株高于未接种植株,但是二者并不显著。研究认为,干旱胁迫对三叶鬼针草光合作用的影响在水分处理的前期表现为气孔因素制约,在后期则主要是非气孔因素的影响;在正常浇水条件下接种G.mosseae对三叶鬼针草的光合作用没有显著性影响,在干旱胁迫条件下,丛枝菌根真菌通过改善三叶鬼针草气孔导度和羧化效率等减弱干旱胁迫对植株的伤害,但是这种保护作用因为土壤水分的严重匮乏以及土壤干旱的时间延长而受到限制。

菊科8种鬼针草属(Bidens L.)杂草种子的鉴别

对菊科 (Compositae) 8种鬼针草属 (BidensL .)杂草种子的识别特征进行了描述。这 8种鬼针草为 :三叶鬼针草 (B .pilosa)、鬼针草 (B .bipinnata)、小花鬼针草 (B .parviflora)、金盏银盘 (B .bitemata)、大狼把草 (B .frondosa)、柳叶鬼针草 (B .cemua)、羽叶鬼针草 (B .maxmowicziana)和狼把草 (B .tripartita)。

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils. Bidens is a new Pb hyperaccumulator, which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb. The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues. The Pb distribution order in the B. was： leaf 〉 stem 〉 root. The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied. The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application. Compared with CK （control check）, EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant. The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg. This research demonstrated that B. maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil, especially, combination with EDTA.

鬼针草(Bidens bipinnata L.)多倍体的诱变

我们用改良琼脂法对鬼针草（ＢｉｄｅｎｓｂｉｐｉｎｎａｔａＬ．）进行多倍体诱变，其诱变率达５５％。多倍体后代Ｂ—９７的生物学特征与对照相比有显著差异。Ｂ—９７叶片面积是对照叶面积的１．５—２倍；果实长度比对照增大１７．５％；气孔器长度约是对照的１．５倍。Ｂ—９７结实极度下降。

Antihyperglycemic effects of the methanol leaf extract of Diaphananthe bidens in normoglycemic and streptozotocin—induced hyperglycemic rats

Objective:To evaluate the methanol leaf extract of Diaphonathe bidem(D.bidenx)(AFZEL EX SW) SCHLTR for antihyperglycemic activity in order to confirm it antidiabetic potential.Methods: D.bidenx was extracted by cold maceration for 48 h and concentrated in vacuo to yield D.bidenx extract(DBE).Hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal administration of slreplozotocin (75 mg/kg).Oral glucose tolerance test was done with 2 g/kg glucose load in normal rats.DBE (150.300 and 600 mg/kg) was administered orally,while tolbutamide(100 mg/kg.p.o.) was used as the standard reference drug.Blood glucose levels determined using ACCUCHEK glucose autoanalyzer. The acute toxicity and phytochemical studies were also carried out.Results:DBF. (600 mg/kg) and tolbutamide(100 mg/kg) significantly(P【0.05,0.005) reduced blood glucose levels of rats between 120 and 480 nun post administration in normal rats.In the streptozotoeininduced hyperglycemic rats,DBE(150.300.600 mg/kg) caused significant(P【0.001)dose- and time- dependent reduction in the blood glucose levels by 1.7%.22.8%and 43.4%,respectively at 480 min compared to the negative control group.DBE(600 mg/kg) reduced the blood glucose level of rats by 1.2%in the oral glucose tolerance test when compared with the normal saline treated group.The acute toxicity test showed that DBE was safe at the doses used and the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins,steroids,tannins and terpernoids.Conclusions:D. bidens extract possess antihyperglycemic activity which may be mediated through pancreatic and extra-pancreatic pathways,thereby justifying it folkloric use.

