Indoor Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate and Chlorantraniliprole Against Spodoptera litura and Their Residues on Lotus Plants

Spodoptera litura is the most threatening pest in lotus production,seriously affecting the lotus yield and quality.Emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole,the main insecticides for controlling S.litura on vegetables,are widely used by farmers to control S.litura on lotus plants.To determine the application concentrations,control effects,and safety of the two insecticides in lotus fields,indoor experiments were conducted to determine the control effects of 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole(SC)and 5%emamectin benzoate(WDG),and the residues of the two insecticides in the water,lotus leaves,and lotus seeds after field application were determined by HPLC-MS/MS.The indoor experiment results showed that chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate both had good control effects on S.litura,with the median lethal concentrations(LC50)of 17.700 and 1.694 mg/L,respectively.After unmanned aerial vehicle spraying of emamectin benzoate at 20 g/667m^(2),there was no residue of emamectin benzoate in the water or lotus leaves after 5 d.After spraying of chlorantraniliprole at 20 mL/667m^(2),the residual amounts in the water and lotus leaves after 9 d were 0.005 and 0.007 mg/L,respectively.No residue of the two insecticides was detected in lotus seeds(dry and fresh)2 h after spraying.Therefore,it was recommended that chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate can be used to control S.litura in lotus fields during the growth period,while attention should be paid to the application interval for safety.Considering the safe harvesting of lotus seeds and leaves,it was recommended that the preharvest intervals of chlorantraniliprole and 5%emamectin benzoate should be 9 d.

The study of pesticide-fertilizer combination prepared with biochar and chlorantraniliprole and its effectiveness in controlling fall armyworms

In this research,a pesticide-fertilizer combination(PFC)was fabricated using chlorantraniliprole and biochar.The PFC had a spherical shape,smooth surface,uniform particles,relatively dense structure and good compression resistance.The adsorption propertie of biochar to chlorantraniliprole was investigated.During the preparation of pelleted granules,the types and concentrations of corefillers and adhesives were screened and optimized.Besides,the safety to maize and effectiveness against fall armyworms of PFC had been investigated.Meanwhile,The PFC could promoted growth of maize significantly and control fall armyworm effectively.This work provides a promising approach to slow the release of chlorantraniliprole,which has a potential application to enhance the pesticides efficiency.

Biochemical Mechanism of Chlorantraniliprole Resistance in the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus

The insecticide chlorantraniliprole exhibits good efifcacy and plays an important role in controlling the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus. However, resistance to chlorantraniliprole has been observed recently in some ifeld populations. At present study, diamondback moths with resistance to chlorantraniliprole （resistant ratio （RR） was 82.18） for biochemical assays were selected. The assays were performed to determine potential resistance mechanisms. The results showed that the selected resistant moths （GDLZ-R） and susceptible moth could be synergized by known metabolic inhibitors such as piperonyl butoxide （PBO）, triphenyl phosphate （TPP） and diethyl-maleate （DEM） at different levels （1.68-5.50-fold and 2.20-2.89-fold, respectively）, and DEM showed the maximum synergism in both strains. In enzymes assays, a high level of glutathione-S-transferase （GST） was observed in the resistant moth, in contrast, moths that are susceptible to the insecticide had only 1/3 the GST activity of the resistant moths. The analysis of short-term exposure of chlorantraniliprole on biochemical response in the resistant strain also showed that GST activity was signiifcantly elevated after exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of chlorantraniliprole （about 1/3 LC50, 12 mg L-1） 12 and 24 h, respectively. The results show that there is a strong correlation between the enzyme activity and resistance, and GST is likely the main detoxiifcation mechanism responsible for resistance to chlorantraniliprole in P. xylostella L., cytochrome P450 monooxygenase （P450） and carboxy-lesterase （CarE） are involved in to some extent.

