Water and Energy Footprint Assessment of Bottled Water Industries in India

Assessment of water and energy footprint for eight bottled water industries was carried out. The investigation showed that one litre of bottled water has a water footprint of 17.41 litres and energy footprint of 7.08 MJ. Water consumption by the industry comprises 61% during material production, 17% in processes, 16% in energy and only 6% in the actual product. Hence, maximum consumption of water is in material production, while the processes required a smaller fraction of the total water and energy consumed. Therefore, water footprint can be reduced through optimization of water consumption in material production.

News about Tap and Bottled Water: Can This Influence People’s Choices?

The pursuit of alternative safe water has increased dramatically the world trade in bottled water. Events happened in Canada which changed the population’s perception about the quality of tap water, despite all government efforts. Media has an important role to pass on information because there is value judgment in its reports. As a result, this study aims to present recent data from two Canadian newspapers of national circulation, which refer to tap water and bottled water. It used quantitative and qualitative data for this analysis. The study concludes that the media, taken into consideration, provides its readers with important information, but the information can also be ambiguous. Nevertheless, it arouses interest in further research about this subject matter and about protecting water resources.

Classification of Various Bottled Mineral Waters Marketed in Djibouti

In this study, nineteen different brands of bottled mineral waters (7 brands local and 12 brands imported) were collected from supermarkets and independent food stores throughout Djibouti. The chemical composition mentioned on the labels of the nineteen bottled mineral waters has made the subject of a first verification by Ionic Balance Error (IBE). It was found out of the nineteen brands selected, 12 brands (2 brands local and 10 brands imported) had acceptable charge balance error. Correlation Analysis (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were used to analyze the data collected from the labels of bottled water. The obtained results showed that the 12 brands of studied waters can be grouped in 4 distinct classes with similar chemical characteristics. Two local and one imported brands have the same chemical composition but marketed under different names. It was observed that the chemical content local water brands were within the normal range prescribed by both WHO and USEPA except five imported water brands that have concentration values Ca, HCO3, Mg and SO4 beyond acceptable standards. Total hardness values classified most of the studied brands from moderate to very hard water.

Evaluation of nitrate and trace elements concentration in drinking water:Bottled,tap and well

Concentrations of nitrate and trace elements such as arsenic,cadmium,chromium,copper,manganese,nickel,lead,selenium,antimony and mercury in 18 different brands of bottled water were investigated.For comparison,samples of tap and well water from three different places of Tehran were also analyzed.UV/VIS spectrophotometer and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer were used for the analysis of nitrate and trace elements,respectively.Results obtained were compared to Iranian,World Health Organization(WHO)and Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)guideline for drinking water.Nitrate concentration in bottled,tap and well water samples were in maximum safe nitrate concentration of Iranian and WHO standards.However,70%of bottled water samples and one sample of tap water were below the standard level proposed by EPA and probably remedial action should be taken.Concentration levels of all analyzed elements investigated in all examined water samples were below the maximum contaminant level prescribed by Iranian,WHO and EPA regulations.

Tap Water versus Bottled Water: A Pilot Study

The aim of this exploratory research and comparative numerical pilot study was to investigate any significant differences in the microbiological content of tap and bottled water through the measurement of risk indicator parameters including Enterococci, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and colony-forming units (CFUs). This study to investigate storage conditions and compare consumer options of public water supply and bottled water using microbiological limits was carried out for public health research. This was a unique pilot study to Northern Ireland with global relevance due to the increase in the bottled water market and the need to address the lack of consumer awareness regarding storage and microbiological content. No E. coli or Enterococci were found in any of the 31 tap or bottled water samples. Three unrefrigerated bottled water samples exceeded the threshold in Colony Counts 22°C & 37°C (degrees Celsius) and failed in line with Drinking Water Directive guidelines. This indicated a link between storage conditions and microbiological quality. No link between prices or microbiological quality was indicated. This research recommends the creation of a regulator for the bottled water industry, the need for clearly labelled microbiological content and daily testing. Water suppliers such as Northern Ireland (NI) Water should promote the quality of tap water. Recommendations are also outlined for consumers. There is no statistically significant difference in the microbiological quality of tap and bottled water in Northern Ireland despite marketing claims.