不同生境中鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)碳氮磷化学计量特征及其营养利用策略

该研究通过野外采样和实验室测定的方法,研究了三种生境中鬼针草叶和根碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征及其与土壤养分的相关性。结果表明:(1)鬼针草的生境具有不同的资源水平。三种生境的土壤全氮(TN)和速效氮贫乏,有机碳(C)和全磷(TP)较充裕;生境Ⅰ土壤TN含量显著低于其它两个生境,生境II土壤TP含量显著低于其它两个生境,生境III土壤TN、TP含量均大于其它两个生境。(2)不同生境的鬼针草对磷(P)分配策略不同。低N生境的鬼针草叶片P含量>根P含量,P较多地分配到植物体地上部分;N、P含量较高的生境中鬼针草根P含量>叶P含量,P更多地分配到地下部分。(3)不同生境的鬼针草其地上部分和根的生长速率不同。低N生境的鬼针草叶片N/P和C/P值小,植物体具有较高的相对生长速率,具有地上生长竞争优势;低P生境的植物叶片N/P和C/P值大,植物体具有较慢的相对生长速率;高N、高P生境中根N/P和C/P值小,根具有较高的生长速率,保证了鬼针草的地下生长竞争优势。(4)鬼针草叶片N/P和根N/P之间呈现不显著的负相关关系,植物地上部分和地下部分为异速生长。不同生境的鬼针草具有不同的营养利用和分配策略,保证了植物强大的竞争力和入侵性。

Constituents from Aerial Parts of Bidens ceruna L. and Their DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity

A new chalcone glycoside, butein-4-methoxyl-4′-O-（6＂-O-acetyl）-β-D-glucopyranoside（2）, along with seven known compounds, namely, quercitrin（1）, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（3）, butein-4＇-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（4）, butein-4-methoxyl-4＇-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（5）, butin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（6）, isoquercitrin（7）, and sulfurein（8） was isolated from aerial parts of Bidens ceruna L. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic studies. Compounds 1-8 were tested for their DPPH radical scavenging activity and, except compounds 2 and 5, other compounds showed scavenging activitv.

Analgesic Appraisal of Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) Leaf Extracts Used in Management of Oral Lesion Pain in HIV/AIDS Patients in Rodents

Oral lesions, diarrhoea, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis and urinary tract infections are some of the opportunistic infections (OIs) which arise when the CD4 cells of the HIV/AIDS patient fall below 200 cells/mm3. HIV/AIDS infection complications include tissue damage from oral lesions accompanied with pains. Pain is a disagreeable sensory and sensitive experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. This condition requires immediate treatment with analgesics and antibiotics. However, the inability of rural dwellers to afford readily available drugs is a consequence for using herbs like Bidens pilosa whose local usefulness in the management of oral lesions of HIV/AIDS has not been proven scientifically. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide the scientific basis in rats for the traditional healers’ use of Bidens pilosa leaves’ extracts in managing pain associated with oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients in South Western Uganda. Assessment of the analgesic effects of Bidens pilosa was conducted using acetic acid in mice, formalin-induced pain and tail flick methods in rats. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Bidens pilosa produced statistically significant dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid induced pain, non dose dependent pain reduction in formalin induced pain, (p < 0.05;student t-test) and non dose dependent tail withdrawal pattern (p < 0.05, Multivariate ANOVA test). Hence, we conclude that extracts of Bidens pilosa have an analgesic basis for their local use in treatment of oral lesions associated pain in HIV/AIDS patients in South-Western Uganda.

Studies on the Anti-inflammatory Activity of Three Extraction Processes of Bidens alba(L.) DC

[Objectives] To compare the anti-inflammatory activities of three extraction processes of the exotic plant Bidens alba(L.) DC in Lingnan(south of the Five Ridges in China).[Methods]The alcohol extracts of B.alba(L.) DC were extracted and separated with petroleum ether,chloroform and ethyl acetate respectively.The anti-inflammatory activity experiment of these three extracts was carried out with the RAW264.7 inflammatory model of mouse macrophages in vitro.[Results]When the concentration was 0.05-1.6 mg/L,the petroleum ether extract of B.alba(L.) DC produced strong inhibitory effects on nitric oxide(NO) release of RAW264.7 macrophages induced by LPS;the inhibition of ethyl acetate extract was weak,and the chloroform extract showed no significant inhibition.[Conclusions]Petroleum ether is the best extractant for active anti-inflammatory ingredients of B.alba(L.) DC.

STUDY ON THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BIDENS BIPINNATA A NEW POLYACETYLENE GLYCOSIDE

A new naturally occurring compound 1-polyacetylene glycoside has been isolated form the n- butanol soluble fraction of the leaves of Bidens bipinnata. The chemical structure of 1 was shown to be 3E, 11E—Diethenylene 5. 7. 9—triacetylene, 1, 13—tridecanglycol-2-O-β-D-glycoside named bipinnatpolyacetyloside according to spectral analyses of UV. IR. FDMS, ~1H-NMR, ~H-~H COSY, ^(13)C-NMR and DEPT.

