Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence among Sex Workers in Bangui, Central African Republic (CAR)

Background: Violence against women has become an international public health and human rights issue in recent decades. The violence suffered by sex workers is of little interest for research, yet it constitutes a major health and safety problem. We propose to assess the extent of the phenomenon of gender-based violence (GBV) among sex workers (SWs) in the city of Bangui in the CAR. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study covering the period from July to October 2021 carried out among SWs in Bangui, the capital of the CAR. Given that the SWs association had only 159 members in Bangui, an exhaustive sampling was retained. Were included in the study, any SW present during the data collection period and having given their written consent. The parameters studied were socio-demographic characteristics: age, sex, residence, level of education, marital status, and characteristics linked to violence: the notion of violence during their professional activity, the type of violence, the declaration and the declaration if necessary, the response and management of this violence. The data collected was analyzed using Epi info version 7 software. Results: Of the 159 SWs that counted the association, 108 had been included. The average age was 27.0 years with extremes of 14 and 46 years. The age groups of 25 to 34 years were the most represented (43.5%). Fifty-six SWs (51.9%) had reached the secondary level. Unemployed SWs were in the majority at 74.1%;Sixty-six (66) SWs in our sample (61.1%) had already been victims of violence during the exercise of their activity Sexual violence was the most represented (28.5%) followed by verbal violence (22.4%). Sixty-eight (62.9%) wanted to stop the professional activity of SWs and 93.1% would accept another income-generating activity in place of sex work. Conclusion: It is necessary to supervise SWs and protect them within the framework of respect for human rights, rather than criminalizing them and the exploiters flouting their human dignity and putting their lives in danger. .

Strategic Research on Pharmaceutical Enterprises’ Participation in National Drug Centralized Procurement

Objective To study the influence of national drug centralized procurement policy on pharmaceutical enterprises manufacturing generic drugs and original drugs,so as to provide a reference for them to make different strategic choices.Methods Through the literature research on the related policies and the bidding data,the national drug centralized policies were studied systematically.Combined with the bid-winning price and price reduction range of the winning enterprises in the three rounds of centralized procurement,their difficulties,strategic choices and the winning factors were investigated.Besides,a model was established to clarify the optimal price of enterprises in the process of drug procurement.Results and Conclusion The strategic choices of enterprises in participating national drug centralized procurement are influenced by many factors such as the market share of the original varieties,active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)and cost.Therefore,corresponding strategies should be formulated according to the characteristics and interests of enterprises.

Suggestions on Foreign Pharmaceutical Enterprises Dealing with China’s Drug Centralized Procurement - Taking the First Batch of Implementation Results as an Example

Objective To analyze the impact of the first batch of centralized drug procurement on foreign pharmaceutical enterprises since the national centralized drug procurement policy has brought great impact on pharmaceutical market,and put forward some suggestions on their marketing transformation in China.Methods Firstly,the documents of the drug centralized procurement were studied,and then the sales figures before and after the implementation of the policy were retrieved from MiNET.At the same time,the relevant business adjustment information of foreign pharmaceutical enterprises was collected for analysis.Results and Conclusion The sales of related products of foreign pharmaceutical enterprises have dropped sharply,so they have stripped off these products and reduced their staff.It is suggested that foreign pharmaceutical enterprises should adjust the structure of sales team,strengthen the layout of the market in the county,and accelerate the introduction of innovative drugs to cope with centralized drug procurement.

Epidemiological Profile of Men Who Have Sex with Men: First Data about Male Sex Workers in Central African Republic (CAR)

Objectives: Sex work is not well documented among African men. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of men who have sex with men (MSM) and eventually to determine the proportion of sex workers (SW) among them, as well as the proportion of MSM who have been victims of gender-based violence (GBV). Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study coordinated by the Direction de la Médecine du Travail was carried out at the headquarters of the association ALTERNATIVES in Bangui Bangui from July 1 to October 31, 2021. Consenting MSM present during the study period were systematically included. Sociodemographic variables, those relating to the future vision of the activity and to GBV were collected and analyzed using Epi-Info version 7 software. Results: Forty MSM with an average age of 23 years and mainly secondary education (75.0%) were included. The vast majority of MSM were unemployed (85.0%). 45.0% had been victims of GBV and wanted to stop working as an MSM (47.5%), and almost 2/3 (65.0%) would accept another income-generating activity in exchange for the MSM. Violence was sexual (32.5%), economic (22.5%), physical (20.0%), verbal (12.5%) and psychological (12.5%). Conclusion: The MSM were mainly young, poorly educated, unemployed, and almost half were victims of GBV. The desire to change MSM activity to another income-generating activity alongside that of MSM shows that many of them are SW, workers in the informal sector. This must be taken into account in prevention activities, even if the data needs to be confirmed on a much larger sample.

