Description of Myopopone castanea(Smith)(Hymenoptera:Formicidae) from Himalaya Region

The ant genus Myopopone Roger is distributed in Oriental and Indo-Australian regions.Only one valid species,M.castanea（Smith）,is recognized in the genus up to date.M.castanea（Smith） is recorded in Tibet,China,for the first time.Complete information,including characters of the genus,detailed measurements,descriptions,and illustrations of worker and queen castes of M.castanea,is provided.

Ophiognomonia castaneae协同板栗褐缘叶枯病病原菌致病作用的研究

为明确板栗新病害褐缘叶枯病病原菌Phomopsis castaneae-mollissimae(Y1)与其共生菌板栗蛇孢日规壳Ophiognomonia castaneae(Y6)的关系,采用在发病不同时期组织分离、定期采样观察、致病性测定及对峙培养等方法进行研究。结果表明,发病初期在褐缘叶枯病病健交界处只分离到Y1,随病斑扩展Y6的分离频率逐渐增加,发病后期Y6的分离频率略高于Y1;Y6的无性型和有性型子实体均生长在病斑上;离体叶片接种Y1易产生病斑,接种Y6很少产生病斑,两菌混合接种比单独接种产生的病斑症状明显且发病速度快,表现出Y1致病力强,Y6致病力弱,Y6具有协同Y1致病的作用;Y6和Y1的营养体表现出明显的完全的亲和力。

Supporting Nursing Technology for the Marker-Assisted Selection of Castanea mollissima Blume

[Objective] The aim was to study the supporting raising technology of Castanea mollissima Blume molecular marker-assisted selection to reduce the cost and time for chestnut breeding.[Method] To find the best cutting method,10 treatments were designed according to transverse diameter and vertical diameter of the chestnut including different cutting ratios in 1/2,1/3,1/4 and different directions about cross cutting,vertical cutting,bevel cutting and two side-cutting.The germination rate,seedling survival rate and morphological indicators of the treatments were measured;significant difference among them was also analyzed.[Result] 1/3 bevel cutting was the best,which not only could give high germination rate and survival rate,but also could guarantee high quality of nursery stock,which did not grow so differently with the untreated seedlings.[Conclusion] This way can not only reduce too much cost and time for seedling breeding,but also promote the germination of chestnut in advance,which could do much good to production.

板栗褐缘叶枯病病原菌协同致病菌Ophiognomonia castanea的生物学特性研究

对板栗拟茎点霉菌Phomopsis castaneae-mollissimae协同致病菌Ophiognomonia castanea的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,O.castanea菌丝在马铃薯-板栗叶培养基上生长最好,菌丝生长的适宜温度为15-28℃,最适温度为25℃,最适p H为6;最适宜碳源为甘露醇,氮源蛋白胨和牛肉浸膏能促进菌丝生长。

板栗(Castanea mollissimaB1.)空苞形成因子的研究——Ⅱ.板栗空苞的胚胎学

选连续三年发生空苞率达90%的树为材科,对其胚眙发育进程进行了观察,并与连续三年不发生空苞树作比较。结果表明:板栗空苞发生的原因在胚胎学上有如下几方面,大孢子母细胞发育停止,减数分裂不能正常进行;成熟胚囊结构异常,卵细胞、助细胞解体;传粉受精不良导致受精作用异常;原胚早期敗育、胚乳败育、胚发育中止及部分空苞中种子的子叶不发育等?鄄熘谢狗⑾?总苞及子房外形的大小与胚珠发育进程之间有密切关系;另在珠形胚时期,一个子房内发育胚珠与退化胚珠在外形大小上也有明显差別。

板栗(Castanea mollissima B1.)的胚胎学研究——(Ⅰ)胚珠、胚囊发育、受精和胚发生

报导了板栗胚囊发育、受精及胚发生的全过程。板栗子房6—9室,每室两个倒生胚珠着生于中轴胎座上。胚珠具双珠被、厚珠心。大孢子四分体线形排列,通常合点端的大孢子发育。蓼型胚囊。胚珠具宿存珠心柱。珠孔受精,受精后的胚囊产生侧向盲囊,初生胚乳核在盲囊底部形成,并很快在其中分裂产生核型胚乳。精卵融合为有丝分裂前型。合子斜向分裂产生基细胞和顶细胞,顶细胞经一次垂直分裂形成三细胞原胚,之后基细胞横分裂一次形成二细胞胚柄,该胚柄不久退化,胚发育应归属于柳叶莱型。成熟种子无胚乳。文中总结了板栗胚胎学过程的时间进程与外部形态相关特征的资料,并对山毛榉科植物胚胎学问题进行了讨论。