Comparison on the phytoextraction efficiency of Bidens pilosa at heavy metal contaminated site in natural and electrokinetic conditions

The plant samples of Bidens pilosa were collected from a coal gangue vacant site and its surrounding area,located in central China,to study the remediation effect of the plant species on heavy metal(HM)contamination in both natural and electrokinetic(EK)conditions.The analytical results showed that the effect of phytoextraction and bioconcentration on the heavy metals in the sample of the EK group is more significant than those in the other control group.Compared with the results of natural condition,under the EK condition the concentrations of cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),copper(Cu)and zinc(Zn)in the stems and leaves of the Bidens pilosa increased to 0.40 mg/kg,4.23 mg/kg,7.27 mg/kg,830.24 mg/kg,respectively,with their increments of 292%,1731%,141%,2076%.For root samples,the Cd,Pb,Cu and Zn concentrations increased to 0.52 mg/kg,4.36 mg/kg,10.87 mg/kg,and 98.12 mg/kg and the increase rates were 1034%,140%,29%,and 181%,respectively.The phytoextraction efficiency of the Bidens pilosa was significantly higher than that of control group.The removal efficiency of Cd,Pb,Cu and Zn in soil increased to 26%,72%,27%,and 79%with the EK applied.In addition,the mechanism of HM migration,extraction and enrichment in Bidens pilosa under the EK condition was discussed.

Assessment of in Situ Anthelminthic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Bidens pilosa against Adult’s Gastro-Intestinal Strongyle of Small Ruminants

Infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes are major threats to livestock industry in the developing countries. They cause direct effects in form of loss in production and indirect economic losses due to high cost of anthelmintic drugs. Various alternative strategies are in practice to control parasitism which includes the usage of medicinal plants. This study evaluates the in situ anthelminthic activity of Bidens pilosa ethanolic extract on gastro-intestinal strongyles of small ruminants. Twenty (20) naturally infested goats of both sexes were distributed into 5 groups (n = 4) corresponding to groups receiving Tween 80 at 2.8%, Albendazole at 5 mg/kg and the three doses of extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg). The doses of extract and 2.8% Tween 80 were administered twice daily for 3 consecutive days while Albendazole was administered in a single dose. Faecal eggs count reduction, body weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and total worm count reduction were determined. Results showed that the ethanolic extract of B. pilosa was not effective against adult worms while Albendozole inflicted a 100% reduction of eggs count and total worm count of digestive strongyle. Body weight and PCV remain almost constant. This study indicates that ethanolic extract of B. pilosa at tested doses has no anthelminthic activity. However, further optimization and standardization of the ethanolic extract of B. pilosa could enhance its anthelminthic activity.

Allelopathic Potentials of Some Crop Residues on the Germination and Growth of Bidens pilosa. L.

The allelopathic potentials of the aqueous extracts of rice husk and sorghum stem were examined on the germination and growth ofBidens pilosa. L. The extracts inhibited the germination ofB. pilosa seeds and the growth lengths of its radicle and plumule. In both extracts, the severity of the inhibition increased with the increase in the concentrations of the extracts, indicating that the effects of the extracts were concentration dependent. The results obtained also showed that the degree of retardation appeared to be more pronounced in the rice husks extract-treated seeds than those of sorghum extract-treated seeds. However there were no significant differences （at 5% level） in the comparison of the degree of inhibitions of radicle and plumule growths at the varying extract concentrations as well as those of the control in both extracts treated seeds.

Studies on the Analgesic Activity and Acute Toxicities of Bidens alba(L.) DC

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the analgesic effects and acute toxicities of Bidens alba (L.) DC.[Methods]The alcohol extract of B.alba (L.) DC was extracted and separated with petroleum ether and chloroform successively.The acute toxicities of the two extracts on mice were measured,and then the analgesic effects were measured with writhing pain model induced by acetic acid.[Results]No mice died when the crude dosages of B.alba (L.) DC from petroleum ether extract and chloroform extract were 5 016 and 5 100 mg/kg,respectively.When the petroleum ether extract was 60.0 mg/kg,the percentage of twisted mice induced by acetic acid was 40%,the analgesic rate was 77.5%,and the time of the first writhing was (294.0±165.8) s;when the chloroform extract was 20.0 mg/kg,the percentage of twisted animals was 55.6%,the analgesic rate was 51.5%,and the time of the first writhing was (273.8 ±153.4) s;and when the chloroform extract was 4.0 mg/kg,the percentage of twisted animals was 40%,and the analgesic rate was 62.1%,and the time of the first writhing was (370.6±231.3) s.[Conclusions]The petroleum ether extracts and chloroform extracts of B.alba (L.) DC have good analgesic effects and no acute toxicities.

