Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid assessment facilitates precision medicine for lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common and fatal malignant disease worldwide and has the highest mortality rate among tumor-related causes of death.Early diagnosis and precision medicine can significantly improve the survival rate and prognosis of lung cancer patients.At present,the clinical diagnosis of lung cancer is challenging due to a lack of effective non-invasive detection methods and biomarkers,and treatment is primarily hindered by drug resistance and high tumor heterogeneity.Liquid biopsy is a method for detecting circulating biomarkers in the blood and other body fluids containing genetic information from primary tumor tissues.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)is a potential liquid biopsy medium that is rich in a variety of bioactive substances and cell components.BALF contains information on the key characteristics of tumors,including the tumor subtype,gene mutation type,and tumor environment,thus BALF may be used as a diagnostic supplement to lung biopsy.In this review,the current research on BALF in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of lung cancer is summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of different components of BALF,including cells,cell-free DNA,extracellular vesicles,and micro RNA are introduced.In particular,the great potential of extracellular vesicles in precision diagnosis and detection of drug-resistant for lung cancer is highlighted.In addition,the performance of liquid biopsies with different body fluid sources in lung cancer detection are compared to facilitate more selective studies involving BALF,thereby promoting the application of BALF for precision medicine in lung cancer patients in the future.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing assay for identifying pathogens in lung cancer patients

Background:For patients with lung cancer,timely identification of new lung lesions as infectious or non-infectious,and accurate identification of pathogens is very important in improving OS of patients.As a new auxiliary examination,metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS)is believed to be more accurate in diagnosing infectious diseases in patients without underlying diseases,compared with conventional microbial tests(CMTs).We designed this study tofind out whether mNGS has better performance in distinguishing infectious and non-infectious diseases in lung cancer patients using bronchoalveolar lavagefluid(BALF).Materials and Methods:This study was a real-world retrospective review based on electronic medical records of lung cancer patients with bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL)and BALF commercial mNGS testing as part of clinical care from 1 April 2019 through 30 April 2022 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.164 patients were included in this study.Patients were categorized into the pulmonary non-infectious disease(PNID)group(n=64)and the pulmonary infectious disease(PID)group(n=100)groups based onfinal diagnoses.Results:BALF mNGS increased the sensitivity rate by 60%compared to CMTs(81%vs.21%,p<0.05),whereas there was no significant difference in specificity(75%vs.98.4%,p>0.1).Among the patients with PID,bacteria were the most common cause of infection.Fungal infections occurred in 32%of patients,and Pneumocystis Yersini was most common.Patients with Tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)therapy possess longer overall survival(OS)than other anti-cancer agents,the difference between TKIs and immuno-checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)was insignificant(median OS TKIs vs.ICIs vs.Anti-angiogenic vs.Chemo vs.Radiotherapy=76 vs.84 vs.61 vs.58 vs.60).Conclusions:our study indicates that BALF mNGS can add value by improving overall sensitivity in lung cancer patients with potential pulmonary infection,and was outstanding in identifying Pneumocystis infection.It could be able to help physicians adjust the follow-up treatment to avoid the abuse of antibiotics.

Value of eosinophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: A case report

BACKGROUND An immediate hypersensitive immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens is one of the main characteristic features of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis(ABPA).As ABPA is an allergic respiratory disease,immunoglobulin E and peripheral-blood eosinophilia have been used as diagnostic indicators.However,eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)has not been considered in the diagnostic criteria for ABPA.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of ABPA in which the eosinophil count in peripheral blood was not increased,whereas the eosinophil percentage in BALF reached 60%.After antifungal and hormone therapy,imaging revealed very good resolution of lung infiltration.CONCLUSION The value of the eosinophil count in BALF for the diagnosis of ABPA is worthy of the clinician's attention,especially when the patient’s clinical features lack specificity and the diagnostic parameters are negative.