板栗(Castanea millissimaB1.)空苞形成因子的研究——Ⅰ.授粉受精对板栗空苞形成的影响

板栗空苞率高是其低产的重要原因之一。本研究通过人工授粉、剪除雌花柱头等试验发现:板栗不经授扮,座苞率高达68%以上;授粉受精不良不是板栗落果的主要原因,但不经授粉所结果球全为空苞。如选择亲和力强的花粉授扮,可以大大减少空苞;自花授粉者空苞率较高(平均高达18.3%),以混合花粉授粉,不仅空苞率很低(平均为0.4%),而且总苞内的果实数显著高于自花授扮。上述结果说明,授粉受精不良是板栗形成空苞的主要原因之一。

板栗(Castanea mollissima Bl.)的胚胎学研究 Ⅱ雌配子体的超微结构

受精前的助细胞是代谢活跃的细胞,具丰富的线粒体、高尔基体和质体,内质网大多为光滑型且库槽膨大,极少淀粉粒;助细胞向合点端的壁是不连续的。卵细胞的壁与助细胞的相似,合点端也是不连续的;卵细胞质中线粒体,高尔基体和内质网均较少,但游离核糖体很丰富。中央细胞除具大量各种细胞器外,质体中还常有小淀粉粒。反足细胞壁在与中央细胞间及各反足细胞间是间断的,并具大量胞间连丝,细胞质中也富含各种细胞器,表明其代谢活动十分活跃;反足细胞中观察到核物质穿壁现象。珠心柱(postment)中部细胞在形态和结构上都与其外部细胞不同,显示了其功能的差异。文中并讨论了助细胞、反足细胞在胚囊营养中的作用以及胚囊营养物质供应的途径。

Fingerprinting 146 Chinese chestnut(Castanea mollissima Blume)accessions and selecting a core collection using SSR markers

Chinese chestnut is an important nut tree around the world.Although the types of Chinese chestnut resources are abundant,resource utilization and protection of chestnut accessions are still very limited.Here,we fingerprinted and determined the genetic relationships and core collections of Chinese chestnuts using 18 fluorescently labeled SSR markers generated from 146 chestnut accessions.Our analyses showed that these markers from the tested accessions are highly polymorphic,with an average allele number(N_(a))and polymorphic information content(PIC)of 8.100 and 0.622 per locus,respectively.Using these strongly distinguishing markers,we successfully constructed unique fingerprints for 146 chestnut accessions and selected seven of the SSR markers as core markers to rapidly distinguish different accessions.Our exploration of the genetic relationships among the five cultivar groups indicated that Chinese chestnut accessions are divided into three regional type groups:group I(North China(NC)and Northwest China(NWC)cultivar groups),group II(middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLY)cultivar group)and group III(Southeast China(SEC)and Southwest China(SWC)cultivar groups).Finally,we selected 45 core collection members which represent the most genetic diversity of Chinese chestnut accessions.This study provides valuable information for identifying chestnut accessions and understanding the phylogenetic relationships among cultivar groups,which can serve as the basis for efficient breeding in the future.

CTAB-silica Method for DNA Extraction and Purification from Castanea mollissima and Ginkgo biloba

A new method CTAB-silica for DNA extraction and purification from the leaves and buds of Castanea mollissima and Ginkgo biloba was tested. The method is based on the silica-based purification protocol developed by Boom et al. (1990). By modifying the protocol, plant genome DNA could be extracted easily from dormant buds, mature leaves, and other parts of plant. Our results showed that the purified DNA was of high purity and could be analyzed by PCR. Furthermore, this CTAB-silica method took much less time for a successful DNA purification process compared to the traditional methods (CTAB and SDS). By our method, the suitable DNA can be extracted and purified from over 10 plant samples by one person in an hour.

A new alkaloid from Castanea mollissima Blume

A new alkaloid, named 6-（2＇,3＇-dihydroxy-4＇-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-1＇-yl）cyclopentadiene[c]pyrrole-1,3-diol, was isolated from the seeds of Castanea mollissima Blume. The structure was elucidated based on spectroscopic evidence including 2D NMR techniques.

Efficient Micropropagation of Chestnut Hybrids(Castanea spp.)Using Modified Woody Plant Medium and Zeatin Riboside

The chestnuts genus(Castanea spp.)is comprised of economically important trees native to the Northern hemisphere that are used as food and hardwood timber.Here,a very efficient method for micropropagation of European×Japanese chestnut hybrids(Castanea sativa×C.crenata)is described.Woody Plant Medium was used as the basal medium.In vitro shoots of four rootstock cultivars were micropropagated without shoot-tip necrosis on multiplication medium containing 5.7 or 11.4μmol·L^(−1)zeatin riboside,and were rooted on rooting medium containing 2.46μmol·L^(−1)indolebutyric acid.Monthly shootmultiplication rates for each cultivarwere 2–5 folds.In vitro rooting percentages for four cultivars were 87%for‘Maraval’,67%for‘Marigoule’,93%for‘Marsol’,and 97%for‘Précoce Migoule’.Within a 5 week period,80%–95%of rooted shoots were successfully acclimated under high humidity conditions after they were planted in either soil or rockwool.