Extracellular matrix based biomaterials for central nervous system tissue repair: the benefits and drawbacks

Functional repair of injured tissue in the adult central nervous system （CNS） still remains a big challenge for current biomed- ical research and its upcoming clinical translation. The axonal regeneration of the adult CNS is generally low, and it is addi- tionally restricted after injury by the presence of inhibitory mol- ecules, generated by the glial scar.

Double Pyramidal Central Configurations with a Concave Quadrilateral Base

As for a double pyramidal central configuration in 6-body problems, the case when its base is a concave polygon is studied. By advancing several assumptions according to the definition of double pyramidal central configuration and deducing two theorems and two corollaries on this subject, the essential and sufficient conditions to form a double pyramidal central configuration with a concave quadrilateral base are demonstrated.

Existence and uniqueness for a class of double pyramidal central configurations with a concave pentagonal base

Based on some necessary conditions for double pyramidal central configurations with a concave pentagonal base, for any given ratio of masses, the existence and uniqueness of a class of double pyramidal central configurations with a concave pentagonal base in 7-body problems are proved and the range of the ratio between radius and half-height is obtained, within which the 7 bodies involved form a central configuration or form uniquely a central configuration.

人工关节集采对DRG IC29组病例住院费用的影响分析

[目的]研究集中带量采购对人工关节置换术患者住院费用的影响,为深化高值耗材持续改革提供依据。[方法]收集某三级医院集采前后DRG分组IC29组病例的DRG结算数据和医保信息系统的相关信息,进行倾向得分匹配后,采用描述性分析、非参数检验、结构变动度进行费用变化分析。[结果]集采政策实施后的各项费用中位数显示,IC29组病例次均费用下降了33445元,其中材料费下降了34835元;DRG统筹金额下降了13705元,个人自付金额下降了24550元。集采前后的结构变动度为60.52%,材料费呈负向变动,医疗服务费、检查化验费、药品费及其他费呈正向变动。结构变动贡献率前三位为材料费50.00%、医疗服务费26.04%、检查化验费16.36%。[结论]集采后IC29组病例的次均费用、材料费、医保支付和个人负担费用均明显降低,费用结构得到优化,人工关节集中带量采购成效明显。建议持续进行高值耗材集采工作,并协同推进医疗服务价格和医院薪酬制度等其他医改配套政策。

公立医院医用耗材带量集采管理问题与对策研究

目的在医用耗材带量集采扩面提质的背景下,耗材集采的“一品一策”给公立医院耗材管理工作带来挑战,本研究通过探究广东省某公立三甲医院医用耗材带量集采过程中可能发生的管理问题,设计并实施相应管理对策并衡量其执行效果。方法应用鱼骨图分析法系统分析医用耗材带量集采执行过程中的潜在问题,并于2023年5月—7月在院内采取针对性措施。选取该医院2022年12月—2023年12月冠脉支架、起搏器、管型/端端吻合器以及脊柱产品的集采时序作为研究对象,衡量其干预前后的月度执行率、合同完成量变化,判断干预成效。结果鱼骨图分析结果显示影响集采执行的主要因素有内部制度不完善、人员管理无法满足需要、供货问题、信息系统欠缺等因素。干预后集采月度执行率(t=-4.19,P<0.05)、合同完成量(t=-2.38,P<0.05)均高于干预前,差异具有统计学意义。结论对医用耗材带量集采实施干预管理能有效促进科室带量集采执行效果。在带量集采的环境下,临床以及卫生管理人员需要进一步提升自身专业性,保障耗材集采管理的效率与质量;并深化对政策的理解并落实,完善生产配送环节的监督与惩戒机制,多部门联动落实供应保障;以及提升医院与集采平台信息系统。

中国医保药品价格谈判回顾和展望

目的:总结2018—2023年中国医保药品价格谈判的实践经验,对未来的工作提出建议。方法:通过文献回顾、收集官方公布的数据和网络报道资料,对当前医保药品价格谈判的政策和实践进行总结分析。结果:谈判药品平均降价50%~60%,但也存在有待解决的问题。未来医保药品价格谈判工作需要更加关注价值谈判组织体系、标准和方法的建立,重视价值谈判的立法和规制,使价格谈判工作更加公正、公平和透明化。结论:我国的药品价格谈判成绩斐然,充分发挥了政府主导和市场机制的作用,通过价值谈判保障了创新药物的可得性和可及性,在新药需求无限性和医保基金有限性之间找到了平衡点。

The Research about the Trans-provincial Centralized Bidding Trading Market of East China Power Grid --II:Model Analysis

In this paper a novel cost function based on the relationship between operation cost of unit and generation load rate is employed in an agent-based model of Trans-provincial Centralized Bidding Trading Market of East China Grid. Simulation results are compared to real data to prove that the model is correct. Further analysis on simulation results point out the way to achieve an all-win game for power market members: generation companies improve their average load rates of the units by selling their electricity in the market, which makes units' cost drop and settlement price stay lower than benchmark price. Consequently electricity-demand provinces saved expenses, and units increase their profits. In conclusion, the trans-provincial electricity market of East China Power Grid is a successive case which improves the efficiency of the electricity industry by market-oriented measures.

