COHERENS模式在长江口赤潮源推测中的应用

在COHERENS基础上,建立了一个σ坐标下的三维渤海、黄海和东海海域夏季环流数值模式,较好地模拟了夏季渤海、黄海和东海海域的环流系统(黑潮、台湾暖流、对马暖流和长江冲淡水)。在此斜压流场的基础上,进行了拉格朗日颗粒追踪和欧拉输运数值模拟来推测长江口及其邻近海域赤潮高发区的可能赤潮源。提出台湾海峡、福建浙江近海和台湾东北海底存在赤潮的“种子”,它们很可能就是我国长江口赤潮高发区的赤潮源,这仍需现场的海洋调查去证实。数值模拟推测赤潮源是对流-扩散输运方法在海洋生态学领域中的一个新应用。

COHERENS模型的三维潮流及物质输运数值模拟

目前我国海州湾水域污染形势严峻,为了合理确定海州湾近岸水域的环境容量,对该水域进行潮流模拟及污染物质输运数值模拟显得极为迫切与必要。基于COHERENS模型对海州湾潮流及污染物输运进行模拟,并根据实测数据进行了验证,结果表明计算值和实测值误差较小,满足精度要求,可用于实际。通过模拟发现,这一海区几乎没有形成环流,这将有利于入海污染物质的输运,对该地区近岸海域的环境保护起到重要作用。

基于COHERENS模型三维数值模拟的研究及进展

COHERENS模型是由欧盟的海洋学专家学者联合研究和发展的一个三维海洋及近岸模型,该模型功能强大,广泛应用于海洋水动力及水质数值模拟。介绍了该模型的模块、特点,及在不同方面的研究现状,并根据模型的不足提出了应用COHERENS模型的建议,讨论了进一步研究的发展趋势。

COHERENS模型在东京湾动力过程模拟中的应用

水动力过程和温盐变化的准确模拟是研究生态过程的重要基础。COHERENS是一个模拟海洋动力过程的通用模型,可以用于模拟中尺度海域的水动力、温盐变化等过程。将COHERENS模型应用于东京湾,对湾内一年间实际的水动力过程、温盐过程进行了模拟,并与实测数据进行对比分析。计算结果与观测值吻合良好,较好地模拟了跃层的消长等季节变动,再现了温盐的年间变化过程,以及湾内典型季节的余流特征。结果表明,东京湾余流在冬、夏两季均会形成以上层流出、下层流入为特征的垂向流动结构。进一步通过对不考虑风应力的假设工况进行计算,可以看到风对余流结构有着较为重要的影响,较为持续的风应力作用会强化湾内的环状流动形态。

高浓热盐水在胶州湾潮流作用下的输移扩散规律研究

水电联产已经成为目前大型海水淡化工程的主要建设模式,然而海水淡化过程产生的高浓热盐水直接排海对受纳水体的污染是1个有待解决的重要问题。为建立一个能够较准确地模拟高浓热盐水排入海洋中的输移扩散情况的三维数学模型,用来预测高浓热盐水进入海洋水体后经湍动混合与输移扩散后的时空分布特性,揭示高浓热盐水在潮流作用下的运动及演变规律,进而对排放影响作出分析判断。采用文中建立的数学模型对胶州湾西岸的某电厂高浓热盐水表面排海问题进行数值模拟,研究表明该模型较好地模拟和复演了胶州湾的潮流场和高浓热盐水输移扩散情况,规则半日潮流对浓盐水的输移扩散起着决定性作用,通过比较不同排放口底层温度升高和盐度升高等值线包络面积得出较合理的排放口选址。该模型为合理布置水电联产设备的取水口和排放口位置提供了有效途径,为沿海水电联产产物浓盐水排放后对近海水域的环境污染控制具有一定的实际意义和理论价值。

9711号台风对日照近海悬沙浓度影响的数值模拟

运用改进的椭圆形风场模型，模拟了9711号台风所经地区风场、气压场的变化过程；将椭圆形风场模型结果结合SWAN波浪模型，计算9711台风过程的波要素；运用COHERENS三维水动力模式，对渤、黄海主要的4个潮分量进行了调和分析，建立渤、黄海天文潮预报模型，并采用三级嵌套模型计算并验证分析了日照近海的水文动力环境；运用基于COHERENS发展的水动力悬沙模型COHERENS-SED，计算分析了9711天气过程、仅考虑潮流作用以及累年平均波要素和一般天气情况（累年平均风场、标准大气压）下的悬沙数值模拟。结果表明：考虑潮流、一般波浪和天气因素共同作用下的水体含沙浓度比仅考虑潮流作用下的水体含沙浓度提高40％～100％的幅度；考虑9711号天气过程以及产生的台风浪作用下的水体含沙浓度比一般波浪和天气因素作用下的水体含沙浓度提高约4倍的幅度。