High-Precision Direct Determination of the ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr Isotope Ratio of Bottled Sr-Rich Natural Mineral Drinking Water Using MC-ICP-MS

Strontium has four naturally occurring stable isotopes,84Sr,86Sr,87Sr,and 88Sr,with abundances of 0.56,9.87,approximately 7.04,and 82.53 atomic %,respectively.The 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio is variable due to the addition of radiogenic 87Sr produced by the beta decay of 87Rb with a half-life of 4.88 ± 0.05 Ga.Thus,

Comparison of Sugar Content in Bottled 100% Fruit Juice versus Extracted Juice of Fresh Fruit

This paper presents findings of an experiment for the comparison of sugar concentration in extracted juice of fresh fruit to that of commercially-bottled 100% fruit juice with a “no sugar added” attribute. The goal of the study was to determine if the sugar content of bottled 100% fruit juice with a “no sugar added” label is equivalent to that of extracted juices of fresh fruits. The reported study was performed to address the potential concern that commercially-bottled 100% fruit juices with “no sugar added” may contain higher sugar content than extracted juice of fresh fruit. The fruit juices that were tested included apple, grapefruit, orange, pineapple, pomegranate, red grape and white grape. All bottled juices and fresh fruits were purchased in Toledo, Ohio, USA during the winter of 2012. The fresh fruits were juiced and three samples were tested for sugar concentration using a Brix refractometer. The same testing protocol was also applied to the bottled 100% fruit juice. Application of the Mann-Whitney test on the experimental data demonstrated no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). The results suggested that the sugar content in the commercially bottled 100% fruit juice with the “no sugar added” label is an accurate representation of sugar content in the freshly-extracted juice of the corresponding fruit.

Concentration of Fluoride and Arsenic in Bottled Drinking Water in Durango City, Mexico

Arsenic and fluoride are elements known to cause human health problems and it has been documented that both elements are found in high concentrations in the Guadiana Valley aquifer, in the state of Durango, Mexico. Since underground water is the source for potable water bottling companies commercialized in Durango City;such high concentrations reduced the quality of bottled water for human consumption according to NOM-041-SSA1-1993. Legislation establishes a maximum permissible limit (MPL) of 0.7 mg/L for fluoride and 0.025 mg/L for arsenic. In this research the main objective was to evaluate the quality of bottled water expended in Durango City with respect to the well from which water is extracted. Findings showed that the highest fluoride concentration was 5.86 mg/L (8.4 times MPL), with 100% of sampled brands exceeding the MPL (range: 1.09 to 5.86 mg/L). On the other hand, for arsenic, the highest concentration was 0.076 mg/L (threefold), with 38% exceeding the MPL (range: 0.001 to 0.076 ppm). Statistical analysis showed significant differences only for fluoride, according to Fisher LSD (Least Significant Difference) test, with an F value of 14.5 at a p value of 0.0005. According to the comparison between the quantified concentrations in bottled water and groundwater, it was found that groundwater was subjected to treatment;however, although a significant decrease in fluoride and arsenic concentration was observed, the removal processes used were not efficient to meet set standards.

Health Risk Assessment for Bromate (BrO₃^–) Traces in Ozonated Indian Bottled Water

For this study, bromide and bromate ions in various commercial brands of Indian bottled water samples were estimated using ion chromatography. The measured mean concentration of bromide and bromate ions in water samples was found to be 28.13 μg/L and 11.17 μg/L respectively. The average level of bromate in Indian bottled water was found to be slightly higher (~ 12%) than the acceptable limits (10 μg/L) recommended by USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). Though, kinetically, it is predicted that 62.5% (6.25 μg/L) of bromide in bottled water is needed to convert into bromate upon ozonation to exceed the minimum acceptable limits, but the average formation of bromate determined to be only 26.77% of the predicted concentration. Bromate concentration in bottled water showed a strong correlation with bromide suggesting that its formation in water is very much influenced and controlled by bromide content. The objective of the present study was to determine the BrO3–) content of commercially available different brands of bottled drinking water in India and to estimate the health risks to population due to ingestion. Results of estimated excess cancer risk and chemical toxicity risk to Indian population due to ingestion of bottled water were presented and discussed.

