Age of Loop Information with Flexible Transmission Enabled Communication and Control Co-Design in Industrial IoT

Precise and low-latency information transmission through communication systems is essential in the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT).However,in an industrial system,there is always a coupling relationship between the control and communication components.To improve the system's overall performance,exploring the co-design of communication and control systems is crucial.In this work,we propose a new metric±Age of Loop Information with Flexible Transmission(AoLI-FT),which dynamically adjusts the maximum number of uplink(UL)and downlink(DL)transmission rounds,thus enhancing reliability while ensuring timeliness.Our goal is to explore the relationship between AoLI-FT,reliability,and control convergence rate,and to design optimal blocklengths for UL and DL that achieve the desired control convergence rate.To address this issue,we first derive a closed-form expression for the upper bound of AoLI-FT.Subsequently,we establish a relationship between communication reliability and control convergence rates using a Lyapunov-like function.Finally,we introduce an iterative alternating algorithm to determine the optimal communication and control parameters.The numerical results demonstrate the significant performance advantages of our proposed communication and control co-design strategy in terms of latency and control cost.

Co-Design of Monolithically Integrated Photo-Detector and Optical-Receiver

A behavioral model of the photodiode is presented.The model describes the relationship between photocurrent and incident optical power,and it also illustrates the impact of the reverse bias to the variation of the junction capacitance.According to this model,the photodiode and a CMOS receiver circuit are simulated and designed simultaneously under a universal circuit simulation environment.

Co-design for an SoC embedded network controller

With the development of Ethernet systems and the growing capacity of modem silicon technology, embedded communication networks are playing an increasingly important role in embedded and safety critical systems. Hardware/software co-design is a methodology for solving design problems in processor based embedded systems. In this work, we implemented a new 1-cycle pipeline microprocessor and a fast Ethemet transceiver and established a low cost, high performance embedded network controller, and designed a TCP/IP stack to access the Intemet. We discussed the hardware/software architecture in the forepart, and then the whole system-on-a-chip on Altera Stratix EP1S25F780C6 device. Using the FPGA environment and SmartBit tester, we tested the system＇s throughput. Our simulation results showed that the maximum throughput of Ethemet packets is up to 7 Mbps, that of UDP packets is up to 5.8 Mbps, and that of TCP packets is up to 3.4 Mbps, which showed that this embedded system can easily transmit basic voice and video signals through Ethemet, and that using only one chip can realize that many electronic devices access to the Intemet directly and get high performance.

Event-triggered sampling and fault-tolerant control co-design based on fault diagnosis observer

A co-design scheme of event-triggered sampling mechanism and active fault tolerant control(FTC) is developed. Firstly,a fault diagnosis observer is designed to estimate both the fault and the state simultaneously by using the event-triggered sampled output. Some H∞constraints between the estimation errors and the event-triggered sampling mechanism are established to ensure the estimation accuracy. Then, based on the constraints and the obtained fault information, an event-triggered detector and a static fault tolerant controller are co-designed to guarantee the stability of the faulty system and to reduce the sensor communication cost.Furthermore, the problem of the event detector and dynamic FTC co-design is also investigated. Simulation results of an unstable batch reactor are finally provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

An Internet-enabled Integration of Concurrent Engineering with Co-design

In this paper,the Web-based integration methodology and framework have been developed to facilitate collabora- tive and concurrent engineering design in distributed manufacturing environments.The distributed concurrent engineering and co- design are discussed as key components in the mechanism.The related integration system is presented,which includes four function- al modules:co-design,Web-based visualization,manufacturing analysis and look-up service.It can be used for a design team geo- graphically distributed to organize a collaborative and concurrent engineering design effectively.In particular,the collaborative mechanism incorporated with Java-based and Internet-enabled technologies can generate extended strategies for design and planning. Thus,the proposed integration architecture enables the system to be generic,open and scalable.Finally,for the trend of global manufacturing,a case study of Internet-enabled collaborative optimization is introduced and a discussion on teamwork capability is made.