风暴潮预报模式在渤海海域中的应用研究

首先运用COHEREN S三维多功能大陆架水动力学模型,对渤海四个主要分潮进行了调和分析,建立了渤海天文潮预报模型。结合9712号热带风暴的路径记录资料,运用风场、气压场估算公式,估算了风暴所经地带风场、气压场的变化过程。以此为输入条件,运用COHEREN S模型模拟了9712号热带风暴作用下渤海的增水过程,还模拟讨论了底摩阻系数对水位的影响。

Modeling of suspended sediment transport with wave-induced longshore current in Huanghe (Yellow) River Delta

A three-dimensional suspended sediment model （SED） developed by the present authors is coupled with the combinatorial model of COHERENS （Luyten et al., 1999） （the three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamical-ecological model for Regional and Shelf Seas） and SWAN （Holthuijsen et al., 2004） （the third generation wave model）. SWAN is regarded as a subroutine of COHERENS and gets time- and space-varying current velocity and surface elevation from COHERENS. COHERENS gets time- and space- varying wave relevant parameters provided by SWAN. Effects of wave on current are applied in bottom shear stress, wave-induced depth-dependent radiation stress and surface drag coefficient calculation. At the same time, the damping function of suspended sediment on turbulence is introduced into COHERENS. So the sediment model SED has feedback on circulation model COHERENS. The SED obtains current associated parameters from COHERENS. Then a coupled hydrodynamic-sediment model COHERENS-SED being able to account for interaction between wave and current is obtained. COHERENS-SED is adopted to simulate three-dimensional suspended sediment transport in the Huanghe River delta. In terms of simulation results, there is obvious difference between top and bottom layer of wave-induced longshore current. The values of time series of sediment concentration gotten by COHERENS-SED have, generally, an accepted agreement extent with measurement. Significant wave heights and wave periods obtained by COHERENS-SED show that wave simulation case with currentts effect can give better agreement extent with measurement than case without current＇s effect. In the meantime, suspended sediment concentration distributing rule obtained by COHERENS-SED is similar to former researches and measurement.

Numerical study of three-dimensional wave-induced longshore current's effects on sediment spreading of the Huanghe River mouth

A three-dimensional wave radiation stress is introduced into the hydrodynamic sediment coupled model COHERENS-SED, which has been developed through introducing wave-enhanced bottom shear stress, wave dependent surface drag coefficient, wave-induced surface mixing, SWAN, damping function of sediment on turbulence, sediment model and depth-dependent wave radiation stress to COHERENS. The COHERENS-SED is adopted to study the effects induced by wave-induced three-dimensional longshore current on suspended sediment spreading of the Huanghe River （Yellow River） mouth. Several different cases divided by setting different wave parameters of inputting boundary waves are carried out. The modeling results agree with measurement data. In terms of simulation results, it is easy to know that three-dimensional wave radiation stress plays an obvious role when inputting boundary wave height is stronger than 3 m. Moreover, wave direction also affects the sediment spreading rules of the mouth strongly too.

黄河三角洲区域的波流相互作用数值分析

将三维水动力-生态模式COHERENS与第三代波浪模式SWAN结合起来,采用该耦合模式数值计算了黄河三角洲的波浪特征波高与特征周期情况,从而探讨水流和波动水位对波浪特征波高和特征周期计算结果的影响。总的说来特征波高、特征周期、流速的计算结果与观测值吻合得较好,说明了COHERENS模式和SWAN模式相结合而成的波流耦合模式能够较好地计算黄河三角洲地区的流场与浪场情况。研究这些动力因素的机制和时空变化规律,对于研究海岸、河口的泥沙运动,海岸侵蚀的机理,合理开发利用自然资源,防止海洋灾害具有十分重大的意义。

一个概化的潮汐河口羽状流动力学的初步研究

基于区域陆架海水动力-生态耦合模型(COHERENS)中的三维水动力模型,对一个概化的潮汐河口羽状流动力学进行了初步研究。在均一水深和无风的理想条件下,模拟得到了一个潮周期内概化的潮汐河口表层水体:a)羽状流流场和盐度场的平面分布;b)3种不同河流径流量作用下的羽状流流场和盐度场的平面分布;c)4种不同底床粗糙长度下的羽状流流场和盐度场的平面分布。结果分析表明:a)羽状流的长度在潮汐的作用下递增,而其最大宽度近似呈周期性的变化;b)羽状流的长度和最大宽度都随着河流径流量的增大而分别变长和变宽;c)羽状流的长度和最大宽度都随底床粗糙长度的增大而变小;d)无潮情况下羽状流的凸起明显并存在沿岸流,然而在有潮情况下凸起不明显且无沿岸流;e)水平扩散可能限制了沿岸羽状流的发展。