Effects of early bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected from dogs with smoke inhalation injury on the lungs of rats

Objective: Whether early massive bronchoalveolar lavage can remove the harmful substances from the lungs injured with smoke inhalation remains uncertain. This study was designed to observe the effects of early massive bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) on the healthy lungs in rats. Methods: Mongrel dogs were inflicted with severe smoke inhalation injury. The injured lungs were lavaged with large amount of normal saline in the first hour after injury and the BALF was collected. The BALF was injected into the healthy lungs of 30 rats (group C) in the dosage of 5 ml/kg. The functions and pathological changes of the lungs were observed 24 h after perfusion with the BALF. The data were compared with those of 23 rats (group B) whose lungs were perfused with the BALF collected from normal dogs and those of 21 rats (group A) whose lungs were perfused with normal saline. Results: The mortality rate 24 h after lung perfusion was higher in group C than in groups A and B. The survivors of group C exhibited fluctuation of respiratory rate (RR), remarkable decrease of PaO 2, significantly higher content of lung water, decrease of total static pulmonary compliance and pulmonary expansion index, and increasse of inflammatory cytokines in the tissues of lungs. Only slight mechanic obstructive effect on the airway was observed in rats of group A and B. The pathological changes of the lungs of the rats in group C were similar to those of the dogs with actual smoke inhalation injury. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the BALF collected from dogs with acute severe smoke inhalation injury in the early stage after injury injured the normal lungs of rats with the bioactive substances in the BALF. These findings show us that it is a valuable therapeutic procedure to apply massive bronchoalveolar fluid lavage in the early stage after inhalation injury.

HPLC Quantification of Dexamethasone Palmitate in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Rat after Lung Delivery with Large Porous Particles

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of dexamethasone palmitate (DXP) in bronchoalveolar fluid lavage samples (BALF). DXP in rat BALFs containing the internal standard (IS), testosterone decanoate (TD), was extracted using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (9:1, v/v). Extracts were then centrifuged, dried and dissolved in acetonitrile. A chromatographic separation based on an isocratic elution was done using acetonitrile and water (85:15, v/v) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The graph of the developed method was linear within the tested calibration range of 0.5 - 40 μg/mL. The overall extraction recovery of DXP from BALF samples was 84.3% ± 1.6%. The accuracy (relative error) and precision (coefficient of variation) values were within the pre-defined limits of ≤15% at all concentrations. This methodology has been applied to determine levels of DXP in BALF samples collected from rats treated with DXP large porous particles. The measured concentrations were successfully evaluated using a non-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Since the developed method requires only a microvolume (100 μL) of BALF sample for analysis, it is therefore particularly suitable for the evaluation of drug biodistribution in lung.

Expression of endostatin in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with lung cancer

Objective To evaluate the expression of endostatin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum in patients with lung cancer,and to analysis the relationship between endostatin expression and clinical prognosis as well as pathophysiological characteristics. Methods The samples of serum and BALF were obtained from 57

2017—2022年山东地区肺泡灌洗液分离菌的构成及药物敏感性分析

目的了解山东地区成人和儿童肺泡灌洗液的分离菌株的构成及耐药性。方法回顾分析2017年1月—2022年12月山东省儿童细菌耐药监测研究协作网(SPARSS)59家网点单位支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中分离菌株的分布及药物敏感性。结果共收集BALF中分离菌12992株,前五位细菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌(16.51%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(14.66%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(13.97%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(9.21%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(6.27%);儿童分离菌占21.44%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌(19.74%)、肺炎链球菌(17.73%)和流感嗜血杆菌(13.60%);成人分离菌占78.56%,主要为铜绿假单胞菌(19.01%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(16.59%)和鲍曼不动杆菌(16.35%)。BALF分离革兰阴性菌占75.0%,成人分离的肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对头孢曲松/头孢噻肟的耐药率分别为36.6%/31.0%和67.1%/61.0%,儿童株为57.5%/62.1%和71.1%/68.1%。成人分离肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率分别为7.7%~8.3%、2.4%~3.3%、16.5%~19.2%和85.2%~85.3%,儿童分离株为15.4%~16.2%、3.2%~4.9%、11.9%~13.8%和34.7%~45.0%,成人CRKP和CRBA的检出率自2017年的1.2%和70.6%升至2022年的12.5%和84.4%。儿童和成人分离的流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药率分别为83.3%和78.7%,BLNAR株的检出率分别为9.3%和12.0%。革兰阳性菌占17.7%,以金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌为主,成人与儿童的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率分别为22.58%和29.73%,分别从2017年的42.3%和36.8%降至2022年的19.6%和26.6%,成人与儿童青霉素敏感的肺炎链球菌检出率分别为97.4%和94.6%,未发现对万古霉素或利奈唑胺耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌。结论2017—2022年山东地区成人与儿童BALF分离菌株的构成和药物敏感性存在较大差异,应加强当地流行病学及耐药性的监测,把握不同人群病原谱和耐药性的特点及变化趋势,以便合理经验用药;加强抗菌药物管理以遏制耐药菌的传播,减轻患者治疗负担。

