Calcium-Magnesium Ca/Mg Ratios and Their Agronomic Implications for the Optimization of Phosphate Fertilization in Rainfed Rice Farming on Acidic Ferralsol in the Forest Zone of Ivory Coast

This study is a contribution to improving rice productivity on acidic plateau soils of the tropical rainforest zone. It is based on taking into account the cationic balances of the soil in order to optimize the phosphorus (P) nutrition of rice on these acidic soils, where this nutrient constitutes a limiting factor for agricultural production. Three (3) pot trials were conducted in Adiopodoumé in the forested south of Côte d’Ivoire. The interactive effects of calcium carbonate (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg Ca ha−1) and magnesium sulfate (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg Mg ha−1) were evaluated on the response of NERICA 5 rice at doses 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P ha−1 of natural phosphate from Togo, applied only once at the start of the experiment. Additional fertilizers of nitrogen (N) (100 kg N ha−1) and potassium (K) (50 kg KCl ha−1) were added to each of the tests in a split-plot device. The test results revealed a paddy production potential of approximately 3 to 5 t⋅ha−1 for NERICA 5 on an acidic soil, under the effect of the interaction of P, Ca and Mg. The quadratic response of rice yield to the doses of these fertilizers would be more dependent on their balance, itself influenced by Ca nutrition. For the sustainability and maintenance of rice production in agro-ecology studied, it was recommended doses of 38 kg Ca ha−1, 34 kg Mg ha−1 in a Ca/Mg ratio (1/1) with intakes of 41 kg P ha−1, overall in a ratio 1/1/1 (P/Ca/Mg) more favorable to the availability of free iron considered a guiding element of mineral nutrition. Thus, these promising results should be confirmed in a real environment for better management of the fertilization of rice cultivated on acidic plateau soils in Côte d’Ivoire.

氟碳铈矿除Ca、Si制备脱硝催化剂及其脱硝性能的研究

包头混合稀土精矿是氟碳铈矿(CeCO_(3)F)和独居石(CePO_(4))的共生矿物,结构复杂,难以分解,且Ca、Si杂质嵌布在矿物表面,影响了稀土矿物的脱硝活性,因此在使用天然矿物作为催化剂之前,有必要对其进行除杂预处理。采用酸浸固氟焙烧方案将氟碳铈矿制成脱硝催化剂,具体工艺为:第一步,HCl除Ca,HCl浓度为6mol/L,氟碳铈矿与NaCl(固氟剂)质量比为1∶5,混合并搅拌12h后于500℃下焙烧2h;第二步,HF除Si,HF浓度为13mol/L,除Ca后粉末与NaCl质量比为1∶5,混合并搅拌12h后于500°C下焙烧2h。氟碳铈矿除Ca、Si后制备的催化剂中Ca含量降至1.85%,Si含量降至0.17%,稀土元素含量相比原矿提高了约22%。氟碳铈矿除Ca、Si后,表面形成了发达的孔结构,比表面积增大,活性元素增多,且部分Ce的价态由+3价转变为+4价,还形成了晶格氧,这些组织结构的变化为催化剂脱硝过程提供了更多的氧化还原中心,使得催化剂脱硝性能显著提高。因此,用除杂后的氟碳铈矿作脱硝催化剂比直接用天然矿物具有更大的优势。

Enhancement of catalytic and anti-carbon deposition performance of SAPO-34/ZSM-5/quartz films in MTA reaction by Si/Al ratio regulation

In order to further improve the catalytic performance of zeolite catalyst for methanol to aromatics(MTA)technology, the double-tier SAPO-34/ZSM-5/quartz composite zeolite films were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal crystallization. The Si/Al ratio of SAPO-34 film was used as the only variable to study this material. The composite zeolite material with 0.6Si/Al ratio of SAPO-34 has the largest mesoporous specific surface area and the most suitable acid distribution. The catalytic performance for the MTA process showed that 0.6-SAPO-34/ZSM-5/quartz film has as high as 50.3% benzene-toluenexylene selectivity and 670 min lifetime. The MTA reaction is carried out through the path we designed to effectively avoid the hydrocarbon pool circulation of ZSM-5 zeolite, so as to improve the aromatics selectivity and inhibit the occurrence of deep side reactions to a great extent. The coke deposition behavior was monitored by thermogravimetric analysis and gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, it is found that with the increase of Si/Al ratio, the active intermediates changed from low-substituted methylbenzene to high-substituted methylbenzene, which led to the rapid deactivation of the catalyst. This work provides a possibility to employ the synergy effect of composite zeolite film synthesizing anti-carbon deposition catalyst in MTA reaction.

