Comparative evaluation of commercial Douchi by different molds:biogenic amines,non-volatile and volatile compounds

To provide new insights into the development and utilization of Douchi artificial starters,three common strains(Aspergillus oryzae,Mucor racemosus,and Rhizopus oligosporus)were used to study their influence on the fermentation of Douchi.The results showed that the biogenic amine contents of the three types of Douchi were all within the safe range and far lower than those of traditional fermented Douchi.Aspergillus-type Douchi produced more free amino acids than the other two types of Douchi,and its umami taste was more prominent in sensory evaluation(P<0.01),while Mucor-type and Rhizopus-type Douchi produced more esters and pyrazines,making the aroma,sauce,and Douchi flavor more abundant.According to the Pearson and PLS analyses results,sweetness was significantly negatively correlated with phenylalanine,cysteine,and acetic acid(P<0.05),bitterness was significantly negatively correlated with malic acid(P<0.05),the sour taste was significantly positively correlated with citric acid and most free amino acids(P<0.05),while astringency was significantly negatively correlated with glucose(P<0.001).Thirteen volatile compounds such as furfuryl alcohol,phenethyl alcohol,and benzaldehyde caused the flavor difference of three types of Douchi.This study provides theoretical basis for the selection of starting strains for commercial Douchi production.

Effect of different drying methods on the amino acids,α-dicarbonyls and volatile compounds of rape bee pollen

The significant demand for high quality food has motivated us to adopt appropriate processing methods to improve the food nutritional quality and flavors.In this study,the effects of five drying methods,namely,pulsed vacuum drying(PVD),freeze drying(FD),infrared drying(IRD),hot-air drying(HAD)and sun drying(SD)on free amino acids(FAAs),α-dicarbonyl compounds(α-DCs)and volatile compounds(VOCs)in rape bee pollen(RBP)were determined.The results showed that FD significantly released the essential amino acids(EAAs)compared with fresh samples while SD caused the highest loss.Glucosone was the dominantα-DCs in RBP and the highest loss was observed after PVD.Aldehydes were the dominant volatiles of RBP and SD samples contained more new volatile substances(especially aldehydes)than the other four drying methods.Comprehensively,FD and PVD would be potential methods to effectively reduce the quality deterioration of RBP in the drying process.

Organic Compounds Possessing the Plastic Crystalline Phase: Calculation of Their Fusion Enthalpies

For the first time, for different organic and inorganic compounds possessing the plastic crystalline phase, a new semiempirical equation describing dependence of their fusion enthalpies on such physico-chemical quantities as normal melting temperature, surface tension, molar volume and critical molar volume is received on the base of the principle of corresponding states and the energy equipartition theorem. Moreover, the proposed equation allows one to take into account the particularities of one-particle molecular rotation in the plastic crystalline phase.

Modern approaches for detection of volatile organic compounds in metabolic studies focusing on pathogenic bacteria:Current state of the art

Pathogenic microorganisms produce numerous metabolites,including volatile organic compounds(VOCs).Monitoring these metabolites in biological matrices(e.g.,urine,blood,or breath)can reveal the presence of specific microorganisms,enabling the early diagnosis of infections and the timely implementation of tar-geted therapy.However,complex matrices only contain trace levels of VOCs,and their constituent com-ponents can hinder determination of these compounds.Therefore,modern analytical techniques enabling the non-invasive identification and precise quantification of microbial VOCs are needed.In this paper,we discuss bacterial VOC analysis under in vitro conditions,in animal models and disease diagnosis in humans,including techniques for offline and online analysis in clinical settings.We also consider the advantages and limitations of novel microextraction techniques used to prepare biological samples for VOC analysis,in addition to reviewing current clinical studies on bacterial volatilomes that address inter-species in-teractions,the kinetics of VOC metabolism,and species-and drug-resistance specificity.