Numerical simulation of the transport and diffusion of dissolved pollutants in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary

Based on a coupled hydrodynamic–ecological model for regional and shelf seas (COHERENS), a three-dimensional baroclinic model for the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary and the adjacent sea area was established using the sigma-coordinate in the vertical direction and spherical coordinate in the horizontal direction. In the study, changing-grid technology and the "dry-wet" method were designed to deal with the moving boundary. The minimum water depth limit condition was introduced for numerical simulation stability and to avoid producing negative depths in the shallow water areas. Using the Eulerian transport approaches included in COHERENS for the advection and dispersion of dissolved pollutants, numerical simulation of dissolved pollutant transport and diffusion in the Changjiang River estuary were carried out. The mass centre track of dissolved pollutants released from outlets in the south branch of the Changjiang River estuary water course has the characteristic of reverse current motion in the inner water course and clockwise motion offshore. In the transition area, water transport is a combination of the two types of motion. In a sewage-discharge numerical experiment, it is found that there are mainly two kinds of pollution distribution forms: one is a single nuclear structure and the other is a double nuclear (dinuclear) structure in the turbid zone of the Changjiang River estuary. The rate of expansion of the dissolved pollutant distribution decreased gradually. The results of the numerical experiment indicate that the maximum turbid zone of the Changjiang River estuary is also the zone enriched with pollutants. Backward pollutant flow occurs in the north branch of the estuary, which is similar to the backward salt water flow, and the backward flow of pollutants released upstream is more obvious.

Numerical Simulation of Pollutant Transport and Accumulation Areas in the Hangzhou Bay

Based on the COHERENS model (a coupled hydrodynamic ecological model for regional and shelf seas), a numerical hydrodynamic model of the Hangzhou Bay, influenced by tide, regional winds and freshwater from the Yangtze River and the Qiantangjiang River was established. The Lagrangian particle tracking was simulated to provide tracer trajectories. For convenience, the modeling area was divided into 8 subdomains and the modeling focused on March (dry season) and July (wet season). Numerical simulation and analysis indicate that the tracer trajectories originated in different subdomains are quite different. Most particles released in the mouth of the bay move outside the bay quickly and reach the farthest place at 122.5°E; while particles released in the inner part of the bay mostly remain in the same subdomain, with only minor migrations in two opposite directions along the shore. The tracer experiments also indicate that the northwest region of the bay is an area where pollutant can easily accumulate in both wet and dry seasons, and that the southeast region of the bay is another area for pollutant to accumulate in dry season because it is the main path for the contaminant.

The impact of physical processes on pollutant transport in Hangzhou Bay

A Lagrangian tracer model is set up for Hangzhou Bay based on Coupled Hydrodynamical Ecological model for Regional Shelf Sea (COHERENS). The study area is divided into eight subdomains to identify the dominant physical processes, and the studied periods are March (the dry season) and July (the wet season). The model performance has been first verified by sea-surface elevation and tidal current observations at several stations. Eight tracer experiments are designed and Lagrangian particle tracking is simulated to examine the impact of physical processes (tide, wind and river runoff) on the transport of passive tracer released within the surface layer. Numerical simulations and analysis indicate that: (1) wind does not change the tracer distribution after 30 days except for those released from the south area of the bay during the wet season; (2) the tide and the Qiantang River runoff are important for particle transport in the head area of the bay; (3) the Changjiang River runoff affects the tracer transport at the mouth of the bay, and its impact is smaller in the dry season than in the wet season.

洋浦港区港口陆域填海岸线及航道走向优化中的水动力分析研究

海南洋浦港因扩建需要,规划了2种填海及港口布置方案,其中方案1仅填南浅滩的船厂部分,而方案2在1的基础上又将填海向南、向西填出更大的陆域面积且西部小产礁也将形成填海陆域。文章采用COHEREN-SED模型进行洋浦湾的潮流三维运动模拟。对比分析洋浦港区2个填海陆域规划岸线方案实施后的潮流场计算预测结果,得出方案2为合理方案这一结论。通过与位于本海域的6个潮流站和2个潮位站的对比验证,显示COHEREN-SED的计算结果与实测值较吻合,因此该模型能够用于该海域的潮流场模拟计算。

SENSITIVITY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF WAVE-INDUCED VERTICAL MIXING ON VERTICAL EXCHANGE PROCESSES

The hydrodynamic model COHERENS-SED, developed by the present authors through introducing wave-enhanced bottom stress, wave dependent surface drag coefficient, wave-induced surface mixing, SWAN to COHERENS, is modified to account for wave-induced vertical mixing. The COHERENS-SED model can also be used for one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional current and salinity calculations. One-dimensional model and three-dimensional model are used to study the effects of the wave-induced vertical mixing. The horizontal current velocity profiles obtained by the model are in good agreement with the analytical velocity profiles under the same input conditions. Numerical results show that higher wave height would generally generate larger vertical eddy viscosity and lower horizontal velocity. The results for fresh water in Yellow River Delta show that the wave-induced vertical mixing increases the momentum of fresh water transferring ability downwards to seabed and salt water＇s mixing with upper fresh water. Fresh water flume length is compressed considerably.