mNGS在老年社区获得性肺炎病原学诊断的临床价值

目的 分析宏基因二代测序(metagenomic next-generation sequencing, mNGS)在老年社区获得性肺炎(community acquired pneumonia, CAP)病原学检测的临床价值。方法 以收治的112例老年CAP患者为研究对象,比较mNGS与常规微生物学试验(sconventional microbiological tests, CMTs)对病原体的检出效率。采用Fisher精确检验统计及ROC曲线分析其结果,比较mNGS与CMTs的诊断性差异。结果 mNGS对老年CAP患者的总诊断率优于CMTs,差异有统计学意义(94.6%vs. 65.2%,P<0.001);mNGS的检测时间显著低于CMTs的检测时间[(26.3±5.9)h vs.(85.5±6.4)h;t=21.034,P<0.05]。mNGS在细菌、病毒、真菌、非典型病原体的检测例数均高于CMTs。mNGS对混合感染标本检出率为76.4%,明显高于CMTs的60.3%(χ^(2)=6.851,P<0.05)。mNGS与CMTs的病原体检测一致者64例,部分一致者35例,完全不一致者13例。结论 mNGS对老年社区获得性肺炎能检测出更多和更广谱的病原体,且具有重要的临床价值。

肺部感染儿童支气管肺泡灌洗液病原及细胞学分析

目的分析肺部感染儿童支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的病原及细胞学成分,为临床提供诊断及治疗依据方法选取2021年8月至2022年10月于泉州市儿童医院住院治疗的42例患儿作为研究对象,其中23例BALF培养确诊为细菌感染性肺炎的患儿为细菌性肺炎组,19例支气管异物行异物取出术后BALF培养无细菌生长的患儿为支气管异物组。采用液基细胞学沉降法对上述两组患儿BALF进行病理学分析。结果23例细菌性肺炎以肺炎链球菌感染为主,肺部CT易合并肺不张;19例支气管异物以左主支气管异物多见,其中以坚果类异物为主。细菌性肺炎组的中性粒细胞百分比、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平高于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌性肺炎组的淋巴细胞百分比低于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌性肺炎组BALF中性粒细胞百分比高于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组BALF中淋巴细胞百分比、巨噬细胞百分比、纤毛柱状上皮细胞百分比比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论儿童细菌性肺炎以肺炎链球菌感染多见,其BALF细胞学组成以中性粒细胞为主,这为临床诊断及治疗提供了依据,避免临床抗生素滥用。

急性下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原菌特征分析

目的研究急性下呼吸道感染患儿病原菌特点,探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液荧光PCR检测对儿童急性呼吸道感染病原学的诊断价值。方法选择2018年6月至2019年5月吉林大学第一医院收治的急性呼吸道感染住院患儿172例为研究对象,收集其支气管肺泡灌洗液,通过多重实时荧光定量PCR检测其病原体。结果本研究中172例支气管肺泡灌洗液样本致病菌检出有106例,阳性率为61.63%(106/172);排在前三位的病原菌检出率依次为肺炎链球菌26.74%(46/172),流感嗜血杆菌17.44%(30/172),百日咳鲍特菌8.14%(14/172),且不同年龄组的病原菌检出率存在差异,P<0.01。结论急性下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中肺炎链球菌检出率最高,依次为流感嗜血杆菌、百日咳鲍特菌、卡他莫兰汉菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。急性下呼吸道感染患儿的病原菌检出率在不同年龄段分组中存在差异。

老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌培养及药敏分析

目的 分析老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌构成及药敏情况。方法 纳入2022年3月至2023年8月收治的老年重症肺炎患者180例,对患者支气管肺泡灌洗液进行细菌培养和鉴定,采用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)法进行药物敏感试验分析。结果 180例老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液共分离出217株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌141株(64.98%),革兰阳性菌57株(26.27%),真菌19株(8.76%)。革兰阴性菌中肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌分布最广,肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星、复方新诺明的敏感率较高,对哌拉西林、环丙沙星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率较高;鲍曼不动杆菌对复方新诺明、妥布霉素的敏感率较高,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢曲松的耐药率较高;铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟的敏感率较高,对亚胺培南、哌拉西林、头孢他啶的耐药率较高。革兰阳性菌中肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌分布最广,肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利福平、青霉素的敏感率较高,对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率较高;金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利福平、克林霉素的敏感率较高,对青霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素的耐药率较高。结论 老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,不同病原菌药敏分析结果差异较大,临床应根据药敏结果合理应用抗生素。

