The emergence of adventure tourism is indicative of a process of commodification commensurate with the expansive mechanisms of the hospitality industry.The tension between excitement,thrill,and safety is on-going howe...The emergence of adventure tourism is indicative of a process of commodification commensurate with the expansive mechanisms of the hospitality industry.The tension between excitement,thrill,and safety is on-going however and the emergence of climbing walls in urban areas has provided new ways of becoming a climber:It is in the interests of climbing as business to normalise pay-to-climb conditions.Such overt commercial connections are anathema to real climbers;nevertheless the convenience of climbing walls means they are well populated and used.The present study investigates the attitudes and methods of engagement by a group of older climbers who,for the most part,started climbing in their youth before climbing walls were commonplace.A typology of climbing types is presented as a framework for discussion.The methodology is ethnographic and the findings suggest that,despite subscribing to an organic and outdoor adventure climbing ethos in their youth,this group remains active and adventurously inclined as they consider wall-climbing to be making a positive contribution to their present collective identity.展开更多
Aims and Methods We propose a standard protocol at the landscape to continental scale for examining to what extent the range of ecological conditions found in temperate latitudes explains the variations in climber spe...Aims and Methods We propose a standard protocol at the landscape to continental scale for examining to what extent the range of ecological conditions found in temperate latitudes explains the variations in climber species richness and traits.The protocol was tested in forests of the two Americas.The data set included 151 climber species.We selected four categorical traits and grouped these species into six clusters with regard to these traits.Floristic records of American forests were first gathered into alliances,second combined with bioclimatic indices(rainfall,temperature,continentality).We obtained a total of 59 vegetational units in which we calculated values of climber species richness and proportion of clusters.Vegetational units were ultimately gathered into five forest formations(characterized by leaf longevity).Wetlands and uplands were considered separately.Important Findings Our results emphasize clear trends in large-scale patterns of climber distribution,independently of taxonomy.Climber species richness(in particular woody climbers)peaks in moist and warm upland forests with oceanic climates,and where conifers are rare.In flooded areas,climber richness is also very high and peaks in seasonally flooded large floodplains.In ecological conditions of frost,dryness or lack of nutrients,climber species richness,abundance and trait diversity decline,resulting in the dominance of small,twining and deciduous life traits.展开更多
AT the recent China National Cliff Climbing Invitational Tournament, I first came to know Yang Lihong, the cliff climber. Her well-proportioned figure demonstrates a powerful explosive force attacking the surface. She...AT the recent China National Cliff Climbing Invitational Tournament, I first came to know Yang Lihong, the cliff climber. Her well-proportioned figure demonstrates a powerful explosive force attacking the surface. She sticks firmly to the rock as her limbs move rhythmically in search of new support points. Her black ponytail waves with every forceful movement of her body. Rock climbing is relatively new as展开更多
Mount Daisen是日本西部的一座名山,每日游人如织。游人上山之后,“方便”之所,异味熏人。因此,当地政府决定耗费568,100美元建造新的厕所,这个厕所的高度是1,729米,当然,还谈不上是世界上最高的厕所,但是,其造价也许是最昂贵的。文章...Mount Daisen是日本西部的一座名山,每日游人如织。游人上山之后,“方便”之所,异味熏人。因此,当地政府决定耗费568,100美元建造新的厕所,这个厕所的高度是1,729米,当然,还谈不上是世界上最高的厕所,但是,其造价也许是最昂贵的。文章有几个词用得很雅。比如shelled out/environment-friendly lavatories。】展开更多
文摘The emergence of adventure tourism is indicative of a process of commodification commensurate with the expansive mechanisms of the hospitality industry.The tension between excitement,thrill,and safety is on-going however and the emergence of climbing walls in urban areas has provided new ways of becoming a climber:It is in the interests of climbing as business to normalise pay-to-climb conditions.Such overt commercial connections are anathema to real climbers;nevertheless the convenience of climbing walls means they are well populated and used.The present study investigates the attitudes and methods of engagement by a group of older climbers who,for the most part,started climbing in their youth before climbing walls were commonplace.A typology of climbing types is presented as a framework for discussion.The methodology is ethnographic and the findings suggest that,despite subscribing to an organic and outdoor adventure climbing ethos in their youth,this group remains active and adventurously inclined as they consider wall-climbing to be making a positive contribution to their present collective identity.
文摘Aims and Methods We propose a standard protocol at the landscape to continental scale for examining to what extent the range of ecological conditions found in temperate latitudes explains the variations in climber species richness and traits.The protocol was tested in forests of the two Americas.The data set included 151 climber species.We selected four categorical traits and grouped these species into six clusters with regard to these traits.Floristic records of American forests were first gathered into alliances,second combined with bioclimatic indices(rainfall,temperature,continentality).We obtained a total of 59 vegetational units in which we calculated values of climber species richness and proportion of clusters.Vegetational units were ultimately gathered into five forest formations(characterized by leaf longevity).Wetlands and uplands were considered separately.Important Findings Our results emphasize clear trends in large-scale patterns of climber distribution,independently of taxonomy.Climber species richness(in particular woody climbers)peaks in moist and warm upland forests with oceanic climates,and where conifers are rare.In flooded areas,climber richness is also very high and peaks in seasonally flooded large floodplains.In ecological conditions of frost,dryness or lack of nutrients,climber species richness,abundance and trait diversity decline,resulting in the dominance of small,twining and deciduous life traits.
文摘AT the recent China National Cliff Climbing Invitational Tournament, I first came to know Yang Lihong, the cliff climber. Her well-proportioned figure demonstrates a powerful explosive force attacking the surface. She sticks firmly to the rock as her limbs move rhythmically in search of new support points. Her black ponytail waves with every forceful movement of her body. Rock climbing is relatively new as