BOTTOM SHEAR STRESS UNDER WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION

The present work adopts the COHERENS-SWAN model developed by the first author through coupling three-dimensional hydrodynamic model （COHERENS） and third-generation wave model （SWAN）. Inside the COHERENS-SWAN, the SWAN is regarded as a subroutine and the time- and space-varying current velocity and surface elevation are obtained from the COHERENS. Wave-enhanced bottom shear stress, wave induced surface mixing length and wave dependent surface drag coefficient have been introduced into the COHERENS. Secondly, as wave-enhanced bottom shear stress （＂bottom shear stress＂ described as BSS sometimes in this article） is concerned, a modified bottom shear stress Grant and Madsen model which introduces random wave field is given and introduced to COHERENS-SWAN. COHERENS-SWAN is also adopted to simulate three-dimensional flow in the Yellow River Delta with wave-current co-existing. Four numerical experiments were given to study the effects of wave-current interaction on enhancing bottom shear stress. The simulated current velocities, wave height and wave period match well with field measurement data. The simulated significant wave height and wave period for the case with considering the effects of current can give better agreement with measurement data than the case without involving the effects of current. The introduction of random wave generates lower the bottom shear stress than the case without introducing it. There are obvious differences between bottom shear stress of two way interaction and one way interaction. Velocity field obtained by the COHERENS-SWAN is reasonable according to previous studies and measurements.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

The effects of waves on Surface Drag Coefficient （SDC） and surface mixing length were analyzed and discussed by carrying out three-dimensional current modeling for the Bohai Sea in the present work. A threedimensional coupled hydrodynamical-ecological model for regional and shelf seas （COHERENS） incorporating the influences of wave-current interactions was coupled with the third-generation wave model swan taking into account time-varying currents. The effects of waves on currents were included in the SDC, surface mixing length and bottom drag coefficient. Firstly, the formulations in Donelan were incorporated into the COHERENS to account for wave-dependent SDC. In order to compare simulation results for the wave-dependent SDC, the simulation for wind-dependent SDC was also carried out. Second, Wave-Induced Surface Mixing Length （described as WISML sometimes in this paper） was incorporated into the COHERENS. Four numerical experiments were conducted to discuss the effects of two kinds of wave processes. Generally, the values of time series of current velocity and water surface elevation given by the simulation with all of the three wave processes have a good agreement with observed data. The existence of WISML changes obviously current vertical profiles and the existence of the wave dependent SDC modifies the current field of both top and bottom layers with the wind-dependent SDC.

海湾内传输过程时间尺度的计算方法

为了探明海湾中水体交换、污染物扩散等过程中的物质传输特征,提出相应传输时间尺度的计算方法并进行数值模拟分析。基于水动力模型COHERENS,分别采用基于粒子跟踪法的Lagrange方法和基于对流-扩散方程的Eul-er方法对东京湾的滞留时间和游弋时间进行计算。结果显示:传输时间尺度在东京湾中的分布特征,表明水体自外洋进入海湾后的传输过程及湾内外水体的交换速率都在空间上存在差异。本方法既可用于估计水体系统宏观的传输时间尺度,亦能得到其空间分布。

THEORY AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

The coupled hydrodynamical-ecological model for Regional and Shelf Seas Coherens was modified through introducing sediment model in order to simulate suspended sediment transport and account for the interaction between turbulence and sediment. To discuss the effects of sediment on vertical eddy viscosity and diffusion coefficients, the damping function of sediment on turbulence was introduced into one equation k-ε turbulence closure model. Moreover, it is assumed that local equilibrium among turbulence production, dissipation and buoyancy destruction exist near the bottom. The local equilibrium assumption is introduced into the one equation k-ε model and the specific formulation of local equilihrium for one equation k-ε was derived. The tidal current was calculated for Youngkwang Bay near the west coast of Korea. Meanwhile, the suspended sediment was also simulated with the local equilibrium assumption and damping function of sediment on turbulence. It is found that the damping function of sediment reduces vertical eddy viscosity and diffusion coefficients. The local equilibrium assumption changes obviously bottom layer turhulence intensity and sediment concentration.