木棉(Bombax ceiba)名称辨析与栽培应用

对木棉的名称进行科学考证,阐述木棉的分布与栽培应用史,综述其在种质资源、纤维应用、药用、观赏及其他应用等方面的研究进展。

Larvicidal activity of Dregea volubilis and Bombax malabaricum leaf extracts against the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus

Objective:To analyze the larvicidal activity of two plant leaf powder and leaf-extracts, Dregea volubilis and Bombax malabaricum against Culex quinquefasciatus.Methods:The larvicidal bioassay was done for powdered leaves of Dregea volubilis and Bombax malabaricum individually and their methanol extracts against first-,second-,third- and fourth-instar larval forms of Culex quinquefasciatus.Mortality rate was recorded after 24,48 and 72 h of postexposure. LC50 and LG90 values were calculated at different time intervals for third instar larvae. Results:All the graded concentration（0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%,0.5%） of powdered leaves showed significant（P 【0.05） larval mortality.The mortality rate was higher in 50 ppm doses of methanolic extracts of both the plants against Culex quinquefaciatus.The corresponding 【C50 values were 56.97 ppm and 48.85 ppm,respectively after 24 h of exposure.There is no mortality of non-target organism such as Chironomous circumdatus,Oreochromis niloticus niloticus and Diplonichus annulatum within 72 h of post exposure to 0.1%,0.2%,0.3%crude powdered leaves and methanolic extracts of both the two individual plants under the laboratory condition.The results of preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of both the plants revealed the presence of many bioactive principles such as steroids,tannins,flavonoids,triterpenoids,saponins,etc. that may be responsible for their bio-control potentiality.Conclusions:The results have shown potential and eco-friendly use of both plant extracts against larva of Culex quinquefasciatus for the first time.

木棉Bombax malabaricum次生木质部导管分子观察研究

对木棉Bombax malabaricum次生木质部导管分子进行了观察研究.在木棉的次生木质部导管分子中存在着许多不同的样式,分别对其进行了描述,并从导管分子个体发育与系统发育的角度进行了讨论.木棉导管分子中还存在着特殊的样式,对其也进行了讨论.

Immunomodulatory and anticancer activity of Bombax ceiba Linn leaf extract

Objective:To evaluate the immunomodulatory and anticancer activity of the methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves in vitro and in vivo.Methods:The antioxidant property of methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves was determined by measuring hydrogen peroxide scavenging and DPPH scavenging activity.The effect on cellular immunity in vivo was determined by measuring neutrophil adhesion,carbon clearance,sheep red blood cell induced DTH response and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression.In vitro anticancer activity was evaluated on human leukaemia cell line(HL-60)by MTT assay,caspase-3 activity,and cell cycle study.Results:The methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves showed antioxidant activity and significantly increased neutrophil adhesion,carbon clearance from blood,DTH response and cyclophosphamideinduced myelosuppression.The MTT assay showed a significant increase in the death of HL-60 cell line.A rise in caspase-3 activity and sub-G1 population in the presence of methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves was observed.Conclusions:The methanolic extract of leaves of Bombax ceiba L possesses anticancer activity,immunomodulatory activity,and antioxidant properties,proving its therapeutic usefulness in the treatment of immuno-compromised diseases and cancers.

A Comparative Phytochemical and Biological Study between Different Solvent Extracts of <i>Bombax ceiba </i>Roots Available in Bangladesh

Use of different solvent systems for extraction of plant materials may cause variation in their bioactivities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the presence of different phytoconstituents and to compare in vitro bioactivities of petroleum ether, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol extracts of Bombax ceiba (B. ceiba) roots available in Bangladesh. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted using specific standard procedure. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content was also carried out. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities were investigated using disc diffusion method and brine shrimp lethality bioassay, respectively. All the experiments were carried out from February 2016 to September 2016. Phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. The methanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and had the highest phenolic (187.42 ± 3.77 mg/g, GAE) and flavonoid content (74.67 ± 4 mg/g, QE) followed by the DCM and petroleum ether extracts. The extracts showed positive correlation between DPPH radical scavenging activity with the phenolic and flavonoid content. All the extracts showed mild to moderate in vitro antibacterial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 7 mm to 13 mm. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the observed LC50 values for petroleum ether, DCM and methanol extracts were 70.72 μg/ml, 37.72 μg/ml and 22.58 μg/ml, respectively which revealed strong cytotoxic potential of the extracts compared to the positive control. The results indicated that B. ceiba roots could be a very potent source of natural radical scavenger and cytotoxic agent.