Role of methoxy and C_(α)-based substituents in electrochemical oxidation mechanisms and bond cleavage selectivity of β-O-4 lignin model compounds

In order to better understand the specific substituent effects on the electrochemical oxidation process of β-O-4 bond, a series of methoxyphenyl type β-O-4 dimer model compounds with different localized methoxyl groups, including 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-phenylethanone, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-phenylethanol, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol, 2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone, 2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol have been selected and their electrochemical properties have been studied experimentally by cyclic voltammetry, and FT-IR spectroelectrochemistry. Combining with electrolysis products distribution analysis and density functional theory calculations, oxidation mechanisms of all six model dimers have been explored. In particular, a total effect from substituents of both para-methoxy(on the aryl ring closing to Cα) and Cα-OH on the oxidation mechanisms has been clearly observed, showing a significant selectivity on the Cα-Cβbond cleavage induced by electrochemical oxidations.

Significant contributions of the petroleum industry to volatile organic compounds and ozone pollution:Insights from year-long observations in the Yellow River Delta

The petroleum industry is a significant source of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs),but up to now,its exact impact on urban VOCs and ozone(O_(3))remains unclear.This study conducted year-long VOC ob-servations in Dongying,China,a petroleum industrial region.The VOCs from the petroleum industry(oil and gas volatilization and petrochemical production)were identified by employing the positive matrix factorization model,and their contribution to O_(3) formation was quantitatively evaluated using an observation-based chemical box model.The observed annual average concentration of VOCs was 68.6±63.5 ppbv,with a maximum daily av-erage of 335.3 ppbv.The petroleum industry accounted for 66.5%of total VOCs,contributing 54.9%from oil and gas evaporation and 11.6%from petrochemical production.Model results indicated that VOCs from the petroleum industry contributed to 31%of net O_(3) production,with 21.3%and 34.2%contributions to HO_(2)+NO and RO_(2)+NO pathways,respectively.The larger impact on the RO_(2) pathway is primarily due to the fact that OH+VOCs ac-count for 86.9%of the primary source of RO_(2).This study highlights the critical role of controlling VOCs from the petroleum industry in urban O_(3) pollution,especially those from previously overlooked low-reactivity alkanes.

Density functional theory study of B- and Si-doped carbons and their adsorption interactions with sulfur compounds

Understanding the adsorption interactions between carbon materials and sulfur compounds has far-reaching impacts,in addition to their well-known important role in energy storage and conversion,such as lithium-ion batteries.In this paper,properties of intrinsic B or Si single-atom doped,and B-Si codoped graphene(GR)and graphdiyne(GDY)were investigated by using density functional theory-based calculations,in which the optimal doping configurations were explored for potential applications in adsorbing sulfur compounds.Results showed that both B or Si single-atom doping and B-Si codoping could substantially enhance the electron transport properties of GR and GDY,improving their surface activity.Notably,B and Si atoms displayed synergistic effects for the codoped configurations,where B-Si codoped GR/GDY exhibited much better performance in the adsorption of sulfurcontaining chemicals than single-atom doped systems.In addition,results demonstrated that,after B-Si codoping,the adsorption energy and charge transfer amounts of GDY with sulfur compounds were much larger than those of GR,indicating that B-Si codoped GDY might be a favorable material for more effectively interacting with sulfur reagents.

Bioactive compounds in Hericium erinaceus and their biological properties:a review

Hericium erinaceus is a nutritious edible and medicinal fungi,rich in a variety of functional active ingredients,with various physiological functions such as antioxidation,anticancer,and enhancing immunity.It is also effective in protecting the digestive system and preventing neurodegenerative diseases.In this review paper,we summarize the sources,structures and efficacies of the main active components in H.erinaceus fruiting body,mycelium,and culture media,and update the latest research progress on their biological activities and the related molecular mechanisms.Based on this information,we provide detailed challenges in current research,industrialization and information on the active ingredients of H.erinaceus.Perspectives for future studies and new applications of H.erinaceus are proposed.