Increasing Access to Clean Cooking: The Practicality of Pay-Go in Promoting Adoption of Bottled Gas in Kinondoni, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

The majority of the population in developing countries have limited access to clean energy. To increase access to clean energy, the governments and other stakeholders have been working hard to create enabling environments for their adoption and utilization. For the household cooking sector, technological innovations such as improved biomass fuels, improved biomass cookstove, solar cooking, biogas and recently bottled gas service have been or are being deployed to scale up clean cooking. Nevertheless, a good number of the innovations intended for upscaling clean cooking in developing countries have failed to meet the desired goals due to limited support from the national governments or the international community. Pay-Go is among the recent innovations in the East African region intended for promoting the use of bottled gas (liquefied petroleum gas-LPG). This study evaluates the practicality of Pay-Go innovation on bottled gas, popularly known as Pay-as-you-Cook. Specifically, the article examines the evolution of Pay-as-you-Cook, its execution, usefulness and challenges;and its implications on household energy sector development. The study was conducted in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between 2018 and 2020. The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Purposive and non-random sampling techniques were used in selecting respondents. Purposive sampling was used to identify key informants while snowball sampling was used to find household respondents. Information was gathered from KopaGas (Pay-as-you-Cook innovator) headquarter-Kinondoni Morocco;and from Pay-as-you-Cook clients in Kinondoni Moscow, Mkwajuni and Hananasif. Methods of data collection involved semi-structured interviews and observation. Instruments of data collection included interview guides and observation checklists. Data analysis was accomplished with Nvivo 12. Findings show that Pay-as-you-Cook innovation was intended for promoting bottled gas adoption mainly to low-income households. The innovation was discovered to be convenient to many low- income households as it enabled them to use bottled gas for cooking without necessarily climbing the economic ladder. Yet, the innovation presents several challenges which are doubtful to its practicality.

Bottled Water Not Always As Clean As Advertised

美国是世界上为数不多的可直接饮用自来水的国家之一。美国市场上销售的瓶装饮用水更应该洁净而令消费者放心,可是,本文让读者大吃一惊！

EMILIE STECKENBORN Host of’Bottled in China’ Podcast

Listening to Bottled in China,you can immediately grasp Emilie Steckenborn's passion for F&B and,in particular,wine.Steckenborn has lived in China now for almost 10 years and originally came to explore an opportunity working with a wine importer.In addition to the podcast,she has worked with established wine brands and distributors to build wine education programs across China.She shares with us some top Chinese wine producers at the moment,her favorite podcast episode and,of course,her favorite wine(s).

EMILIE STECKENBORN Host of ‘Bottled in China’Podcast

Listening to Bottled in China,you can immediately grasp Emilie Steckenborn's passion for F&B and,in particular,wine.Steckenborn has lived in China now for almost 10 years and originally came to explore an opportunity working with a wine importer.In addition to the podcast,she has worked with established wine brands and distributors to build wine education programs across China.She shares with us some top Chinese wine producers at the moment,her favorite podcast episode and,of course,her favorite wine(s).

Detection of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Plastic Bottles Using Vertical Cultivation at Various Temperatures

Polycarbonate plastics containing bisphenol A (BPA) used to manufacture drinking water bottles. Kurdistan region in northern Iraq is a developed area with increased pollution from plastic bottles. Trace amounts of BPA have been detected in bottled water samples. The absorption of BPA was measured with HPLC using a vertical cultivation system with Bulbs of the Allium Cepa plant planted in these plastic bottles with monitored growth. Vertical cultivation was found to have a low level of BPA in the plant cells, making it a safe cultivation method under specific climate conditions. The mean concentration of BPA in vertical cultivation is 0.19 ug/ml (3.8 ng for a 20 uL injection), and the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) is 0.63 ug/ml (12.7 ng for 20 uL injection). While Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that the concentrations are relatively low in water samples stored at room temperature compared to those exposed to direct sunlight (40°C) and water bottle samples stored at (-4°C), The correlation coefficients were found to be good (0.9992). SEM is used for plastic bottle samples stored at different temperatures. The images identify compound decay and explore the morphology of BPA in manufactured plastic materials.