Broadband Sequential Load-Modulated Balanced Amplifier Using Coupler-PA Co-Design Approach

The basic theory of the sequential load-modulated balanced amplifier(SLMBA)is introduced and the working principle of its active load modulation is analyzed in this paper.In order to further improve the performance of the SLMBA,a codesigned method of the coupler and power amplifier(PA)is proposed,which is different from the traditional design of couplers.According to the back-off point and saturation point of the SLMBA,this coupler-PA codesign approach can make the working state of the coupler and three-way PA closer to the actual situation,which improves the overall performance of the SLMBA.The maximum output power ratio of the control PA and the balance PA is then determined by the preset output power back-off(OBO)of 10 dB,and the phase compensation line is determined by the trace of the load modulation impedance of the balanced PA.In order to verify the proposed method,an SLMBA operating at 1.5–2.7 GHz(57%relative bandwidth)is designed.The layout simulation results show that its saturated output powers achieve 40.7–43.7 dBm and the small signal gains are 9.7–12.4 dB.Besides,the drain efficiencies at the saturated point and 10 dB OBO point are 52.7%–73.7%and 44.9%–59.2%respectively.

Inclusive Architecture:Digital Technologies,Co-design and Qualification of the Project Process

This article presents the scenario of programming use by architects and engineers,creating their own unique tools.The goal is to emulate and understand the phenomenon of Building Information Modeling(BIM)software customization by developing plug-ins that can explore the human-environment relationship.Demonstrate the process for building a plugin that seeks to equalize the theory of accessibility technical standards,visually impaired and architects.Use Design Science Research methodologies to guide the construction of artifacts for specific practical problems and the Collaborative Design/Co-design to understand and know the users’expertise.It is argued that the low quality of projects that include elements for the orientation of the visually impaired in Brazil is often related to an unstructured methodology in which important aspects such as the real needs of this group and the human-environment relationship are neglected.

Kinetic Energy Harvesting Toward Battery-Free IoT:Fundamentals,Co-Design Necessity and Prospects

Energy harvesting(EH)technology is developed with the purpose of harnessing ambient energy in different physical forms.Although the available ambient energy is usually tiny,not comparable to the centralized power generation,it brings out the convenience of onsite power generation by drawing energy from local sources,which meets the emerging pow⁃er demand of long-lasting,extensively-deployed,and maintenance-free Internet of Things(IoT).Kinetic energy harvesting(KEH)is one of the most promising EH solutions toward the realization of battery-free IoT.The KEH-based battery-free IoT can be extensively deployed in the smart home,smart building,and smart city scenarios,enabling perceptivity,intelli⁃gence,and connectivity in many infrastructures.This paper gives a brief introduction to the configurations and basic principles of practical KEH-IoT systems,including their mechani⁃cal,electrical,and computing parts.Although there are already a few commercial products in some specific application markets,the understanding and practice in the co-design and optimization of a single KEH-IoT device are far from mature,let alone the conceived multia⁃gent energy-autonomous intelligent systems.Future research and development of the KEHIoT system beckons for more exchange and collaboration among mechanical,electrical,and computer engineers toward general design guidelines to cope with these interdisciplinary en⁃gineering problems.

An FPGA-Based HOG Accelerator with HW/SW Co-Design for Human Detection and Its Application to Crowd Density Estimation

Human detection is important in many applications and has attracted significant attention over the last decade. The Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) as effective local descriptors are used with binary sliding window mechanism to achieve good detection performance. However, the computation of HOG under such framework is about billion times and the pure software implementation for HOG computation is hard to meet the real-time requirement. This study proposes a hardware architecture called One-HOG accelerator operated on FPGA of Xilinx Spartan-6 LX-150T that provides an efficient way to compute HOG such that an embedded real-time platform of HW/SW co-design for application to crowd estimation and analysis is achieved. The One-HOG accelerator mainly consists of gradient module and histogram module. The gradient module is for computing gradient magnitude and orientation;histogram module is for generating a 36-D HOG feature vector. In addition to hardware realization, a new method called Histograms-of-Oriented-Gradients AdaBoost Long-Feature-Vector (HOG-AdaBoost-LFV) human classifier is proposed to significantly decrease the number of times to compute the HOG without sacrificing detection performance. The experiment results from three static image and four video datasets demonstrate that the proposed SW/HW (software/hardware) co-design system is 13.14 times faster than the pure software computation of Dalal algorithm.

Co-Design and Trust in Social Network’s Websites

This research is focused on internet shoppers co-design, individual tendency of trust, trust belief, and purchase intention. An online questionnaire was set out in survey form on Google Docs in or-der to collect data. The survey was conducted of participants in Mongolia. 236 usable responses were obtained from Mongolian potential customers in order to examine constructs. The findings suggest that co-design and individual tendency of trust have significant positive effect on the trust levels throughout intention to purchase.