The Sublethal Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole to Helicoverpa armigera （Hiibner） larvae were evaluated through exposure of third instar larvae to the insecticide incorporated into an artificial diet. When larvae were fed on the insecticide-containing diet for 7 d, the LC10, LC20, LC40, and LC50values were 3.790, 7.977, 21.577, and 33.121 μg active ingredient L^-1, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole at sublethal concentrations significantly reduced the larval body mass, emergence ratio, adult longevity and egg hatching rate in both the parental and offspring generations. The pupation and copulation rate in the parental generation and the pupal mass in the offspring also strongly decreased. Reproduction was seriously disturbed in both the parental and offspring groups even when only one of the partners was exposed to chlorantraniliprole at larval stages. However, at the lowest concentration of exposure （LC^0）, offspring fecundity was strongly reduced only when both partners were exposed. The net reproductive rate （R0）, intrinsic rate of increase （rm）, and gross reproduction rate （GRR） at LC20, LC40 concentrations were significantly lower than that of the control. Post-exposure effects also included an extended larval developmental time and increased male proportion in both generations. The doubling time （Dt） at LC20, LC40 concentrations as well as gross reproduction rate （GRR） at LC10 concentration were also significantly increased. Chlorantraniliprole might have significant effects on H. armigera population dynamics even at sublethal concentrations on both parental and offspring generations.

Evaluation of Lethal Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on Chilo suppressalis and Its Larval Parasitoid, Cotesia chilonis

Chlorantraniliprole was introduced into China from 2008 as a novel insecticide to control the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis （Walker）. Cotesia chilonis （Matsumura） is the major parasitoid of C. suppressalis. We collected seven populations of C. suppressalis and two populations of C. chilonis in different locations in China in 2009 to investigate the lethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on them. The populations of C. suppressalis from different regions showed various LD50 values ranging from 2.00 to 18.70 ng per larva. Chlorantraniliprole has negligible acute contact toxicity （LC50500 mg L-1） to C. chilonis and its oral toxicity is also much lower than that of fipronil （2 800-fold difference in LC50）. The results indicated that chlorantraniliprole is a good alterative in rice integrated pest management （IPM） programs. The susceptibility data of C. suppressalis will be useful for monitoring resistance levels in future.

Development and validation of an analytical method for detecting chlorantraniliprole residues in fresh tea leaves

An efficient method using multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)as dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbent was established for determining chlorantraniliprole residues in fresh tea leaves,which are known to be a troublesome matrix containing abundant pigments,via gas chromatography with an electron capture detector.Acetonitrile was used as the extraction solvent,with sodium chloride enhancing the analyte partition in the organic phase.The optimal mixture of MWCNTs and primary secondary amine(PSA)was based on the distribution of the target analyte recovery and on the clean-up efficiency;while matrix-matched calibration was recommended to combat the matrix effect.Mean recoveries of 95.2%–108.8%were obtained with intraday and interday precisions of less than 7.9%and 10.3%,respectively.Good linearity was observed for concentrations of 0.02–1.0 mg/kg with a correlation coefficient of 0.9984.The limits of detection and quantification were 0.005 mg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg,respectively.The method was employed to investigate the dissipation dynamics of chlorantraniliprole in fresh tea leaves with real field samples.Consequently,the dissipation rates of chlorantraniliprole in fresh tea leaves followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a half-life of 1.9 d,and the average chlorantraniliprole residue content was below 0.02 mg/kg with a harvest withholding period of 14 d.

Synthesis and Insecticidal Activities of Novel Analogues of Chlorantraniliprole Containing Nitro Group

Twelve novel analogues of chlorantraniliprole containing nitro group were synthesized,and their structures were characterized by 1H NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry（HRMS）.Their evaluated insecticidal activities against oriental armyworm（Mythimna separata） indicate that the nitro-containing analogues showed favorable insecticidal activities,while the activity of compounds 5g at 0.25mg/L was 40%,but still lower than chlorantraniliprole.

杀虫剂chlorantraniliprole合成新方法

改进杀虫剂chlorantraniliprole合成方法,以3-溴-1-(3-氯-2-吡啶基)-1H-吡唑-5-羧酸、2-氨基-5-氯-3-甲基苯甲酸为原料,使用光气/3-甲基吡啶体系催化进行合环反应,最后与一甲胺反应生成目标化合物chlorantraniliprole,其结构经过1H NMR确证。在最佳的光气用量、合环反应温度条件下的总收率为81.4%,高效液相纯度为96.4%。改进后的合成方法反应条件温和,反应时间短,后处理简单,三废较少;原料廉价易得,经济可行性高。

Molecular characterization of the ryanodine receptor from Adoxophyes orana and its response to lethal and sublethal doses of chlorantraniliprole