不同时期RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液SPA表达及与肺功能的关系

目的探讨不同时期难治性支原体肺炎(refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,RMPP)患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中表面活性物质相关蛋白-A(surfactant protein A,SPA)的表达水平及与肺功能的关系。方法选取2021年1月—2023年1月南通市第一人民医院收治的62例RMPP患儿为对象,以同期行支气管镜异物取出术且无肺部感染的50例患儿为对照组。RMPP患儿于急性期、恢复期行支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA检测以及肺功能指标检测[第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV_(1))、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、FEV_(1)/FVC],对照组同样如此。比较三者检测结果差异,使用Pearson分析RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与肺功能指标的相关性。结果RMPP患儿肺泡灌洗液中的SPA急性期(59.82±12.64)μg/L、恢复期(129.91±24.86)μg/L高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。RMPP急性期、RMPP恢复期的FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC(80.95±6.88)%、(88.41±5.75)%较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RMPP患儿于急性期时肺泡灌洗液中的SPA较恢复期低,FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC较恢复期低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RMPP患儿肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论RMPP患儿病情处于急性发展阶段的情况下其支气管肺泡灌洗液中的SPA表达相较病情恢复阶段更低,同时RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与其肺功能指标呈正相关性。

涂阴肺结核患者支气管肺泡灌洗部位CT表现对灌洗结果影响分析

目的 探讨涂阴肺结核患者支气管肺泡灌洗部位CT征象对支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)涂片、培养和Xpert结果的影响。方法 选取528例涂阴肺结核患者支气管肺泡灌洗部位CT征象与BALF涂片、培养及Xpert结果间的关系进行分析。结果 BALF涂片、培养和Xpert的阳性率分别为9.66%、32.39%、58.33%。其中以支气管扩张伴管壁增厚、支气管狭窄、充气支气管征及引流支气管征CT征象所在肺叶/段BALF涂片、培养和Xpert阳性率均高于阴性率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。以空洞、磨玻璃影及树芽征所在部位BALF获得Xpert和培养阳性与阴性结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而以肿块、单纯支气管扩张、支气管闭塞三种CT征象的BALF获得三种结果阳性率与阴性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素回归分析显示支气管扩张伴管壁增厚、支气管狭窄及充气支气管征是获得三种灌洗结果阳性的独立预测因素(P<0.05)。结论 涂阴肺结核患者选择支气管异常改变、空洞、磨玻璃影及树芽征所在的部位进行支气管肺泡灌洗可提高灌洗结果阳性率。

mNGS检测肺泡灌洗液病原体在儿童下呼吸道感染中的应用价值

目的本研究旨在深入探究支气管肺泡灌洗液宏基因二代测序技术(mNGS)在儿童重症或难治性下呼吸道感染病原学检测中的独特优势及其对临床治疗的指导意义。方法回顾性分析江西省儿童医院呼吸内科在2021年10月至2022年10月期间收治的50例重症或难治性下呼吸道感染患儿的临床资料,所有患儿均接受了肺泡灌洗液mNGS检测以及传统方法检测(包括痰培养、肺泡灌洗液培养、血培养、病原血清学检测等)。通过对mNGS及传统方法检测结果的分析和判读,比较不同检测方法的阳性率、病原学分布、监测时间及检测结果的一致性等多个关键指标。同时,我们结合患儿的临床资料,依据检测结果判断病原菌,并据此调整抗感染治疗方案。结果灌洗液mNGS检测的阳性率显著高于传统方法检测(96%vs 52%),且对细菌、病毒、真菌的检测阳性率同样高于传统方法。此外,传统病原菌培养的平均耗时超过72小时,而mNGS的检测时间仅为24小时,检测周期显著缩短。更重要的是,mNGS指导下的抗感染方案调整指导率明显高于传统方法检测(42%vs 6%)。结论支气管肺泡灌洗液mNGS技术的应用能够显著提高重症或难治性儿童下呼吸道感染病原体的检出率,为临床提供快速、准确的病原体检测手段。同时,该技术能够有效指导临床用药,提高治疗效果,降低死亡率,为儿童重症或难治性下呼吸道感染的诊疗提供了新的有力工具。