Silica-alumina molar ratio and some factors effect on the synthesis of zeolites from fly ash

In order to improve the activity and eliminate some impurities, pretreatment was used before hydrothermal synthesis. The fly ash was mixed with an aqueous NaOH solution, the alkali melted fly ash was also adopted, which is hydrothermally treated at about 104 ℃, and the liquid/solid ratio was controlled at 6：1. In order to control Si/Al molar ratio, SiO2 or Al2O3 powers were added to the fly ash. The results of XRD and SEM show that the alkali melted can activate fly ash and eliminate its quartz and mullite, along with the improvement of Si/Al molar ratio and alkalinity. In addition, zeolite Na-A changes into sodalite gradually, and nepheline is the synthesized intermediate product. Those results were discussed on the basis of a formation mechanism of zeolite from fly ash.

Preliminary determination of calcium,phosphorus,and the calcium/phosphorus ratio in cortical bone of Chinstrap penguin using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence （SR-XRF） approach was applied to analyzing of Chinstrap penguin （ Pygoscelis Antarctica） cortical bone. The method enabled the in situ determination of Ca and P concentrations and the Ca/P ratio in cortical bone. The preliminary results show that ： （ 1 ） there is the bone site-related difference for Ca and P concentrations. The mean values for the investigated parameters （ on a dry-weight basis） are： 30.7% （Ca） and 14.9% （P） for the femoral cortical bone, 21.4% （Ca） and 11.5% （P） for wing cortical bone. （2） The variation for the Ca/P ratio in cortical bone is lower than those for Ca and P separately. This is in agreement with the previous report that the specificity of the Ca/P ratio is better than that of Ca and P concentrations and is more reliable for the diagnosis of bone disorders. The authors suggest that further studies be conducted to establish norreal values of Ca, P and Ca/P ratio for polar animals and provide a basis for the diagnosis of bone disorders.

High temperature oxidation of inoculated high Si/SiMo ductile cast irons in air and combustion atmospheres

The present work aims to investigate the effect of heating temperature(400,600 and 800°C)and inoculating elements(Ca,Ca-Ba,Ca-RE)on oxidation behavior of ductile irons containing 5.25%Si and 4.8%Si-2.3%Mo in dry air and combustion gas containing water vapour(natural gas burning).The oxidation is influenced by the gas atmosphere type,the iron alloying system,and the inoculating elements depending on the heating temperature.The weight gain increases from 0.001%-0.1%(400°C)to 0.05%-0.70%(600°C)and up to 0.10%-2.15%(800°C).No particular effects of the considered influencing factors are found when heating at 400°C,while at 600°C,mainly the oxidation gas atmosphere type shows a visible influence.At the highest heating temperature of 800°C,a limited increase of the weight gain is found for dry air atmosphere(up to 0.25%),but it drastically increases for combustion atmospheres(0.65%-2.15%).The water vapour presence in the combustion atmosphere is an important oxidising factor at 600-800°C.The alloying system appears to influence the oxidation behavior mainly at a heating temperature of 800°C in the combustion atmosphere,as evidenced by the lower weight gain in 5.25%silicon cast iron.Positive effects of inoculating elements increase with the heating temperature,with Ca and Ba-FeSi inoculation generally showing better performance.Irons inoculated with CaRE-FeSi exhibit a higher degree of oxidation.These results are in good relationship with the previous reported data:Ca-Ba-inoculation system appears to be better than simple Ca for improving the graphite parameters,while RE-bearing inoculant negatively affects the compactness degree of graphite particles in high-Si ductile irons.As the lower compactness degree is typical for graphite nodules in high-Si ductile irons,which negatively affects the oxidation resistance,it is necessary to employ specific metallurgical treatments to improve nodule quality.Inoculation,in particular,is a potential method to achieve this improvement.