The insect ryanodine receptor(RyR)is a novel target of the anthranilic and phthalic insecticides,which have high activity against lepidopteran insects.Several diamide insecticides have been used to control pests in orchards in China.To enhance our understanding of the effects of diamides on RyRs,full-length cDNAs were isolated and characterized from the summer fruit tortrix moth,Adoxophyes orana,which is the most severe pest of stone and pome trees worldwide.In addition,the modulation of AoRyRmRNA expression by diamide insecticides was investigated.The AoRyRmRNA obtained had an open reading frame(ORF)of 15402 bp nucleotides encoding 5113 amino acids,and shared high and low identity with its orthologs in other insects and mammals of 77–92 and 45–47%identity,respectively.One alternative splice site with two exclusive exons was revealed in AoRyR(a/b).The usage of exon was more frequent in eggs and larvae than in pupae and adults.Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR(qRT-PCR)showed that AoRyRmRNA was expressed at all developmental stages,especially in eggs,male pupae and male adults.The expression levels of AoRyRmRNA in the whole body were up-regulated markedly after 3 rd instar larvae were treated with chlorantraniliprole at LC_(10),LC_(20)and LC_(50)dosages.The results could provide the basis for further functional studies of Ao Ry R and for the development of new chemicals with selective activity against insects.

The Effect and Benefit of Rice Chilo suppressalis Walker Chemical Control Test of Chlorantraniliprole etc.

In this paper, the first generation and second generation of Chilo suppressalis Walker were conducted as the test objects to investigate control of a new pesticide(chlorantraniliprole) with preparation of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC,abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC to Chilo suppressalis Walker. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos40% EC had effective control to Chilo suppressalis Walker for its excellent control efficacy and long persistence period. Seedling protection efficacies were between84.2%-100%, 90.1% and 92.1%, and insecticidal efficacies were between 84.6%-100%,90.7% and 93.8% 36 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC in treatments with abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for first generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. The dead panicles were between 0.2%-1.4%, 0.8%and 0.7%, pest plant rate control in 0.4%-2.2%, 1.1% and 0.9%, and the rates of damaged rice plants were between 82.4%-97.6%, 90.2%-91.2% and 91.4%-92.8%,30 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for the second generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. It can effectively protect seedlings, protect spike, increase grain number and grain weight, which promoting the increase production income effect. The real estate increased by 9.7%-12.3%, 10.9% and 11.2% than water treatment(CK) with a very significant level, while the incomes were higher than 1 719.19-1 998.22, 1 956.52 and 2 057.83 yuan.

Evaluation of the toxic effect of insecticide chlorantraniliprole on the silkworm Bombyx mori(Lepidoptera:Bombycidae)

The silkworm Bombyx mori feeds exclusively on mulberry leaves and is highly sensitive to pesticides in general. Although mulberry plantations are free of agrochemicals, pesticide drift can occur. Chlorantraniliprole, a novel insecticide of the anthranilic diamides class, has been used to control pests in field crops. In this study, we investigated the biological effects of different concentrations of chlorantraniliprole on B. mori silkworm commercial Brazilian hybrids. To evaluate the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole, bioassays were carried out and data on the lethal concentrations, symptomatology, morphology and variables of silk production were collected. Results indicated that B. mori is extremely sensitive to chlorantraniliprole, even in low concentrations. The highest silkworm mortality rates were observed in the two highest chlorantraniliprole concentrations, 0.2 and 0.1 ppm. Although lower chlorantraniliprole concentrations did not cause death of all the silkworm larvae, various symptoms of toxicity were observed: feeding cessation, regurgitation, late development and incomplete ecdysis. Such symptoms reflect the morphological changes we observed in the midgut epithelium, which affected nutrient uptake and metabolism, and even the production of cocoons. Exposed larvae also produced?thin-shelled cocoons, which constitutes a serious economic problem because this type of cocoon is not useful for the silk industry. The results provided herein confirm the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole in silkworm larvae. Therefore, we strongly suggest that, competent authorities of the National Health Surveillance Agency, in pesticide management should take measures to reduce or eliminate the use of chlorantraniliprole in areas nearest to silkworm cultivation.