2019—2023年四川地区支气管肺泡灌洗液分离细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解四川地区2019—2023年支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)分离细菌的分布和耐药情况,为临床抗菌药物选择提供参考。方法按照全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)技术方案对细菌进行鉴定和药敏试验(包括纸片扩散法及自动化仪器法),按CLSI M1002022年版标准判读结果。结果共收集26575株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌83.2%,革兰阳性菌16.8%。主要细菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌(19.8%)、铜绿假单胞菌(18.5%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(12.3%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(7.7%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(6.7%)。药敏结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌中未检出万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺耐药株,甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为32.5%。肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率为1.5%,对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率>90%。流感嗜血杆菌β内酰胺酶检出率为63.3%,对左氧氟沙星敏感率>90%。大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率低于5%,对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦均<15%。肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率逐年升高,从2019年的11.1%上升至2023年的19.1%。鲍曼不动杆菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率>50%。铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类药物耐药率约15%。结论四川地区BALF标本分离菌以革兰阴性菌为主,耐药率呈上升趋势。针对下呼吸道感染病例,临床应当提高高质量BALF标本的送检率,并且重视病原菌的监测,及时了解呼吸道感染部位病原菌分布及对抗菌药物耐药性,为临床科学的经验性治疗提供依据。

血清IL-17联合血清GM试验和BALF-GM试验对ICU侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的诊断价值

目的通过监测ICU内具有真菌侵袭高风险的肺部感染患者血清IL-17水平、血清半乳甘露聚糖(GM)试验及肺泡灌洗液(BALF)-GM试验变化,探索联合检测对于早期诊断ICU侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)的价值。方法选择60例肺部感染且具有真菌感染相关危险因素的患者,将其分为2组,试验组为确诊+临床诊断IPA组(30例);对照组为拟诊IPA组(30例)。分别进行年龄、危重度评分、血常规(淋巴细胞绝对值)、血清IL-17水平、血清GM试验、BALF-GM试验、BALF真菌培养鉴定和细胞学检测以及肺部影像学检查,并采集数据。应用电化学发光法检测各组血清IL-17水平,采用酶联免疫吸附试验进行GM试验检测。应用logistic回归分析及绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),分析血清IL-17水平、血清GM试验以及BALF-GM试验诊断IPA的效能;进一步评估3种指标联合检测对早期诊断IPA的效能。两两指标联合为血清GM试验联合BALF-GM试验、血清IL-17联合血清GM试验、血清IL-17联合BALF-GM试验。结果试验组患者血清IL-17、血清GM试验以及BALF-GM试验水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);logistic回归分析及ROC曲线分析结果显示,血清IL-17联合BALF-GM试验对IPA诊断的灵敏度为86.7%,特异度为80.0%,曲线下面积为0.852,高于血清IL-17联合血清GM及血清GM联合BALF-GM检测。结论IPA患者血清IL-17高表达,且与BALF-GM试验联合检测,能提升IPA的早期诊断价值。

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网在儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎中的意义

目的探讨中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)在儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎(SMPP)发生、发展中的作用,并评价其对SMPP的预测价值。方法选择2023年10月至12月兰州大学第二医院收住院的肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)患儿为研究对象,分为非重症组(MPP组,n=45例)和重症组(SMPP组,n=39)。采用ELISA检测2组患儿血清中NETs质量浓度。分别收集SMPP组患儿的患侧肺及健侧肺肺泡灌洗液(BALF),采用ELISA检测BALF中NETs质量浓度。结果MPP与SMPP患儿血清中NETs质量浓度比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。SMPP组患侧肺BALF中的NETs质量浓度高于健侧肺(P<0.001)。SMPP组血清中NETs质量浓度高于BALF(P<0.001)。血清中NETs质量浓度预测SMPP的受试者操作特征曲线下面积(ROC AUC)为0.892(95%CI 0.810~0.963,P<0.001),灵敏度为0.821,特异度为0.875,截断值为17.24 ng/mL;血清中NETs联合C-反应蛋白(CRP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)预测SMPP的ROC AUC为0.974(95%CI 0.946~1.000,P<0.001),灵敏度为0.923,特异度为0.950。结论MPP患儿中过度激活的NETs可能与SMPP的发生及SMPP的局部肺损伤有关。检测MPP患儿血清中NETs、CRP、LDH水平可有效预测SMPP,其中以联合预测的效能最优。