Co-design in Public Spaces for Children:The Design Process of a Pocket Park

The active participation of users in the Design Process(DP)in architecture is a collective action,which aims to meet their real needs.In terms of open spaces for children,squares and playgrounds become leisure spaces known for being places of coexistence,interaction and entertainment.However,the vast majority of children’s environments are planned and organized considering the perceptions and experiences of adults.Children become absent from the process of building the contemporary city.Co-design is an important tool for adding users to DP.The objective of this work is,therefore,to include children in the DP of a Pocket Park,using methods and tools to support co-design.The work was structured based on bibliographic review,Focus Group,Culture Maker and Digital Fabrication.The research indicated that the collaborative project promotes assertive communication between children and designers,welcoming their ideas and perceptions in a flexible way.

Routing and scheduling co-design for holistic software-defined deterministic network

As a result of the growing complexity of industrial Internet applications,traditional hardware-based network designs are encountering challenges in terms of programmability and dynamic adaptability as they struggle to meet the real-time,high-reliability transmission requirements for the vast quantities of data generated in industrial environments.This paper proposes a holistic software-defined deterministic network(HSDDN)design solution.This solution uses a centralized controller to implement a comprehensive software definition,ranging from the network layer down to the physical layer.Within the wireless access domain,we decouple the standard radio-frequency modules from baseband processing to realize a software-defined physical layer,which then allows us to adjust the data transmission cycles and tag the trigger rates to meet demand for low-power,high-concurrency transmission.Within the wired network domain,we integrate software-defined networking with time-sensitive networking and propose a coordinated design strategy to address routing and the deterministic scheduling problem.We define a set of constraints to ensure collaborative transmission of the periodic and aperiodic data flows.To guarantee load balancing across all paths and timeslots,we introduce the Jain’s fairness index as the optimization objective and then construct a nondeterministic polynomial-time(NP)-hard joint optimization problem.Furthermore,an algorithm called Tabu search for routing and scheduling with dual-stages(TSRS-DS)is proposed.Simulation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HSDDN architecture.

4×112 Gb/s hybrid integrated silicon receiver based on photonic-electronic co-design

A 4×112 Gb/s hybrid-integrated optical receiver is demonstrated based on the silicon-photonic vertical p-i-n photodetector and silicon–germanium transimpedance amplifier.We propose a photonic-electronic co-design technique to optimize both the device-level and system-level performance,based on the end-to-end equivalent circuit model of the receiver.Continuous-time linear equalization and shunt peaking are employed to enhance the frequency response.Experimental results reveal that the optical-to-electrical 3-dB bandwidth of the receiver is 48 GHz.Clear open NRZ eye diagrams at56 Gb/s and PAM-4 eye diagrams at 112 Gb/s are achieved without an equalizer in the oscilloscope.The measured bit error rates for 56 Gb/s in NRZ and 112 Gb/s in PAM-4 reach 1×10^(-12)and 2.4×10^(-4)(KP4-FEC:forward error correction)thresholds under-4 dBm input power,respectively.Furthermore,the proposed receiver boasts a power consumption of approximately2.2 pJ/bit,indicating an energy efficient solution for data center traffic growth.

Forming process chain for manufacturing complex conical-section profiled rings:On a co-design method

The final quality of complex conical-section rings depends on co-design of multiple processes in forming process chain.In this study,for a complex aeroengine casing ring with a large slope and a flange on its end,a co-design method of the forming process chain is put forward towards the objective of precision forming,which not only proposes a standard process route composed of multiple processes of upsetting,punching,rectangular ring rolling,loose tooling forging and profiled ring rolling,but also presents co-design methods of dies and blanks for all the processes.For profiled ring rolling,a design method of preformed blank that makes the blank and the target conical-section ring have the same axial volume distribution is proposed.By the method,the axial metal redistribution during the process can be alleviated greatly thus improving the forming stability and precision of the ring.Based on the geometric features of designed preformed blank,design methods of blanks and dies for loose tolling forging,rectangular ring rolling,punching and upsetting are proposed sequentially.In view of the key roles of loose tooling forging(manufacturing the preformed blank)and profiled ring rolling on the final quality of the conical ring parts,inherited FE simulations for these two processes are performed to verify the proposed design methods and determine appropriate design parameter.It is demonstrated that the proposed design method has significant advantages in improving forming precision.Besides,a suggestive value 1.5 of the rolling ratio for profiled ring rolling(a key design parameter)is given based on comprehensive consideration of multiple indicators such as ring roundness,deformation uniformity and forming load.The corresponding industrial experiments performed illustrate that a high forming precision of the conical-section aeroengine casing ring is achieved.