Chlorantraniliprole exposure aggravates high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice by regulating gut microbiota and its metabolites

Food contaminants,particularly insecticides,are important factors contributing to obesity and other adverse effects.As the most widely used diamide insecticide worldwide,chlorantraniliprole(CP)is ubiquitous in food and the environment.However,the influence of CP on obesity and the gut microbiota remains unknown.In this study,we administered CP/carboxymethyl cellulose sodium to C57BL/6J mice with a high-fat diet(HFD)via gavage for 13 weeks.The CP exposure induced significant increases in body weight gain,fat mass,serum total cholesterol(TC),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C).Moreover,CP aggravated the imbalance in the gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of obesity-associated bacteria and reducing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria.Based on untargeted metabolomics analysis,CP was found to be involved in the regulation of pathways including Alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism and Arginine and proline metabolism.Notably,CP exposure primarily induced alterations in microbial metabolites within these pathways,such as L-(+)-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid.Additionally,individual metabolites,such as the lipid mediator(oleoyl ethanolamide),also demonstrated alterations upon CP exposure.Furthermore,Spearman correlation analysis revealed several noteworthy associations between microbial alterations,metabolite changes,and phenotypes.The results of the study demonstrate a connection between microbiota,metabolites,and the effects of CP exposure on HFD-induced obesity,elucidating the critical role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the toxic effects of CP.

Effects of concentration, distance, and application methods of Altriset （Chlorantraniliprole） on eastern subterranean termite （Isoptera： Rhinotermitidae）

The effects of various concentrations, distance, and application methods of Altriset （Chlorantraniliprole） were investigated against one of the most destructive termites, the eastem subterranean termite, Reticulitermesflavipes Kollar. Three laboratory experiments were conducted. First, we examined the concentration effect of treating the soil contiguously to established foraging tunnels at a fixed 1 m distance. The results demonstrated 100% termite control in 19 d posttreatment at 100 and 50μg/g and 27% termite mortality at 25μg/g. Second, we tested the distance effect of the soil treatment （2 and 4 m） on the efficacy of Altriset to the satellite termite populations at a fixed 50/zg/g concentration. This resulted in 100% termite control in 22 d posttreatment at both 2 and 4 m. Third, we examined the effect of differing application methods using 12.5 and 25μg/g prior to the establishment of foraging tunnels at a fixed 1 m distance. This illustrated 100% termite control in 9 d posttreatment at 25μg/g and 12 d posttreatment at 12.5μg/g. The third experiment demonstrated soil treatments that were applied prior to termite tunnel establishment had greater efficacy than applications made post tunnel construction. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding about the efficacy of Altriset treatments on eastern subterranean termites.

Integrating flood depth and plant resistance with chlorantraniliprole seed treatments for management of rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）

Chlorantraniliprole seed treatments in rice provide effective suppression of rice water weevil populations in the United States; however, heavy reliance on prophylac- tic insecticide treatments as a sole strategy could destabilize management programs for this insect. The present research evaluated the compatibility of seed treatments with two other potential management tactics--plant resistance and shallow flooding-by conducting two split-plot experiments in 2009 and 2011. In both experiments, no substantial antago- nism was found among the 3 different tactics. Statistical interactions in these experiments arose from the strong and persistent effects of chlorantraniliprole on larval densities rather than incompatibility of tactics. In 2009, weevil densities differed among varieties and were significantly lower on the cultivar ＂Jefferson.＂ In 2011, weevil densities were reduced sig- nificantly in shallow-flooded plots compared to deep-flooded plots. Significant reductions in weevil numbers by chlorantraniliprole seed treatments, even at application rates 5 fold lower than commercially recommended rates, demonstrated the potential to reduce appli- cation rates of this highly potent larvicide. These latter results suggest that future studies on the relationship between chlorantraniliprole seed treatment rate and weevil fitness are warranted.