Effects of the <i>Castanea mollissima Blume</i>Shell Cultivation Substrate on the Yield and Nutritional Composition of <i>Pleurotus geesteranus</i>

Cottonseed hull substrates blended with different ratios of Castanea mollissima Blume shell were prepared and used for the cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus. The effects of the chestnut shell content on the mycelial growth rate, yield, nutritional composition and contents of heavy metals of the cultivated Pleurotus geesteranus were investigated. The results suggest that the Castanea mollissima Blume shell in substrate can increase the mycelial growth rate, yield, biological efficiency and the contents of protein, crude fiber, amino acids and essential amino acids of Pleurotus geesteranus. Further investigation suggests that the tannin and saponin in Castanea mollissima Blume shell and the C/N ratio of substrate significantly influence the mycelial growth rate. The crude fat content of Pleurotus geesteranus decreased, while the contents of heavy metals including mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) increased with the increase of the Castanea mollissima Blume shell content in substrate. Based on these results, the content of Castanea mollissima Blume shell was optimized to be less than 30% for the cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus.

Selection Strategy for Chestnut (<i>Castanea sativa</i>Mill.) Families Originating from Contrasting European Populations

Genetic material originating from contrasting European chestnut (Castanea sativa) populations of Greece, Italy and Spain was evaluated in a common garden test situated in Greece. The aim of the study is to device an appropriate selection strategy by identifying and conserving superior genotypes for current and future use in breeding programs. Breeding material consisted of 143 open-pollinated families growing in a common garden provenance-progeny experimental trial. Growth trait genetic parameters were estimated and response to selection was evaluated using family, within family and combined selection methods. Two models were employed for the estimation of family variance and genetic parameters. The CVA varied between 12.1% and 67% among traits and models, showing an increasing trend with age. Heritability estimates were high;however their variation with age was irregular. Selection of superior families regarding three years of measurement for height, diameter, volume index and number of leaves showed a potential gain of 12% - 25%, 12% - 28%, 33% - 73% and 21% - 49% over the mean of all plants. Genetic gain for volume index was the highest among the traits studied and the joint model used presented a more effective selection strategy. Results indicate that the experimental trial studied presented substantial genetic variation and sufficient genetic gain opportunities for quantitative traits of economic importance. These findings suggest that inferior trees can be rogued from the experimental trial and a seedling seed orchard of Castanea sativa in Greece can be established.

On-farm Conservation of Sweet Chestnut （Castanea sativa Mill.） in Andalusia

Sweet chestnut （Castanea sativa Mill.）, the only native species of Castanea genus in Europe, occupies over 12,000 ha in Andalusia （South of Spain）. From 2000 until now, we have carried out different activities focused on the location and cataloguing of the different chestnut groves in the region and the evaluation of the genetic variability contained in this germplasm. Two different types of chestnut groves were detected： one of clonal nature （varieties obtained by grafting） and another of open pollination （trees from seed）. In the first case, the aim of our study was to identify and characterise the main chestnut traditional varieties. High levels of genetic variability were detected in clonal orchards by means of morphological and molecular analysis. A total of 38 varieties were identified： 12 in Huelva and 26 in Malaga regions. Moreover, we reported data about the presence of synonymies and homonymies. Our results indicate that chestnut production in this region is a traditional system that uses varieties developed in situ, constituting a genuine system of ＇on farm＇ conservation. Nevertheless, their preservation is seriously threatened in most zones due to the varietal substitution, the low profit or the abandonment, which determines the urgent necessity to safeguard these genetic resources. Furthermore, preliminary results for chestnut populations indicated a high degree of genetic variation.

干燥对2种栗属(Castanea)种子发芽率及水分状态的影响

目的探究栗属种子的脱水敏感性,并研究干燥过程对胚轴水分状态的影响。方法以采自河南的野生板栗和茅栗为实验材料,室温下在密闭容器中用硅胶快速干燥2种新鲜栗子,分别测定其干燥不同时间后水分含量和发芽率的变化并剥取胚轴。基于差式扫描量热技术(DSC),分析所取胚轴的热力学特征,并根据胚轴含水量和对应热焓值计算可冻结水与非冻结水的占比。结果板栗干燥8 d时,水分含量由49.51%降至32.97%,发芽率从78.33%降至8.5%;茅栗干燥4 d时,水分含量由41.24%降至30.82%,发芽率从71.65%降至9.33%。种子水分含量低于30%时仅有少数种子发芽。DSC分析显示,实验过程中随着干燥时长的增加,胚轴的水分含量显著下降且与结晶/熔融阶段的起始温度、峰值温度和热焓值呈显著正相关。板栗的可冻结水分含量由89%降至7.9%,茅栗的可冻结水分含量由81%降至2.7%。结论野生板栗和茅栗有极强的干燥敏感性,属典型顽拗性种子,其发芽率受水分含量高度影响,其胚轴的热物性参数和水分状态也与干燥程度密切相关。