Single-cell RNA landscape of the special fiber initiation process in Bombax ceiba

As a new source of natural fibers,the Bombax ceiba tree can provide thin,light,extremely soft and warm fiber material for the textile industry.Natural fibers are an ideal model system for studying cell growth and differentiation,but the molecular mechanisms that regulate fiber initiation are not fully understood.In B.ceiba,we found that fiber cells differentiate from the epidermis of the inner ovary wall.Each initiated cell then divides into a cluster of fiber cells that eventually develop into mature fibers,a process very different from the classical fiber initiation process of cotton.We used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)to examine the special characteristics of fiber initiation in B.ceiba.A total of 15567 high-quality cells were identified from the inner wall of the B.ceiba ovary,and 347 potential marker genes for fiber initiation cell types were identified.Two major cell types,initiated fiber cells and epidermal cells,were identified and verified by RNA in situ hybridization.A developmental trajectory analysis was used to reconstruct the process of fiber cell differentiation in B.ceiba.Comparative analysis of scRNAseq data from B.ceiba and cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)confirmed that the additional cell division process in B.ceiba is a novel species-specific mechanismfor fiber cell development.Candidate genes and key regulators that may contribute to fiber cell differentiation and division in B.ceiba were identified.This work reveals gene expression signatures during B.ceiba fiber initiation at a single-cell resolution,providing a new strategy and viewpoint for investigation of natural fiber cell differentiation and development.

不同生境下木棉幼苗叶性状和光合特性研究

植物的叶性状和光合特性会调整权衡分配机制以适应异质生境。以云南勐腊、元江两地的2 a生木棉幼苗为研究对象,实地测定叶面积、叶宽、叶鲜重、叶片含水量等10个叶功能性状和净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等6个光合参数,分析其在不同生境下的差异和相互关系,探讨光合特性对叶性状的响应。结果显示:不同生境下的木棉幼苗叶性状和光合特性之间存在差异(P<0.05),并具有显著相关性(P<0.05,P<0.01);叶性状各观测指标对木棉光合特性具有较强影响,其中叶宽、叶鲜重、比叶面积和饱和重对木棉幼苗光合指标的解释率较高,是影响木棉幼苗光合特性的主要叶性状指标。结果表明,在不同生境下植物叶性状与光合特性的差异性与响应关系显示了植物在应对环境变化下不同的生存策略。

木棉高效组织培养繁殖技术

木棉是木棉科木棉属落叶乔木植物,是我国南方重要的观赏植物,是广州市和攀枝花市的市花,不仅具有较高的观赏价值,还具有有较高的经济价值、药用价值和食用价值。木棉传统的繁殖方式为播种和嫁接繁殖,其种子不易保存、易变质从而降低种子萌发率;而嫁接繁殖成活率更低。因此,本试验开展木棉组织培养快繁技术研究,以木棉种子为试验材料,通过开展对木棉种子不同消毒方法试验,确定最适合木棉种子的消毒方法,获得无菌种苗;并以无菌种苗为外植体,开展不同基础培养基、顶芽诱导激素组合、顶芽和丛生芽诱导和增殖培养基、生根培养基的筛选及炼苗试验,探索最佳基础培养基、激素组合、诱导培养基和增殖培养基、生根培养基及炼苗方法。结果表明:木棉组织培养最佳基础培养基为MS+蔗糖30 g/L+卡拉胶7.5 g/L;木棉种子最佳消毒方法为A_(2):75%乙醇消毒1 min→无菌水清洗5次→50%H_(2)O_(2)溶液消毒4 h→无菌水清洗5次;最佳木棉种子苗顶芽诱导分化幼芽的植物生长调节剂为6-BA+NAA的组合;最佳诱导及增殖培养基为C_(2):MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+IBA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+卡拉胶7.5 g/L;最佳生根培养基为E_(3):1/2 MS+IBA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+卡拉胶7.5 g/L+活性炭0.2 g/L;最佳炼苗基质为沙子∶泥炭土∶蛭石=1∶1∶1。通过对木棉种子消毒方法、培养基的筛选、激素组合及炼苗试验,对木棉组织培养技术进行优化,并建立了高效木棉组织培养技术体系,为木棉种苗离体保存、优良单株扩繁、健康种苗繁育及工厂化育苗提供技术支持,也可为木棉遗传转化体系奠定基础。