Effects of Pesticide Applications on the Biochemical Properties of Transgenic cry 2A Rice and the Life History Parameters of Nilaparvata lugens Stl (Homptera: Delphacidae)

Effects of transgenic Bt rice on non-target pests following pesticide applications plays an important role in evaluating the ecological safety of transgenic rice. Changes of the life history parameters of laboratory population of Nilaparvata lugens feeding on transgenic Bt rice T2A-1 and its parental line cv. MH63 as the control, and the contents of oxalic acid and soluble sugar following three pesticides （triazophos, jinggangmycin and chlorantraniliprole） treatments were investigated in this paper. Results showed that the population parameters of N. lugens and the physiological and biochemical parameters of rice did not differ significantly between T2A-1 and MH63 without pesticide application. But, the emergence rate （ER）, the nymphal number of next generation （NN）, and the index of population trend （IP） on T2A-1 treated with 10 mg L^-1 of triazophos were significantly higher than those on MH63, respectively, while the hatchability （HB） on T2A-1 treated with the three pesticides were obviously lower than those on MH 63. Furthermore, the content of oxalic acid in MH63 treated with 20 mg L-1 triazophos and, 40 and 80 mg L-1 chlorantraniliprole was significantly higher than that in T2A-1, while the content of soluble sugar in T2A-1 treated with 400 mg L-1 jinggangmycin was significantly higher than that in MH63. The results above indicated that triazophos in a low dose could cause a more favor of T2A-1 to population growth of N. lugens compared with MH 63.

Comparative Efficacies of Next-Generation Insecticides Against Yellow Stem Borer and Their Effects on Natural Enemies in Rice Ecosystem

The efficacies of some next-generation insecticides against the rice yellow stem borer(YSB),Scirpophaga incertulas(Walk.), and their compatibilities with natural enemies were investigated during 2014 and 2015. Three newer insecticides, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, dinotefuran 20% SG, and methoxyfenozide 24% SC, and two commonly used insecticides, carbufuran 5 G and quinalphos 25 EC,were evaluated in the field for their efficacies against YSB and their non-target effects on natural enemies.Application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G at 10.96 kg/hm^2 resulted in the greatest reduction in YSB infestation(deadhearts and whiteheads) and greatest increase of yield compared to the untreated control plots, followed by methoxyfenozide 24% SC at 0.41 L/hm^2, dinotefuran 20% SG at 0.15 kg/hm^2,carbufuran 5 G at 10.96 kg/hm^2, and quinalphos 25 EC at 1.50 L/hm^2. All the insecticides reduced the numbers of predators viz., lady bird beetles, wolf spiders, carabid beetles, earwigs, green mirid bugs, and damselflies. Numbers of adults of the egg parasitoids Trichogramma sp., Telenomus sp. and Tetrastichus sp. were significantly reduced in insecticide-treated plots compared to untreated control plots. In all field trials, the harmful effects of the five insecticides were in the following rank order(least harmful to most harmful): chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, carbufuran 5 G, dinotefuran 20% SG, methoxyfenozide 24% SC,and quinalphos 25 EC. On the basis of reduction in YSB infestation, increase in grain yield, and compatibility with natural enemies, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G was proved to be the best of all the insecticides for YSB management system, although the study suggested minimizing its retail price for enhancement of cost effectiveness in farmers' fields.

cDNA cloning and characterization of t he carboxylesterase pxCCE016b from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L.

Carboxylesterase is a multifunctional superfamily and can be found in almost all living organisms. As the metabolic enzymes, carboxylesterases are involved in insecticides resistance in insects for long time. In our previous studies, the enhanced c arboxylesterase activities were found in the chlorantraniliprole resistance strain of diamondback moth（DBM）. However, t he related enzyme gene of chlorantraniliprole resistance has not been clear in this strain. Here, a full-length c DNA of carboxylesterase pxCCE016 b was cloned and exogenously expressed in Escherichia coli at the first time, which contained a 1 693 bp open reading frame（ORF） and encoded a protein of 542 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that this c DNA has a predicted mass of 61.56 k Da and a theoretical isoelectric point value of 5.78. The sequence of deduced amino acid possessed the classical structural features： a type-B carboxylesterase signature 2（EDCLYLNVYTK）, a type-B carboxylesterase serine active site（FGGDPENITIFGESAG） and the catalytic triad（S er186, Glu316, and His444）. The real-time quantitative PCR（q PCR） analysis showed that t he expression level of the p x CCE016 b was significantly higher in the chlorantraniliprole resistant strain than in the susceptible strain. Furthermore, pxCCE016 b was highly expressed in the midgut and epidermis of the DBM larvae. When the 3rd-instar larvae of resistant DBM were exposed to abamectin, alpha-cypermethrin, chlorantraniliprole, spinosad, c hlorfenapyr and indoxacarb insecticides, the up-regulated expression of pxCCE016 b was observed only in the group treated by chlorantraniliprole. In addition, recombinant vector p ET-pxCCE016 b was constructed with the most coding region（1 293 bp） and large number of soluble recombinant proteins（less than 48 k Da） were expressed successfully with prokaryotic cell. Western blot analysis showed that it was coded by pxCCE016 b. All the above findings provide important information for further f unctional study, although we are uncertainty whether the pxCCE016 b gene is actually i nvolved in chlorantraniliprole resistance.