Multiple roles of arsenic compounds in phase separation and membraneless organelles formation determine their therapeutic efficacy in tumors

Arsenic compounds are widely used for the therapeutic intervention of multiple diseases.Ancient pharmacologists discovered the medicinal utility of these highly toxic substances,and modern pharmacologists have further recognized the specific active ingredients in human diseases.In particular,Arsenic trioxide(ATO),as a main component,has therapeutic effects on various tumors(including leukemia,hepatocellular carcinoma,lung cancer,etc.).However,its toxicity limits its efficacy,and controlling the toxicity has been an important issue.Interestingly,recent evidence has pointed out the pivotal roles of arsenic compounds in phase separation and membraneless organelles formation,which may determine their toxicity and therapeutic efficacy.Here,we summarize the arsenic compoundsregulating phase separation and membraneless organelles formation.We further hypothesize their potential involvement in the therapy and toxicity of arsenic compounds,highlighting potential mechanisms underlying the clinical application of arsenic compounds.

Hollow ZIF-67-derived Co@N-doped carbon nanotubes boosting the hydrogenation of phenolic compounds to alcohols

The selective hydrogenation of highly toxic phenolic compounds to generate alcohols with thermal stability,environmental friendliness,and non-toxicity is of great importance.Herein,a series of Co-based catalysts,named Co@NCNTs,were designed and constructed by direct pyrolysis of hollow ZIF-67(HZIF-67)under H_(2)/Ar atmosphere.The evolution of the catalyst surface from the shell layer assembled by ZIF-67-derived particles to the in situ-grown hollow nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes(NCNTs)with certain length and density is achieved by adjusting the pyrolysis atmosphere and temperature.Due to the synergistic effects of in situ-formed hollow NCNTs,well-dispersed Co nanoparticles,and intact carbon matrix,the as-prepared Co@NCNTs-0.10-450 catalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance in the hydrogenation of phenolic compounds to alcohols.The turnover frequency value of Co@NCNTs-0.10-450is 3.52 h^(-1),5.9 times higher than that of Co@NCNTs-0.40-450 and 4.5 times higher than that of Co@NCNTs-0.10-550,exceeding most previously reported non-noble metal catalysts.Our findings provide new insights into the development of non-precious metal,efficient,and cost-effective metal-organic framework-derived catalysts for the hydrogenation of phenolic compounds to alcohols.

Growth kinetics of interfacial intermetallic compounds formed in SnPbInBiSb high entropy alloy soldered joints on Cu substrates

The growth behavior of the complex intermetallic compounds(IMCs)formed at the interface of Cu/SnPbInBiSb high entropy alloy solder joints was explored.The growth inhibition mechanism of the IMCs at the Cu/SnPbInBiSb solid−liquid reaction interface was revealed.The results showed that the growth rate of the complex IMCs obviously decreased at the Cu/SnPbInBiSb solid−liquid reaction interface.The maximum average thickness of IMCs only reached up to 1.66μm after reflowing at 200℃for 10 min.The mechanism for the slow growth of the complex IMCs was analyzed into three aspects.Firstly,the high entropy of the liquid SnPbInBiSb alloy reduced the growth rate of the complex IMCs.Secondly,the distorted lattice of complex IMCs restrained the diffusion of Cu atoms.Lastly,the higher activation energy(40.9 kJ/mol)of Cu/SnPbInBiSb solid−liquid interfacial reaction essentially impeded the growth of the complex IMCs.