Germanium/silica ratio and trace element composition of Early Cambrian siliceous rocks in Keping:implications for the siliceous rocks'formation and paleoenvironment interpretations

This study used the germanium/silica(Ge/Si)ratios,together with rare earth elements and other trace elements to infer the siliceous source and sedimentary environment of the siliceous rocks located at the bottom of Yuertusi Formation in Northwestern Tarim Basin,Keping,China.Previous studies have shown that this siliceous rock stratum formed at the edge of the carbonate platform on the continental shelf.Researchers suggest that these siliceous rocks were formed by hydrothermal activity,but some still draw different conclusions.Understanding the silicon source and depositional environment of these siliceous rocks would help us learn the processes of environmental changes and the causes of biological explosions during this period.The value of germanium/silica ratios of these siliceous rocks is from 0.15 to 0.37 pmol/mol and much lower than above 10|imol/mol values in siliceous rocks that are known formed by hydrothermal activity.All samples are rich in HREE,which differ from hydrothermal siliceous rocks that are rich in LREE.Most samples lack hydrothermal related elements.All these features show that the source of these siliceous rocks'siliceous is not hydrothermal flu ids.The samples'Ce/Ce*range from 0.88 to 1,and Th/U ratios range from 0.01 to 0.36.These features suggest these siliceous rocks were formed in an anoxic environment.Considering all the evidence,we conclude that the siliceous rock stratum at the bottom of the Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation in northwest Tarim Basin.Keping,was formed in anoxic seawater at the edge of the carbonate platform on the continental shelf.Its silicon source is seawater instead of hydrothermal fluid.

Study on Filtration Performance of Silica/ Alumina Slurry in the Process of Recycling Mother Liquor of NaY Zeolite

In order to recover the SiO_2 contained in the mother liquor in the course ofNaY zeolite synthesis to minimize pollution, the influence of various preparation conditions on thefiltering velocity of gel slurry was studied using the SiO_2/Al_2O_3 gel recovered from the NaYmother liquor in the laboratory. The results of study had shown that at a SiO_2/Al_2O_3 ratio in thefeed equating to 9∶1 the SiO_2 recovery rate and Al_2O_3 utilization rate were high with a fasterflow velocity of the filtrate. The pH value of the system had great impact on the flow velocity offiltrate. Between the two methods for regulating the pH value, the one for formation ofsilica/alumina gel slurry by addition of sulfuric acid prior to adding aluminium sulfate in thesolution could secure a faster filtration velocity. The filtration velocity was decreased in tandemwith increasing SiO_2 concentration in mother liquor, meanwhile an increase in dry filter cakeyield.

Ca-Mg-Al-Si系高性能泡沫陶瓷的制备

通过对钢渣和菱镁矿配方组成的优化,采用高温发泡法制备的兼具高强度和低热导率的Ca-Mg-Al-Si系高性能泡沫陶瓷,其主要原料为红柱石与粉砂质页岩,发泡剂为碳化硅,助熔剂为锂辉石。在测试其气孔率,体积密度与抗折强度等性能的同时,也使用Micro-CT、SEM、XRD、XRF等检测手段对泡沫陶瓷进行了表征。实验结果显示:当样品中加入11 wt%钢渣,7 wt%菱镁矿时综合性能最佳,此时抗折强度为11.15 MPa,热导率为0.091W/(m·K),总气孔率为61.02%,闭口气孔率为55.30%,体积密度为0.944 g/cm^(3)。

Effect of the Si/Al ratio of HZSM-5 zeolite on the production of dimethyl ether before and after ultrasonication

A series of as-synthesized HZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios(25,90,120,240 and 400)were post-treated by ultrasonication for an optimum time of 60 min.The morphology,acidity and textural properties of HZSM-5 were characterized with XRD,SEM,N_2 adsorption and NH3-TPD techniques.The catalytic performance was evaluated by dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether(DME),which is a promising gaseous automotive fuel in future.It was found that the Si/Al ratio of HZSM-5 had considerable impacts on its catalytic performance for dehydration of methanol to DME.Its activity increased with decreasing Si/Al ratio from 400 to 25.Ultrasonication of HZSM-5 could significantly improve its catalytic performance.