Effect of Selected Insecticides on Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) and Their Successful Management

Helicoverpa armigera H. is a polyphagous notorious pest of a number of economic crops including tomato. In tomato, it can reduce its yield as high as 70% due to fruit boring. Although some predators and parasitoids have been recorded in the field for their natural control, their manipulation to a successful crop management is still awaited. To overcome this pest, insecticides play a significant role in its effective crop management program globally. Tomato is an absolutely perishable commodity and needs the specified period required between the application, of conventional pesticides of organophosphate group, and consumption which can hardly be afforded. Therefore, nine insecticides from the new chemistries, which were relatively safer to human and environment, i.e. Coragen (chlorantraniliprole), steward (indoxacarb), Belt (flubendamide), Delegate (spintoram), Volium Flexy (chlorantraniliprole + thiamethaxim), Fipronil (grafter), Proclaim (emamectin benzoate), Pirate (chlofenapyr) and Lufenuron (lufenuron), were tested on tomato crop heavily infested by this pest in the farmers field in districts Lodhran and Bahawalpur (Pakistan) in the month of April 2014. The mortality was compared after 4, 7 and 10 days and treatments were compared with control as well with one another. The average maximum % mortality, i.e. 89.36 and 85.09 of the pest, was observed with Volium Flexy, and Delegate also worked well even after 7 and 10 days. Similarly, the results on the basis of damaged fruits and percent loss of yield pointed out that Chlorantraniliprole, Flubendiamide and Indoxacarb had resulted better as compared with others, although the difference was statistically non significant. These new chemistry pesticides are suggested to be used at tomato crop against Helicoverpa armigera which are best fitted in the IPM program for the control of the pest.

Design,synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel anthranilic diamides containing polyfluoroalkyl pyrazole moiety

In order to discover new molecules with good insecticidal activities, a series of anthranilic diamides containing polyfluoroalkyl pyrazole were designed and synthesized, and their structures were characterized by1 H NMR and HRMS. Bioassays demonstrated that some of the title compound exhibited excellent insecticidal activities. The larvicidal activities of compound 8a, 8c, 8g, 8k and 8l against Mythimna separata Walker were 100% at 0.8 mg/L. The insecticidal activities of compound 8a, 8c,8e, 8g, 8k and 8l against Plutella xylostella Linnaeus were 100% at 0.4 mg/L. Surprisingly compounds 8a and 8c still showed 100% larvicidal activities against Plutella xylostella Linnaeus at 0.08 mg/L comparable to the commercialized Chlorantraniliprole. The LC_（50） of compound 8a and 8c against M. separata is 0.048 and 0.043 mg/L respectively.

Design, synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel 1-substituted-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives

A series of novel 5-（trifluoromethyl）-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives（6a–6n, 7a, 7b, and 8a-8f）were synthesised by placing the amide bond at the 4-position of the pyrazole ring. These derivatives differed from the structure of chlorantraniliprole analogues with the amide bond at the 5-position of the pyrazole ring. Preliminary bioassay results revealed that a few title compounds exhibited good insecticidal activities against lepidopteran pests, such as Plutella xylostella, Mythimna separate, Heliothis armigera, and Ostrinia nubilalis. Some title compounds also elicited broad-spectrum insecticidal activities against dipterous insects including Culex pipiens pallens after altering the amide position. Similar to pyrazole-5-carboxamide analogues, compounds 6b and 6e showed 100% insecticidal activity against P. xylostella, C. pipiens pallens, and M. separate at concentrations of 200, 2, and 200 mg/m L, respectively.This finding suggested that 5-（trifluoromethyl）-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives are potential alternative insecticides for management of agriculture pests.