Nutritional values,bioactive compounds and health benefits of purslane(Portulaca oleracea L.):a comprehensive review

Portulaca oleracea L.,commonly known as purslane,is a worldwide weed species belonging to the family Portulacaceae and has been known as“Global Panacea”.As one of the most widely consumed green vegetables and medicinal plants around the world,it has recently been re-evaluated as a potential“new crop”due to the properties that differentiate it as one of the best vegetable sources of omega-3 fatty acid(α-linolenic acid),as well as a variety of nutrients and phytochemicals.Accordingly,emerging research has found that purslane exhibits health-promoting properties like anti-inflammatory,anti-hyperglycemic,antioxidant,neuroprotective,and immunomodulatory.These findings suggest that this species possesses a potential using as a dietary supplement beyond potherb and traditional medicine.This review systematically summarizes the up-to-date research carried out on purslane,including the nutritional compositions,bioactive compounds,and health benefits it exerts as well as limitations,challenges,and future directions of research.Finally,we hope that this review would provide purslane with a comprehensive reference and future scope as functional and health-promoting food for disease prevention and treatment.

Natural compounds improve diabetic nephropathy by regulating the TLR4 signaling pathway

Diabetic nephropathy(DN),a severe complication of diabetes,is widely recognized as a primary contributor to end-stage renal disease.Recent studies indicate that the inflammation triggered by Tolllike receptor 4(TLR4)is of paramount importance in the onset and progression of DN.TLR4 can bind to various ligands,including exogenous ligands such as proteins and polysaccharides from bacteria or viruses,as well as endogenous ligands such as biglycan,fibrinogen,and hyaluronan.In DN,the expression or release of TLR4-related ligands is significantly elevated,resulting in excessive TLR4 activation and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines through downstream signaling pathways.This process is closely associated with the progression of DN.Natural compounds are biologically active products derived from natural sources that have advantages in the treatment of certain diseases.Various types of natural compounds,including alkaloids,flavonoids,polyphenols,terpenoids,glycosides,and polysaccharides,have demonstrated their ability to improve DN by affecting the TLR4 signaling pathway.In this review,we summarize the mechanism of action of TLR4 in DN and the natural compounds that can ameliorate DN by modulating the TLR4 signaling pathway.We specifically highlight the potential of compounds such as curcumin,paclitaxel,berberine,and ursolic acid to inhibit the TLR4 signaling pathway,which provides an important direction of research for the treatment of DN.

Assessment of electrostatic discharge sensitivity of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds and their salts as high energy-density dangerous compounds:A study of structural variables

Nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds(NRHECs)and their salts have witnessed widespread synthesis in recent years.The substantial energy-density content within these compounds can lead to potentially dangerous explosive reactions when subjected to external stimuli such as electrical discharge.Therefore,developing a reliable model for predicting their electrostatic discharge sensitivity(ESD)becomes imperative.This study proposes a novel and straightforward model based on the presence of specific groups(-NH_(2) or-NH-,-N=N^(+)-O^(-)and-NNO_(2),-ONO_(2) or-NO_(2))under certain conditions to assess the ESD of NRHECs and their salts,employing interpretable structural parameters.Utilizing a comprehensive dataset comprising 54 ESD measurements of NRHECs and their salts,divided into 49/5 training/test sets,the model achieves promising results.The Root Mean Square Error(RMSE),Mean Absolute Error(MAE),and Maximum Error for the training set are reported as 0.16 J,0.12 J,and 0.5 J,respectively.Notably,the ratios RMSE(training)/RMSE(test),MAE(training)/MAE(test),and Max Error(training)/Max Error(test)are all greater than 1.0,indicating the robust predictive capabilities of the model.The presented model demonstrates its efficacy in providing a reliable assessment of ESD for the targeted NRHECs and their salts,without the need for intricate computer codes or expert involvement.