Hypoglycemic and High Dosage Effects of <i>Bidens pilosa</i>in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus

Ethno-pharmaceutical products have received a lot of international attention in the scientific community in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study we determined the anti-diabetic and high dosage effects of Bidens pliosa in type 1 DM (T1DM). Methodology: Thirty rats were divided into six groups and subgrouped into the extract and non extract treatment groups. The extract treated group was subdivided into three groups which received 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/ kg and 800 mg/kg dosage treatments respectively. The blood glucose levels were monitored using a standard glucometer for one month, and biochemical analysis of the two liver function enzymes;Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were carried out at the Institute of Biomedical Research (IBR-KIU-WC) at the end of week IV. The study revealed that Bidens pilosa maintained hypoglycemia for a period of two weeks and this status was lost in subsequent weeks. T1DM rats treated with a dosage of 200 mg/kg showed a better recovery (355.25 - 164.5 mg/dl) of the glucose levels, followed by those that were being treated at 400 mg/kg. The AST and ALT enzymes in blood varied with a mean ± SEM (33.72 ± 32.32 to -7.23 ± 12.61 IU and 22.98 ± 11.12 to 42 ± 38.2 IU, respectively) in both the glibencimide? and in the 800 mg/ kg treatment groups in the study. High dosages of extract were associated (P = 0.049) with increased systemic enzyme leakage. In conclusion, tissue degeneration caused by high levels of the extract was accompanied by leakage of various enzymes (AST and ALT) into the blood, which could be a major etiological factor for the development of secondary systemic pathologies, thus potentially worsening the effects of an existing T1DM prognosis in human patients. The preliminary results indicate that a dose of Bidens pilosa has an anti-diabetic effect for a limited initial duration before starting to cause systemic toxicological effects. It is highly recommended that further investigation into the cellular mechanisms and consequences of any therapy involving Bidens pilosa be carried out.

Comment on Biden’s 100-Day New Deal

The 100-day administration is an important node by which to measure the ruling effect of the new American president and can be used to examine the implementation degree of his campaign platform,the promotion of major legislation,and important notions concerning internal affairs and diplomacy.President Biden has been in office for over 100 days.As a president amid a deep crisis,his priority is to contain the pandemic,heal the country,and restore the economy,while also focusing on the long-term improvement of American national power to compete with China.Driven by competition with China and by the principle of“serving the interests of the American people,”the Biden administration has focused domestically and externally,aiming to heal the wounds,restore democracy,and maintain America’s global leadership.Although the administration has made some achievements in dealing with the pandemic and alleviating economic and social concerns,it still faces many difficulties in its governance prospects due to domestic political,economic,and social structural problems.

Biden’s Infrastructure Plan and American Long-term Competitiveness

US President Joe Biden signed into law the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act,starting a new round of large-scale infrastructure construction in the United States.Biden’s team calls it a“once-in-a-generation investment”in American infrastructure and competitiveness,which will determine whether the US can win“the competition of the 21 st century.”Biden’s infrastructure plan is in two parts:Build Back Better domestically and Build Back Better World globally.It attempts to improve national competitiveness and restore the foundation of American hegemony by coordinating shortand long-term goals,soft and hard infrastructure,and the internal and external layout.Thus far,there is a big gap between Biden’s ambitious infrastructure plan and its implementation;political obstacles are the biggest problem with Biden’s infrastructure plan.

Biden Administration’s Foreign Policy for the Middle Class

The Biden administration’s political platform,set during the 2020 US presidential campaign,called for"a foreign policy for the middle class"and this has subsequently been instituted as a policy commitment.The new administration’s economic and trade policy targets enhancing US competitiveness,setting rules for economic globalization and keeping good relations with democratic states.Security policy emphasizes diplomatic means over military practices.The foreign policy for the middle class aims to resolve differences in the Democratic Party between traditional Democrats and progressives.It is also crafted to solve domestic and international problems and burnish America’s international image,but it faces an uphill battle if it wishes to restructure foreign policy to serve the needs of the American middle class.