Regulative effect of Mg/Si ratio on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of cast Al-Li-Mg-Si alloys

The effect of the Mg/Si ratio of Al-2.5Li-1Cu-0.8Mg-0.8Si,Al-2.5Li-1Cu-1.6Mg-0.8Si,and Al-2.5Li-1Cu-2.4Mg-0.8Si alloys on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties was investigated.The results show that the primary phases and their morphologies in the as-cast alloys are found to vary with the Mg/Si ratio.The improvement of Mg/Si ratio of as-cast alloys promotes the formation of Mg_(2)Si primary phase at the expense of the AlLiSi primary phase.Moreover,a tiny amount of T_(B)-Al_(7.5)Cu_(4)Li phase transforms into S-Al_(2)CuMg phase with the increase of Mg content.In addition,the increase of Mg/Si ratio also causes the Cu-rich intergranular phase distributed along crystal boundary to Si-rich intergranular phase.After ageing treatment,the precipitation sequence as a function of Mg/Si ratio is as follows:δ/δ'+AlLiSi(Mg/Si is~1)→δ/δ'+β'-Mg_(2)Si+AlLiSi(Mg/Si is~2)→δ/δ'+β'-Mg_(2)Si(Mg/Si is~3).A good combination of strength and ductility can be obtained in Al-2.5Li-1Cu-2.4Mg-0.8Si alloy after solution and ageing.The rod-likeβ'-Mg_(2)Si precipitate has a positive influence on the comprehensive mechanical properties of the alloy.

Ca,Si和RE对AZ91合金的组织和性能的影响

Ca ,Si和RE合金化和复合合金化AZ91的研究结果表明 :Ca单独加入合金中和Ca ,Si或Ca,RE同时加入合金中都能明显改善AZ91合金的铸态组织 .Si和RE在合金中以Mg2 Si和Al1 1 RE3颗粒相形式存在 ,而Ca则主要溶解于 β Mg1 7Al1 2 中 ,未形成新相 .DTA分析表明 ,Ca溶入Mg1 7Al1 2 后提高了它的熔点 ,亦即提高了它的热稳定性 .这一点对合金的高温性能十分有益 ,使合金的蠕变性能得到大幅提高 ,性能最好的是含 0 .3 % (指质量分数 ,下同 )的Ca和 2 %的RE的合金 ,它在 2 0 0℃ /5 0MPa下的蠕变速率相对于基体合金AZ91降低了一个数量级 .单独加入Ca对铸态AZ91合金有脆化作用 ,但Ca ,Si或Ca ,RE复合加入则能大幅提高AZ91合金的室温和高温强度 。

低Ca/Si比的C-S-H凝胶产物在抑制AAR中的作用

碱是混凝土发生碱-集料(AAR)反应的重要因素之一。许多资料报道低Ca/Si比的C-S-H凝胶对碱有强烈的吸附作用。从C-S-H凝胶的组成出发,指出低Ca/Si比的C-S-H凝胶在抑制AAR中的作用,解释了低Ca/Si的C-S-H凝胶对碱的吸附能力强的原因及其影响因素。为在实际工程应用中掺加混合材来抑制AAR反应,提高混凝土耐久性有重大指导意义。

Si/Ca界面对铅锌矿床定位的控制作用及其找矿意义

最近几年,随着危机矿山深部找矿工作的深入,中国铅锌矿床找矿工作取得了较大进展,这不仅归功于深部钻探工作的开展,也得益于找矿理论的不断深化。总结过去几十年的找矿勘查经验,人们开始意识到地质-地球化学界面对找矿的指导作用。基于此,Si/Ca界面控矿逐渐被人们应用于铅锌找矿工作当中。文章通过对国内外一些代表性矿床的对比分析,认为不同成因的矿床都可具有同一种控矿因素———Si/Ca界面。Si/Ca界面控矿既是不同类型岩石物理性质界面,又具有地球化学意义。文章划分出侵入接触界面、火山沉积接触界面和沉积接触界面3种不同的Si/Ca界面组合方式,并分别举实例说明Si/Ca界面组合对铅锌矿体定位的控制作用;从成矿元素地球化学特性、Si/Ca界面构成异相定位空间和提供地球化学障等角度,分析了Si/Ca界面的控矿机制,界面控矿有望在找矿勘查过程中起到指导作用。