Evolution of free amino acids, biogenic amines and volatile compounds in fermented sausages inoculated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus simulans

Lactic acid bacteria and coagulase-negative staphylococci play an important role in the production of fermented sausages,such as inhibiting the growth of undesirable bacteria and antioxidant.In this study,the effects of inoculation with different starter cultures(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HN108 and Staphylococcus simulans NJ209)on the free amino acids(FAAs),biogenic amines(BAs)and volatile compounds of fermented sausages were investigated using an amino acid analyzer,ultra performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,respectively.The pH and carbonyl content of the inoculated group was significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).L.plantarum HN108 significantly reduced the content of FAAs and BAs in fermented sausage production(P<0.05),while S.simulans NJ209 promoted the formation of FAAs(especially bitter amino acids)and exhibited slight BAs-reducing activity.In addition,L.plantarum HN108 promoted the formation of volatile compounds such as ketones,alcohols and alkenes in sausages.In conclusion,L.plantarum HN108 could contribute to reducing the content of putrescine and tyramine and forming the desirable flavor compounds in fermented sausages.Thus,L.plantarum HN108 is expected to be a starter culture that can improve the safety and flavor of fermented sausages.

Protective mechanism of quercetin compounds against acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity

Quercetin compounds have antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and anticancer pharmacological functions.Longterm exposure to acrylamide(AA)can cause liver injury and endanger human health.However,whether quercetin compounds can attenuate AA-induced liver injury and the specific mechanism are not clear.Here,we studied the mechanism and structure-activity relationship of quercetin compounds in reducing AA-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo and in vitro.In vivo studies found that quercetin-like compounds protect against AAinduced liver injury by reducing oxidative stress levels,activating the Akt/m TOR signaling pathway to attenuate autophagy,and improving mitochondrial apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis.In vitro studies found that quercetin compounds protected Hep G2 cells from AA by attenuating the activation of AA-induced autophagy,lowering reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels by exerting antioxidant effects and thus attenuating oxidative stress,increasing mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP),and improving apoptosis-related proteins,thus attenuating AA-induced apoptosis.Furthermore,the conformational differences between quercetin compounds correlated with their protective capacity against AA-induced hepatotoxicity,with quercetin showing the best protective capacity due to its strongest antioxidant activity.In conclusion,quercetin compounds can protect against AA-induced liver injury through multiple pathways of oxidative stress,autophagy and apoptosis,and their protective capacity correlates with antioxidant activity.

Bioactive Compounds Recovery from Larrea tridentata by Green Ultrasound- Assisted Extraction

Postharvest losses remain a significant challenge,particularly in developing countries that have inadequate infra-structure.Medicinal plants offer an eco-friendly and sustainable solution for managing diseases and pests in agri-cultural systems.These plants are rich in bioactive compounds,such as alkaloids,flavonoids,terpenoids,phenolics,and essential oils,many of which have proven antimicrobial,antifungal,insecticidal,and antioxidant properties.These characteristics make medicinal plants viable candidates for postharvest disease and pest control.Among these,Larrea tridentata(creosote bush)is particularly notable for its bioactive compounds with strong antifungal properties.Their potential applications include agriculture,food preservation,and medicine.This study aimed to evaluate how different solvent mixtures affect the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted extraction,total polyphenol content,antioxidant capacity,and antifungal activity of L.tridentata leaves and stems.Thefindings revealed that the 60%ethanol ultrasound-assisted extract of L.tridentata leaves(ULL 60%)contained the highest concentration of bioactive compounds,including hydrolysable tannins(690.2 mg GAE/100 g)and condensed tan-nins(329.9 mg CE/100 g).All extracts demonstrated notable antioxidant activity in ABTS,DPPH,and FRAP assays,with ethanol-based extracts showing greater antioxidant potential than their aqueous counterparts.In terms of antifungal efficacy,100%ethanol leaf extract exhibited the strongest inhibition against Fusarium oxyspor-um(60.03%),whereas 50%ethanol extract effectively inhibited Alternaria alternata(53.61%).Six major polyphe-nolic compounds were identified using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(RP-HPLC-ESI-MS).These include quercetin,luteolin,3,4-dihydrox-yphenylethanol,elenolic acid,nordihydroguaiaretic acid(NDGA),and kaempferide.These compounds are known to have antibacterial,antifungal and antioxidant properties.Thesefindings underscore the potent fungi-static properties of L.tridentata leaf extracts against key phytopathogenic fungi,highlighting their potential as bioactive agents in the formulation of eco-friendly biopesticides.