社会创新中的服务设计方法应用

探究社会创新理念和服务设计在推动社区群体共创中的系统模式和创新思路。基于服务设计的思维方法,对社区创新的服务要素进行分析和梳理,提炼出群体价值、协调机制和服务关系等3个创新关键。系统连接和驱动城市居民、群体、组织参与共创行动,构建“以社区为中心”“协同参与”的服务网络,提升社区抵御风险和化解问题的能力。结论从理论研究到设计实践,探索在地居民群体价值认同的社区生活方式,提出构建动态的、可持续的城市社区服务新方案。

高性能自研处理器物理设计频率提升方法

提升处理器核的频率是提升处理器性能的重要手段.传统的物理设计流程难以实现高主频的处理器核.基于业界主流的布局布线工具,通过嵌入手工定制部件的网表、逻辑和物理设计协同优化、优化定制布线规则、优化物理设计方法学等组合策略.在相同工艺、面积、功耗对等条件下,达到流片签核要求时,自研处理器核物理设计频率比原始设计可提升约30%.

复合材料尾门结构的拓扑-参数一体化轻量化设计

以某新能源车型的尾门为研究对象,结合注塑长玻纤增强复合材料,提出了一种结构拓扑参数一体化轻量化设计方法,并为尾门性能仿真和优化设计分别建立了联合仿真和常规仿真模型,提高了仿真精度和优化效率。首先,基于常规仿真模型通过三步式结构概念设计优化并重新设计了复合材料尾门结构。然后,建立了用于后续多目标优化的联合仿真模型,并通过样件试制和性能试验进行了验证。最后,利用带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)对尾门的筋条厚度、关键位置厚度、截面尺寸进行了详细优化。优化后的复合材料尾门质量比原钢制尾门减小了27.2%,同时尾门扭转刚度、横向刚度、弯曲刚度及自由模态满足应用要求。

无人艇载多波束测深系统一体化结构优化设计

为了提升无人艇载多波束测深系统(以下简称多波束系统)在复杂环境下的作业安全和精度,通过对多波束系统与无人艇艇型一体化安装结构的分析,采用基于有限元协同仿真技术开展动力及平台结构性能优化设计研究,设计出了在一定航行速度下能保证较优效率和航行安全的无人艇载多波束系统安装结构,并在珠江口海域进行了试验。结果表明:与传统的无人艇平台与多波束系统分离式设计的方法相比,设计的无人艇载多波束系统横摇角度小,抖动现象减弱,作业性能得到提升。运用该系统不仅可以获取水下高精度的三维地形数据,也可以为水下障碍物排查、目标物搜寻和水下构筑物巡检巡查等提供技术支撑。

城市冗余空间景观设施设计探析

考虑当代城市社区居民结构的多元化以及休闲活动的随机性和自发性,研究以人文关怀为视角,关注城市公共空间的微观层面,以及多元主体的使用需求和感官体验,倡导自下而上的设计方法,鼓励公众自发地、自主地参与景观设施与城市家具设计活动,研究结果表明:对待“自发秩序”要采取折中路线,为设计师场地的意义发掘和辨识提供表征和脉络,营造出共谋、共建、共治、共享的城市公共景观,从而培养年轻一代城市居民的文化认同感。

汽车薄壁保险杠蒙皮材料特性分析与服役性能研究

目的优化薄壁保险杠蒙皮材料的力学性能,评价薄壁保险杠蒙皮的服役性能。方法以纳米碳酸钙(nano-CaCO_(3))、蒙脱土(MMT)和氢化苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)为添加剂对PP进行协同改性。采用双螺杆挤压机制备PP/SEBS/nano-CaCO_(3)和PP/SEBS/MMT共混材料,研究刚性粒子与SEBS对薄壁注塑用聚丙烯(PP)的强韧协同效应。研究无机填料/弹性体协同改性作用对薄壁注塑用聚丙烯结晶行为、力学性能与微观结构的影响规律。建立薄壁注塑用聚丙烯保险杠蒙皮有限元仿真模型,通过多个工况有限元仿真和实验来评价薄壁保险杠蒙皮的服役性能。结果共混材料的结晶度相比PP/SEBS提高了1.2%~7.3%,结晶温度未产生显著变化;nano-CaCO_(3)质量分数为4%的PP/SEBS/nano-CaCO_(3)综合性能最好。仿真结果表明,薄壁保险杠蒙皮具有较好的服役性能,并且通过实验验证了该评价方法的有效性。结论薄壁保险杠蒙皮材料可以通过共混改性达到理想的刚韧平衡效果,基于材料性能-成形质量-服役性能的方法为高效设计薄壁汽车保险杠蒙皮提供了新途径。