基于德尔菲法构建集采中选药品管理敏感指标

目的:构建集采中选药品管理敏感指标。方法:通过循证初步建立集采中选药品管理敏感指标,再通过德尔菲专家函询法对30名药学人员进行2轮函询,并统计整理函询结果。结果:构建的集采中选药品管理敏感指标包括一级指标3项,二级指标11项和三级指标22项。两轮专家函询有效回收率分别为91%和100%。第二轮权威系数为0.82,总体协调系数0.434,检验具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:本研究构建的集采中选药品管理敏感指标满足专家积极程度、权威程度和一致性标准等各项标准。

广西医疗机构落实国家药品集中带量采购政策的效果分析

目的探讨国家药品集中带量采购政策(后文简称“国家集采政策”)在广西壮族自治区的实施效果,为医疗机构后续开展集采药品相关工作提供参考。方法选取广西壮族自治区医疗机构国家集采政策实施前后的药品采购数据,以政策目标、利益相关方关注的问题等为导向,引入并研究6个二级指标(如可获得性、可负担性、药品安全性等)、18个三级指标(如约定采购量完成率、负担水平、药占比等)。采用描述性统计方法对国家集采政策实施前后(2019年和2020年)的数据进行差异性、变化趋势等分析。结果在可获得性方面:广西壮族自治区医疗机构参与度为92.55%,疾病覆盖率为40.16%,整体约定采购量完成率中值为287.82%,总体配送率为97.20%。在可负担性方面:2019-2022年药品价格总体的降幅为74.80%,人均住院药品费用、门诊药占比、住院药占比降幅依次为17.61%、10.22%、20.10%,除慢性病、抗肿瘤用药外,药品可负担水平均低于1。对医药的影响:2022年药品不良反应事件占比为66.00%,相比执行国家集采政策前增幅为1.29%,广西壮族自治区通过一致性评价的药品共12个品规,前8名的制药企业的市场集中度小于20.00%。对医疗医保的影响:直至2022年基本实现仿制药替代原研药,同类非中选药品使用比约为9.12%,未提出二次换药的人数占63.39%;药品费用支出减少共24.59亿元。结论国家集采政策在广西壮族自治区取得了显著的效果,但同时还需重点关注扩大专科病种用药覆盖面、中选药品的临床综合评价、优化待分配量选择方案等问题。

医保政策与健康伦理的冲突与对策分析

针对现行医保政策与患者健康伦理的冲突现象进行原因分析,汇总原因如下:医保基金的可持续发展状况堪忧、医保管理体系有待完善、医保管理部门与医疗机构协商谈判机制不健全、医疗卫生资源配置和人民群众的卫生服务需求不匹配。针对上述原因,应从调整医保基金筹资机制、构建多层次医疗保障体系、健全医保管理体系、建立医保管理部门与医疗机构协商谈判机制、促进医疗机构精细化管理程度等方面入手,维护医保基金安全,提高患者就医满意度。

我国药品集中带量采购制度理论与实践浅析

我国药品集中带量采购(以下简称集采)是发挥医保战略性购买功能、重构医药价格形成机制、规范药品流通秩序、降低患者药费负担、促进合理安全用药的制度创举。本文从制度创建的视角,系统性回顾了我国开展药品集采工作五年以来的制度内涵、运行效果和多方影响。制度运行的核心机制包括政府组织、联盟采购、平台操作的工作机制,质量优先、保障供应、为用而采的规则机制,以及集采与使用的运行维护机制;药品价格形成的核心机制包括量价挂钩的市场交换机制和“四个确保”的市场契约机制;制度实施涉及招标采购、供应配送、配备使用、接续工作4个关键环节和18个核心要素。集采政策实施后,临床用药替代效应明显、药品可及性提高、药品费用显著下降且主要惠及患者、药品市场集中度提高和产业格局逐步重塑。