木棉花芽分化过程中的形态特征及内源激素含量变化

【目的】木棉(Bombax ceiba)在我国华南地区被广泛应用于园林绿化,其果期飘絮会引发呼吸系统疾病、交通事故等各种问题。探究木棉花芽分化过程中的结构特征变化及主要内源激素含量变化,为利用植物生长调节剂调控其开花从而治理飞絮提供理论基础。【方法】以不同时期的木棉花芽为试材,通过石蜡切片观察分化过程中的花芽形态变化,并测定花芽内源激素脱落酸(Abscisci acid,ABA)、赤霉素(Gibberellin acid,GA_(3))、生长素(Indoleacetic acid,IAA)、玉米核苷素(trans-zeatin riboside,ZR)的含量。【结果】木棉花芽分化过程分为前分化期、花原基分化期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雌雄蕊原基分化期和雌雄蕊形成期。10月上旬可检测到花原基分化,10月中旬萼片原基分化出现,花瓣原基分化在10月下旬,雌雄蕊原基分化及雌雄蕊形成分别可于11月中上旬和11月下旬检测到。木棉花芽分化过程中,ABA和GA_(3)的含量显著高于IAA和ZR的含量,其中ABA和GA_(3)含量整体呈下降趋势,IAA含量先下降后上升再下降,ZR含量先上升后下降;ZR/GA_(3)、(ZR+IAA)/GA_(3)比值整体呈上升趋势,GA_(3)/IAA比值整体呈下降趋势,ZR/IAA比值在花芽分化过程中先上升后下降,ABA/GA_(3)比值呈现“上升-下降-上升”的变化趋势,(GA_(3)+ZR+IAA)/ABA比值在花芽分化过程中表现为前期下降后回升,然后再下降。【结论】木棉花芽分化过程根据其形态结构可划分为六个阶段,在此过程中ABA和GA_(3)含量远高于ZR和IAA的含量,且含量变化与花芽分化过程呈现显著负相关。因此,在花芽分化前期提高GA_(3)水平,或花瓣原基分化期提高ABA水平可能可以起到抑制花芽分化的作用,并减轻因大量飞絮导致的过敏和交通干扰等困扰。

Antihyperglycemic,antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of standard ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves in high-fat-diet-and streptozotocin-induced Type 2 diabetic rats

The present study aimed at exploring the therapeutic potential of standard extract of Bombax ceiba L.leaves(BCE) in type 2 diabetic mellitus(T2DM).Oral administration of BCE at doses of 70,140,and 280 mg·kg^(-1),to the normal rats and the high-fat-diet-and streptozotocin-induced T2 DM rats were carried out.Effects of BCE on blood glucose,body weight,and a range of serum biochemical parameters were tested,and histopathological observation of pancreatic tissues was also performed.HPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS/MS analysis indicated that the chemical composition of BCE mainly contained mangiferin,isoorientin,vitexin,isomangiferin,isovitexin,quercetin hexoside,2'-trans-O-cumaroyl mangiferin,and nigricanside.BCE caused a significant decrease in the concentrations of fasting blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin,total cholesterol,triglyceride,low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,serum insulin,and malondialdehyde,and increases in oral glucose tolerance,high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,and superoxide dismutase in the T2 DM model rats.Moreover,considerable pancreatic β-cells protection effect and stimulation of insulin secretion from the remaining pancreatic β-cells could be observed after BCE treatment.The results indicated that BCE exhibited an excellent hypoglycemic activity,and alleviated dyslipidemia which is associated with T2 DM.Antioxidant activity and protecting pancreatic β-cells are the possible mechanisms involved in anti-diabetic activity of BCE.

Effects of ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves and its main constituent mangiferin on diabetic nephropathy in mice

The present study was designed to explore the mechanism by which ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves(BCE) and its main constituent mangiferin(MGF) affect diabetic nephropathy by combating oxidative stress. Oral administration of BCE and MGF to normal and streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic mice were carried out. Fasting blood glucose, 24-h urinary albumin, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were tested, histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis of kidney tissues were performed. Moreover, mesangial cells were treated with BCE and MGF for 48 h with or without 25 mmol·L^(-1) of glucose. Immunofluorescence, Western blot and apoptosis analyses were used to investigate their regulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. BCE and MGF ameliorated biochemical parameters and restored STZ-induced renal injury in the model mice. In vitro study showed that high glucose stimulation increased oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in mesangial cells. BCE and MGF limited mitochondrial membrane potential(Δψm) collapse by inhibiting Nox4, mitochondrially bound hexokinase II dissociation, and subsequent ROS production, which effectively reduced oxidative stress, cleaved caspase-3 expression and cell apoptosis. Our work indicated that BCE and MGF had protective effects on diabetic caused kidney injury and prevented oxidative stress in mesangial cells by regulation of hexokinase II binding and Nox4 oxidase signaling.