Qualitative analysis of aromatic compounds via 1D TOCSY techniques

The aromatic compounds,including o-xylene,m-xylene,p-xylene,and ethylbenzene,primarily originate from the catalytic reforming of crude oil,and have a wide variety of applications.However,because of similar physical and chemical properties,these compounds are difficult to be identified by gas chromatography(GC)without standard samples.With the development of modern nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)techniques,NMR has emerged as a powerful and efficient tool for the rapid analysis of complex and crude mixtures without purification.In this study,the parameters of one-dimensional(1D)total correlation spectroscopy(TOCSY)NMR techniques,including 1D selective gradient TOCSY and 1D chemicalshift-selective filtration(CSSF)with TOCSY,were optimized to obtain comprehensive molecular structure information.The results indicate that the overlapped signals in NMR spectra of nonpolar aromatic compounds(including o-xylene,m-xylene,p-xylene and ethylbenzene),polar aromatic compounds(benzyl alcohol,benzaldehyde,benzoic acid),and aromatic compounds with additional conjugated bonds(styrene)can be resolved in 1D TOCSY.More importantly,full molecular structures can be clearly distinguished by setting appropriate mixing time in 1D TOCSY.This approach simplifies the NMR spectra,provides structural information of entire molecules,and can be applied for the analysis of other structural isomers.

Clinical characteristics and treatment compounds of obesity-related kidney injury

Disorders in energy homeostasis can lead to various metabolic diseases,particularly obesity.The obesity epidemic has led to an increased incidence of obesityrelated nephropathy(ORN),a distinct entity characterized by proteinuria,glomerulomegaly,progressive glomerulosclerosis,and renal function decline.Obesity and its associated renal damage are common in clinical practice,and their incidence is increasing and attracting great attention.There is a great need to identify safe and effective therapeutic modalities,and therapeutics using chemical compounds and natural products are receiving increasing attention.However,the summary is lacking about the specific effects and mechanisms of action of compounds in the treatment of ORN.In this review,we summarize the important clinical features and compound treatment strategies for obesity and obesityinduced kidney injury.We also summarize the pathologic and clinical features of ORN as well as its pathogenesis and potential therapeutics targeting renal inflammation,oxidative stress,insulin resistance,fibrosis,kidney lipid accumulation,and dysregulated autophagy.In addition,detailed information on natural and synthetic compounds used for the treatment of obesity-related kidney disease is summarized.The synthesis of detailed information aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the clinical treatment modalities for obesity-related kidney diseases,fostering the anticipation of novel insights in this domain.

Towards green asphalt materials with lower emission of volatile organic compounds: A review on the release characteristics and its emission reduction additives

Recently, researchers in the road field are focusing on the development of green asphalt materials with loweremission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The characterization methodology of asphalt VOCs and theinfluencing factors on VOCs release have always been the basic issue of asphalt VOCs emission reduction research.Researchers have proposed a variety of asphalt VOCs characterization methodologies, which also have mutuallyirreplaceable characteristics. Asphalt VOCs volatilization is affected by many factors. In this study, asphalt VOCscharacterization methodologies were summarized, including their advantages, disadvantages, characteristics andapplicable requirements. Subsequently, the influencing factors of VOCs release, such as asphalt types and environment conditions, are summarized to provide theoretical support for the emission reduction research. Theclassification and mechanism of newly-development asphalt VOCs emission reduction materials are reviewed. Thereduction efficiencies are also compared to select better materials and put forward the improvement objective ofnew materials and new processes. In addition, the prospects about development of VOCs release mechanism ofasphalt materials during the full life cycle and feasibility research of high-efficiency composite emission reductionmaterials in the future were put forward.