四川地区24例鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎的临床特点及治疗分析

目的分析四川地区鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎患者的临床特征及治疗方案,为临床诊治提供参考。方法对成都市第二人民医院2020年12月至2023年2月收治的通过宏基因二代测序(mNGS)确诊的24例鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎患者进行回顾性分析。结果患者主要以发热为首要表现,其他临床症状包括畏寒、寒战、头晕、头痛、乏力、咳嗽、咳痰、肌肉酸痛等,主要并发症为急性呼吸衰竭和肝功能不全,胸部CT多呈单侧肺叶炎性改变,一半以上患者出现胸腔积液。采用多西环素、氟喹诺酮类单药或联合用药的方案进行抗感染治疗后预后良好,联合用药在退热时间上优于单药治疗,但是不能缩短住院时间和用药疗程。结论鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎患者多有鸟类接触史。对不明原因社区获得性肺炎患者应仔细询问其流行病学史,同时结合患者的临床表现、实验室检查和影像学检查对疑似鹦鹉热的患者尽早通过mNGS技术进行辅助诊断。多西环素和氟喹诺酮类药物在鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎患者的治疗中有效,联合用药能使患者体温更快恢复正常。

宏基因组二代测序对肺部感染分枝杆菌的诊断价值

目的探讨肺泡灌洗液(BALF)行宏基因组二代测序技术(mNGS)检测在肺部感染病人分枝杆菌诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2021年10月—2023年4月在青岛大学附属医院呼吸科因肺部感染住院的281例病人临床资料和BALF病原体检出情况。结果281例BALF样本的检测阳性率为95.02%。共检测出105种微生物,其中副流感嗜血杆菌(45.20%)是最常见的检出菌种,其次为肺炎链球菌(44.48%)和假肺炎链球菌(32.38%);检测出分枝杆菌63例,总阳性率为22.42%,其中结核分枝杆菌复合群(MTBC)38例,鸟-胞分枝杆菌复合群(MAC)22例,堪萨斯分枝杆菌、慢生黄分枝杆菌和脓肿分枝杆菌各1例。MTBC的检测结果因年龄而异(χ^(2)=10.992,P<0.05);在MAC的检测中,性别差异明显(χ^(2)=9.483,P<0.01)。在MTBC和MAC分枝杆菌复合群阳性病人中,检测到的合并感染类型存在差异(χ^(2)=9.222,P<0.05)。结论mNGS可以提供快速的病原学诊断,在分枝杆菌的诊断方面具有潜力,有助于精准治疗。

T淋巴细胞在脓毒症大鼠血清及肺部的分布特征

目的研究T淋巴细胞在脓毒症大鼠血清及肺部的分布特征。方法20只SPF级SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham)24 h、Sham 48 h、脓毒症组(CLP)24 h和CLP 48 h。采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)建立脓毒症模型。分别在造模后24、48 h留取各组大鼠外周血、支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF),并进行CD3^(+)T及CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞流式检测。留取肺组织苏木精-伊红(HE)染色光镜观察大鼠肺组织病理变化,并行肺损伤病理评分。结果与Sham组相应时间点比较,CLP组血清CD3^(+)T及CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞比例在CLP后24 h及48 h均减低(均P<0.05);Sham组和CLP组血清CD3^(+)及CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞在CLP后48 h较24 h均有不同程度增生,但CLP组增生程度较Sham组减低(均P<0.05)。与Sham 24 h比较,CLP 24 h大鼠BALF中CD3^(+)及CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞比例明显减低(均P<0.05);与CLP 24 h比较,CLP 48 h BALF中CD3^(+)及CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞比例明显升高(P<0.05)。病理观察显示,各组大鼠均有不同程度肺损伤改变,CLP 24 h组大鼠肺损伤评分更高(P<0.05),可见大量炎症细胞浸润、肺间质充血水肿、肺泡出血等改变。结论大鼠血清及肺部T淋巴细胞在脓毒症中后期增生被抑制;血清CD3^(+)及CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞水平从一定程度上可以反映肺组织水平;脓毒症肺脏损伤情况越重,BALF中T淋巴细胞增生趋于减低。