木棉树形结构和叶性状对生境要素的响应研究

植物形态结构是植物本身与外部环境共同作用的结果。为了分析木棉树形结构与叶性状的相关关系,探索地形、土壤和气象要素对木棉生长的影响,以及揭示木棉的生长策略和适应机制,该文以云南省西双版纳国家级自然保护区内230棵木棉为研究对象,测定6个树形结构指标,8个叶性状指标以及所在区域地形、气象、土壤养分等生境要素,使用结构方程模型和变差分解分析各生境要素对木棉树形结构和叶性状的影响和解释度。结果表明:(1)木棉树形结构各观测指标之间、叶性状各观测指标之间存在相关性(P<0.05)。(2)生境要素各观测指标对木棉生长具有较强影响,其中年均降雨量、坡度、平均温度对木棉生长指标的解释率较高,是影响木棉生长的主要生境指标。(3)从标准化路径系数看,3个生境要素对木棉树形结构和叶性状影响具有一致性,均表现为地形要素>气象要素>土壤要素。(4)3个生境要素叠加解释了树形结构和叶性状分别为43.5%和12.3%,表现出树形结构对生境环境的响应大于叶性状对环境响应的特点。研究结果初步探明了木棉不同生长指标对环境要素的适应策略,为木棉在异质生境的培育、繁殖以及木棉人工林高效经营等提供了理论依据和实践参考。

怒江干热河谷木棉种子大小的变异格局

为揭示怒江干热河谷木棉种子大小的变异格局,在该气候区的不同生境采集木棉种子,测定种子生物量、直径用于量化种子大小,并借助回归模型分析种子大小随环境梯度的变化。结果显示:(1)在怒江干热河谷,木棉种子大小呈正态分布;(2)在不同干热区,种子大小依次为轻度干热区﹥中度干热区﹥重度干热区;(3)木棉种子随海拔升高而呈变小的趋势;(4)木棉种子大小的变异性随海拔(或干旱强度)上升不断减小。结论表明,木棉种子大小受到水热条件的选择压力,在稳定的水热环境中木棉种子更大,其大小的变异性也更高。

略论福建木棉业的兴衰史及其原因

历史上,福建木棉业为我国纺织业的发展做出过巨大的贡献。自明代中期以后,该产业经历了由盛转衰的蜕变,其间存在着亟待澄清的历史发展脉络。总结其间的原因与教训,以期能为我国农业发展提供来自历史层面的借鉴。

木棉花瓣中清除羟自由基活性成分研究

以体外清除羟自由基作为活性筛选模型,首先将木棉花瓣95%乙醇提取物分为不同极性部分,比较其清除羟自由基活性,然后将活性较好的部位采用柱层析法初步分离,比较各洗脱物对羟自由基的清除作用,最后将活性较好的洗脱物采用制备薄层层析法纯化得到单体,测试其在不同浓度下对羟自由基的清除作用并鉴定结构类型。实验结果表明木棉花瓣醇提取物中对羟自由基清除作用较强的是无水乙醇溶解部分,该部分经柱层析初步分离共得到12个洗脱物,其中6个洗脱物的清除率均大于80%,采用制备薄层层析法从中分离纯化得到七个单体,其中三个单体的量较多,对羟自由基的清除作用与浓度呈正相关性,二个清除率较大的单体经鉴定结构类型为黄酮类。

In vivo antiplasmodial activity of Bombax buonopozense root bark aqueous extract in mice infected by Plasmodium berghei

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial activity and the oral acute toxicity of the Bombax buonopozense root bark aqueous extract.METHODS: The in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the root bark aqueous extract of Bombax buonopozense against early and established rodent malaria infections in chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei strain in mice was investigated, and oral acute toxicity of the aqueous root bark extract of Bombax buonopozense was also evaluated in mice.RESULTS: The findings of this study revealed significant(P < 0.05) and dose dependent decrease in parasitaemia in the parasitized groups treated with varying doses of the extract(50-200 mg/kg p.o.) in both suppressive and curative tests. There was also significant decrease in parasitaemia density in the chloroquine treated group. The aqueous extract was found no toxicity in mice and the oral LD50 was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg.CONCLUSION: Bombax buonopozense root bark aqueous extract possesses potent antiplasmodial activity and may therefore, serve as potential sources of new antimalarial agents.