A Study on the Xenia Effect in Castanea henryi

The xenia effect results in pollen affecting the setting rate and the appearance and quality of fruits. To further understand this phenomenon,we investigated the xenia effect in Castanea henryi using the cultivars ‘Huali 1', ‘Huali 2', ‘Huali 3', and ‘Huangzhen' as materials. Twenty combinations of self-, cross-, and natural pollination were undertaken in a chestnut orchard in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, China. Significant differences were observed among the pollination combinations in terms of the time of fruit ripening, rate of fruit setting, size of the barbed shell and nut, and content of soluble sugars, fats, proteins, amylose, and vitamin C. No significant differences were observed with regard to nut rate,content of total starch, and moisture content. The fruit quality of the 20 pollination combinations was evaluated using a subordinate function method,and showed that Huali 2 × Huali 3 was the best combination, and Huangzhen × Huangzhen was the most ineffective combination. Therefore, we recommend the combination of Huali 2 × Huali 3 for the future production of C. henryi.

板栗褐缘叶枯病协同致病菌Ophiognomonia castaneae的生活史

采用室外定点观察,子实体诱导及r DNA ITS、MS204、tef1-α3种分子标记进行系统发育分析等方法,对板栗褐缘叶枯病Phomopsis castaneae-mollissimae的协同致病菌板栗蛇孢日规壳Ophiognomonia castaneae的生活史进行了研究。结果表明,每年7月下旬至8月初叶片发病初期很少分离到O.castaneae,随着病斑扩大该菌的分离频率逐渐增大,至发病后期其分离频率可高达78.5%,甚至可超过致病菌P.castaneae-mollissimae,10月下旬板栗落叶背面的病斑上开始形成O.castaneae的分生孢子盘,11月下旬开始形成O.castaneae的子囊壳原基,次年5、6月越冬落叶背面的病斑上长出子囊壳;带病斑的叶片经室内外诱导,0–25℃范围均可产生成熟子囊壳;湿度是决定子囊壳能否形成的关键因素,强光照不利于子囊壳的产生;分离物的菌丝体在PDA培养基上培养,易产生分生孢子;将分离物分为两种交配型,相互交配后6个月所有处理均未长出该菌的有性型子实体。室外定点观察及r DNA ITS、MS204、tef1-α3种分子标记表明分离物和病斑上的子囊孢子及其萌发菌丝为O.castaneae的不同生长发育阶段。

Subpopulation genetic structure of a plant panmictic population of Castanea sequinii as revealed by microsatellite markers

Castanea squinii Dode,an endemic tree widely distributed in China,plays an important role both in chestnut breeding and forest ecosystem function.The spatial genetic structure within and among populations is an important part of the evolutionary and ecological genetic dynamics of natural populations,and can provide insights into effective conservation of genetic resources.In the present study,the spatial genetic structure of a panmictic natural population of C.sequinii in the Dabie Mountain region was investigated using microsatellite markers.Nine prescreened microsatellite loci generated 29-33 alleles each,and were used for spatial autocorrelation analysis.Based on Moran’s I coefficient,a panmictic population of C.sequinii in the Dabie Mountain region was found to be lacking a spatial genetic structure.These results suggest that a high pollen-mediated gene flow among subpopulations counteract genetic drift and/or genetic differentiation and plays an important role in maintaining a random and panmictic population structure in C.sequinii populations.Further,a spatial genetic structure was detected in each subpopulation’s scale(0.228 km),with all three subpopulations showing significant fine-scale structure.The genetic variation was found to be nonrandomly distributed within 61 m in each subpopulation(Moran’s I positive values).Although Moran’s I values varied among the different subpopulations,Moran’s I in all the three subpopulations reached the expected values with an increase in distances,suggesting a generally patchy distribution in the subpopula-tions.The fine-scale structure seems to reflect restricted seed dispersal and microenvironment selection in C.sequinii.These results have important implications for understanding the evolutionary history and ecological process of the natural population of C.sequinii and provide baseline data for formulating a conservation strategy of Castanea species.

Regression Analysis of Main Factors Influencing the Yield of Castanea henryi Rehd. & Wils.

This paper deals with the initial plus trees selected in the excellent plantations, and 60 excellent phenotypes were gained. With correlation analysis, path analysis, regression analysis and clustering analysis, the results of studying the effect of 13 factors on unit yield show that the height, crown area and branching ability are highly signiflcant correlated with the unityield. Crown area, soil fertility, anthracnose infection rate, proportion of nutrient andfruited branches and meanfruit weight have...