国家集采左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液仿制药疗效和安全性评价

目的:比较国家集中带量采购左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液和原研药品治疗社区获得性肺炎的临床疗效与安全性。方法:回顾性收集福建省某大型三甲医院2020年10月20日至2022年10月20日诊断为CAP并使用左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的患者相关临床信息,采用倾向性评分匹配法调整组间差异,比较两组的有效性和安全性。结果:倾向评分匹配后,集采组纳入患者117例,原研组纳入患者117例。两组用药第七天临床治疗有效率、白细胞、中性粒细胞百分数、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、体温、给药疗程(天)比较,无统计学差异。两组用药后肝肾功能异常比较,无统计学差异。结论:国家集中带量采购左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液与原研药品治疗CAP的效果与安全性相当。

典型国家和地区原研药医保支付标准设计对我国的启示

目的:为国家药品集中采购政策背景下的药品医保支付标准管理提供参考。方法:对典型国家和地区的药品医保支付标准管理经验进行研究。结果:选取的典型国家和地区具有较为完备的药品医保支付标准管理体系,参考市场实际交易价格等多重因素,仿制药与原研药医保支付标准存在差异。建议:完善相关政策文件,建立科学的药品医保支付标准管理体系,通过药品市场价格交易监测机制,构建以市场为导向的医保支付标准形成机制,根据仿制药与原研药等不同药品的不同属性进行精细化分类管理;同时,在当前国家药品集中采购品种同通用名实行同一医保支付标准的政策前提下,继续推进并优化仿制药一致性评价工作,实现仿制药与原研药临床疗效一致,以符合当前仿制药与原研药实行同一医保支付标准的政策导向。

抗菌药物集采对妇产科及小儿骨科围手术期预防用药的影响——以某三甲医院为例

目的:评价抗菌药物集采对妇产科和小儿骨科围手术期预防用药的影响,为推进和完善抗菌药物药品集中采购提供参考。方法:以临沂市某三甲医院为例,采用回顾性方法收集第五批国家药品集中采购中选药品(注射用头孢呋辛钠)集采前半年(2021年1月1日至2021年6月30日)和集采后半年(2022年1月1日至2022年6月30日)药品消耗量、销售金额、用药频度(DDDs)、日均费用(DDDc)、可负担性等数据,并进行对比分析。结果:集采政策实施后,妇产科平均住院日由6.98天降至6.21天,降幅为14.29%,例均药品费用、例均药占比、头孢呋辛钠例均费用、DDDc分别降幅30.70%、19.26%、7.5%和12.43%;小儿骨科平均住院日由9.76天降至8.50天,降幅为12.91%,头孢呋辛钠例均费用、DDDc降幅分别为1.17%和13.69%。结论:集采政策的有效实施降低了注射用头孢呋辛钠的价格,提高了患者的可负担性、医保基金的使用效率,降低了医院运营成本。

成人PICC/上臂输液港原发性导管异位管理的最佳证据总结

目的评价、总结国内外成人PICC/上臂输液港原发性导管异位管理的最佳证据,为临床医护人员识别、预防和处理成人PICC/上臂输液港原发性导管异位提供参考。方法系统检索中英文数据库、指南相关网站和专业学会网站中有关成人PICC/上臂输液港原发性导管异位管理的证据,包括临床决策、最佳实践、临床实践指南、系统评价、证据总结和专家共识。检索时限为建库至2023年12月31日。2名研究者独立对纳入文献进行质量评价,并结合专业判断进行标准化的资料提取和证据分级。结果该研究共纳入13篇文献,包括6篇临床实践指南、2篇证据总结和5篇专家共识。最终从识别、预防及处理3个方面总结了39条最佳证据。结论该研究为临床医护人员管理成人PICC/上臂输液港原发性导管异位提供循证依据。在临床应用时,需要充分考虑临床情景,结合专业人士的判断及患者的意愿,遵循个体化原则,审慎地将证据应用于临床实践中。

基于中药监管科学创新技术体系破解国家中药类产品集中带量采购难点

在国家推动药品集中带量采购(以下简称集采)工作常态化背景下,中成药大品种在全国范围内的集采已经落地开展,中药饮片的省际联合采购也正在进行,而未来中药配方颗粒纳入集采也是大势所趋。然而,中药不同于化学药品,其原料来源于天然资源,组成成分复杂、功效主治多样,是一个多功效、多组分的复杂体系,加之中药类产品生产过程复杂,产品质量良莠不齐,生产成本相差悬殊,如何在中药类产品集采中科学评价产品质量,体现优质优价,以及如何科学评估中药类产品的生产成本,制定合理的最高限价,都是中药集采工作执行中亟待解决的难点问题。针对上述难点,笔者提出基于中药监管科学体系,创新制定中药类产品质量等级标准以及构建全产业链溯源与供应保障平台,从而确保中药类产品集采保质、提级、稳供、高质量发展的新思路。