不同生境的木棉幼苗生长及光合特性

以广布于元江干热河谷和勐腊热带雨林地区的木棉(Bombax ceiba Linnaeus)幼苗为研究对象,通过分别测定两地木棉幼苗生长量、幼苗各器官生物量分配比以及光合参数等,探讨不同生境下木棉幼苗的生长特征及光合特性。结果表明:除地径增长量外,干热河谷元江地区木棉幼苗的生长性状增长量(P<0.05)及根系发达程度(49.04%)显著高于勐腊地区;此外,除蒸腾速率(T_(r))外,元江地区木棉幼苗光合作用及光能利用率弱于勐腊地区;生长性状与光合特性具有复杂关系,其中株高、地径的增长量与胞间CO_(2)摩尔分数(C_(i))呈现显著正相关(P<0.05),且木棉幼苗对干旱环境具有强适应性。

异质生境下不同径级木棉的表型可塑性研究

植物的表型可塑性不仅能揭示生境影响,还能研判其生长策略。为研究在异质生境下木棉(Bombax ceiba)的表型可塑性差异及其生态适应性,采用Pearson相关分析、LSD差异分析及方差分析法,分析干热河谷和热带雨林地区不同径级木棉的树高、枝下高、冠幅和叶面积等表型数据。研究表明:随着胸径的增加两地木棉叶面积减小,而其他特征均呈增大趋势。西双版纳木棉的树高、叶面积始终大于元江,而枝下高和冠幅在Ⅰ径级和Ⅱ径级木棉时小于元江,随着胸径的增加西双版纳又大于元江。说明光热条件对Ⅰ径级和Ⅱ径级木棉影响较强,而Ⅲ径级木棉对水分的响应更明显,体现了木棉在不同生境下的表型构造的权衡关系。通过研究木棉在不同生境及生长阶段的表型结构和生长策略,可为把握其在异质环境下的生存策略提供科学依据。

The effects of climate and land use change on the potential distribution and nesting habitat of the Lesser Adjutant in Nepal

Climate change and land use change pose a threat to the world’s biodiversity and have significant impacts on the geographic distribution and composition of many bird species,but little is known about how they affect threatened large-sized waterbird species that rely on agricultural landscapes.To address this gap,we investigated how climate and land use changes influence the distribution and nesting habitats of the globally vulnerable Lesser Adjutant(Leptoptilos javanicus) in Nepal.Between 2012 and 2023,we collected distribution data from 24 districts and nesting site information from 18 districts.In a nation-wide breeding survey conducted in 2020,we documented a total of 581 fledglings from 346 nests in 109 colonies.The ensemble model predicted a current potential distribution of 15%(21,637 km2) and a potential nesting habitat of 13%(19,651 km2) for the species in Nepal.The highest predicted current suitable distribution and nesting habitat was in Madhesh Province,while none was predicted in Karnali Province.The majority of this predicted distributional and nesting habitat falls on agricultural landscapes(>70%).Our model showed a likely range expansion of up to 15%(21,573 km2) for the distribution and up to 12%(17,482 km2) for the nesting habitat under SSP5-8.5 scenarios for the 2070s.The range expansion is expected to occur mainly within the current distribution and breeding range(Tarai and some regions of Siwalk),particularly in Lumbini and Sudurpashchim provinces,and extend to the northern portions(Siwalik and Mid-hill regions) in other provinces.However,the current Protected Areas and Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas are inadequate for providing optimal habitats for the species.Although the model suggests range expansion,the use of such novel habitats is primarily contingent on the availability and protection of large-sized trees(particularly Bombax ceiba,observed in 65% of colonies) in agricultural regions where nesting occurs.Therefore,our research suggests that agricultural landscapes should be prioritized in management plans for the conservation of the Lesser Adjutant in Nepal.

干热河谷木棉丛枝菌根真菌鉴定及多样性分析

采集5个不同水热条件流域的木棉根系及根际土壤样品,通过形态学及分子生物学方法鉴定AMF的种类并分析其多样性及不同流域之间的差异性。结果表明,AMF种类分布于7科7属17种,多样性指数从高到低依次为金沙江流域、元江流域、澜沧江流域、怒江流域和珠江流域,表明干旱程度越高,AMF孢子密度越大。属于横断山脉的地区具有相似的AMF物种组成,属于云贵高原的珠江流域具有特殊的AMF组成。主成分分析发现,纬度、海拔、年均降水量、年均蒸发量是影响AMF多样性的第1主成分,经度、年均温度为第2主成分。研究认为与经纬度有关的地带性气候和与海拔有关的局部地形对干热河谷的AMF多样性产生了直接的影响。