What We Can Do to Protect Our Environment

think we can do three things to protect our environment.First,wherever we can go,we must stop using plastic bags,boxes and bottles.Factories and shops should be required to use bags,boxes and bottles that instead of plastics.

单模-多模光纤产生系列Bottle beam

提出一种利用多模光纤的多模干涉效应在自由空间中获得多个局域空心光(Bottle beam)的新方法。单模-多模光纤结构是一段多模光纤无偏心地连接到一段单模光纤上,光由单模光纤传输到多模光纤激发产生一系列的LP0,n模,由于多模干涉效应在多模光纤中相互叠加,当入射到自由空间后形成了多个Bottle beam。文中对光束传输过程进行理论分析并利用Matlab进行仿真实验,结果表明在自由空间中可以获得系列Bottle beam。当多模光纤纤芯直径分别为45μm,60μm和90μm时所选择的光场段内的Bottle beam的尺寸大小基本相同(约400μm×20μm),而第一个空间暗域沿轴向两侧相对光强差值分别为0.62,0.41和0.11,可见当多模光纤的纤芯直径越大时所得到的Bottle beam暗域的轴向两侧光强越相近,因此也越有利于囚禁微粒。

A Perspective on Human Exposures to Plastics Additives in Water-Packaging Materials

Plastic and polymer additives (PA) have unique rational advantages for various water and food packaging applications. However, their (bio)chemical natures are recently recognized for their negative human health impacts. The major adverse consequence of these additives in consumer products is in the form of endocrine-disruption related health-downgrades. Such findings still remain underappreciated in most parts globally;part of which could be ascribed to fragmented studies towards better understanding on the occurrence, release and migration, human exposure, epidemiology and risk assessment of PA from packaging materials. In addition there is limited and disconnected dissemination of research findings on PA effects and mitigation measures to society at present. In light of appropriateness of this topic, a trans-disciplinary research agenda is required for addressing exposure routes to PA, human health burden and prevention measures. This perspective article discusses important research questions relating to PA, which try to shed light to a grey scientific area and help increase consumers’ awareness and intervention to such exposures.

Consumer Reaction to the Great East Japan Earthquake

Following the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, the demand for bottled water increased sharply. In this paper, the authors analyze who purchased more bottled water after the earthquake using Quick Purchase Report data. The results are as follows： first, consumers who before the earthquake tended to purchase less bottled water tended to increase the volume purchased after the earthquake; second, the motives for purchasing bottled water after the earthquake differed between consumers in the Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan districts.

素食狮子小泰克

俗话说,大千世界无奇不有。美国漫画家罗伯特·里普利（Robert Ripley,1890-1949）曾于20世纪二、三十年代在多家报纸开辟《信不信由你》（Believe It or Not!）专栏,收集天下奇闻轶事。吃素母狮小泰克便是他挖到的奇闻之一。

Preparation, Characterization and Catalytic Behavior of 12-Molybdophosphoric Acid Encapsulated in the Supercage of Cs^＋-exchanged Y Zeolite

In order to solve the serious leaching problem of supported heteropoly acid catalysts in polar reaction media, 12-molybdophosphoric acid encapsulated in the supercage of Cs^＋-exchanged Y zeolite was prepared by the ＂ship in the bottle＂ synthesis. The influence of ion-exchange conditions and the synthesis parameters on the encaosulation of PMo12 were investigated. The obtained solid sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, 31p magic angle spin nuclear magnetic resonance （MAS NMR） and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy （FT-IR）, and its catalytic activity in the esterification of acetic acid and n-butanol was tested. The ion-exchange time, concentration of aqueous Cs^＋ solution, pH value, and amount of Mo added in the synthesis mixture were revealed to influence the encapsulation very remarkably. Under the optimal conditions, 12-molybdophosphoric acid could be successfully encapsulated in the supercage of CsY zeolite, and the samples showed considerable catalytic activity and excellent reusability in the esterification reaction.