含Ca,Si镁合金的铸态组织及其形成机制

利用金相、电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和X射线能谱仪研究了含Ca,Si镁合金的铸态组织特征.结果表明:含Si较低的合金由镁基体及CaMgSi相组成,而含Si较高的合金由镁基体及CaMgSi和Mg2Si两种相组成. CaMgSi相呈三种不同的形态:离散块状、微细点状和针状,而本身是针状的Mg2Si则以"汉字形"团块的形态存在.根据Mg-Mg2Si-CaMgSi赝三元相图,详细讨论了铸态组织的形成机制.

Ca2Si电子结构和光学性质的研究

采用第一性原理赝势平面波方法系统的计算了Ca2Si电子结构和光学性质，其中包括能带、态密度、介电函数、复折射率、吸收系数、光电导率和能量损失函数。计算结果显示Ca2Si是典型的半导体，正交相结构有一个直接的带隙，并且光学性质显示出各向异性。Ca2Si立方相的计算结果也显示是直接带隙半导体，并且有很高的振子强度。从能带和态密度的计算结果判断出它们的光学性质主要由Si的3p态电子向Ca的3d态的带间跃迁所决定。

Ca-Si处理对易切削非调质钢30MnVS中硫化物形态和成分的影响

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和热力学计算,研究了Ca-Si变质处理对30MnVS钢(%:0.30～0.33C、1.40～1.60Mn、0.08～0.14V、0.065～0.090S)硫化物形貌和组成的影响。结果表明,随着Ca含量(0.001 2%、0.002 1%、0.003 5%、0.004 6%)的增加,团簇的杆状硫化物逐渐转变为均匀分散的球状硫化物,并且大多数球形硫化物中含有复合氧化物核心。其成分变化规律为CaO·3(Al_2O_3)·SiO_2-3(CaO)·6(Al_2O_3)·2(SiO_2)-6(CaO)·9(Al_2O_3)·4(SiO_2)-4(CaO)·3(Al_2O_3)·2(SiO_2),计算结果与实验分析结果基本吻合。

耐热Mg-Zn-Si-Ca合金的显微组织和力学性能

开发了一种新型的Mg Zn Si Ca合金 ,研究了新合金的组织与力学性能之间的关系。研究结果表明 ,Mg 6Zn 1Si合金有较好的综合力学性能。但是由于合金中的主要强化相Mg2 Si呈粗大的汉字状 ,分布于晶界周围 ,在受到应力作用时 ,这种汉字状相与基体的界面处容易产生微裂纹 ,降低合金的抗拉强度、塑性等力学性能。在Mg 6Zn 1Si合金中加入微量Ca后 ,合金的组织得到明显细化 ,并使Mg2 Si强化相形貌由粗大的汉字状转变为细小、弥散分布的颗粒状。由于显微组织的改善 ,使得Mg 6Zn

Ca含量对AZ61-1Si合金显微组织及力学性能的影响

利用OM、XRD、SEM、EDS等方法,研究了Ca含量对AZ61-1Si合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,Ca能显著改变Mg2Si相的形态及大小,细化晶界,而对基体晶粒尺寸影响不大。添加Ca后,AZ61-1Si镁合金的力学性能得到明显提高。

Ca、Si复合合金化对AZ31镁合金显微组织的影响

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪和X射线衍射仪研究了Ca、Si元素对AZ31镁合金铸态组织的影响。结果表明,在AZ31镁合金中同时加入Ca、Si元素后,Ca主要以固溶形式存在于AZ31镁合金中,Si的加入对Ca的分布没有产生影响,Si主要和Mg生成Mg2Si化合物,同时沿晶界分布的β-Mg17Al12相逐渐演变为在晶界附近和晶内弥散分布的细小点状(球状)和针状相。随着Si含量的增加,部分点状相开始粗化,并在基体中出现了汉字状的Mg2Si相。当加入0.3%的Ca与0.4%的Si时,合金铸态组织最为细化。