An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of the Contract Book of the Civil Code on Labor Dispute Trial Practices:A Study of Four Hundred Judgments

Interpretation(I)of the Supreme People’s Court of Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Labor Dispute Cases allows for the application of pertinent laws and regulations,including the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the“Civil Code”),in labor dispute cases.This has resolved the controversy over the relationship between civil law and labor law in academic and practical communities.In view of this development,we examined four hundred judicial documents,analyzing the focal points of disputes,the reasoning behind judgments,applicable laws,and judgment results.Our study identified seven impacts of the Contract Book of the Civil Code on labor dispute trial practices,exploring the underlying logic behind these changes and proposing policy suggestions to promote consistent judgments across jurisdictions,enhance judicial credibility,and encourage employers to govern enterprises in compliance with the law while empowering employees to safeguard their rights in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

How does the Civil Code Process the Civil and Commercial Relations According to the Insurance Law

The relationship between the civil law and commercial law is a long-standing issue of controversy in the area of private law, and it is also an issue of unavoidably legislative selection during the codification the civil code in almost every country. Since the founding of the People Republic of China, China has carried out the codification of civil code for four times, and since the part^s eighteen plenary session officially proposed the ＇codification of civil code＇, the issue of the civil and conmaercial relation draws the attention again, either unification or division of civil and commercial law directly affects the system and content of the civil code, and affects how to process the relationship between the civil law and commercial law during the codification of the civil code as well. The codification of the civil code should not only consider the legislative tradition of the civil and commercial legislation and the current legal system, but also pursue characteristics of the commercial law, in a system of combining civil and commercial law, through adding commercial law into the general principle of civil law; the existing commercial law should be separately retained.

Realization of the Right to Economic Assistance of Women with Disabilities in Divorce from the Perspective of the Civil Code

Protecting the equal human rights of persons with disabilities is an important part of human rights protection in China.The Marriage law Amendment in 2001 focused on the economic assistance system for divorce relief for a party unable maintain the local basic standard of living.The Civil Code has adjusted and expanded the system,stipulating that one party can ask for financial help from the other party if the party can’t maintain a reasonable living after divorce.To a certain extent,this economic assistance should include the assistance to the party whose living standard has decreased significantly after divorce and the party who has made more sacrifices and contribution to the marriage during the marriage.Although the economic assistance system for divorce stipulated in the Civil Code does not specifically address unequal treatment or discrimination against women with disabilities,since women with disabilities are more vulnerable after divorce,they are more likely to put forward economic assistance claims after a divorce,be more dependent on others physically and psychologically,and find it more difficult to obtain employment.Social security for women with disabilities is still insufficient and compared with other subjects,women with disabilities are likely to be in an unequal position in the realization of their right to economic assistance in divorce.Therefore,it is necessary to put forward reasonable legal interpretations and application suggestions for the relevant provisions in the Civil Code,so as to fully realize the economic assistance rights of women with disabilities in divorce,and reflect the care and protection of the human rights of women with disabilities in the Civil Code.

Human Rights Implications of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China

Putting the people first in human rights protection is the most distinctive feature of the outlook on human rights in contemporary China. The codification of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China reflects the people’s legislation for themselves, which is guided by the principle of putting the people first in its external system and internal values. Functionally, the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China reflects the obligation of the country to protect human rights, constructs the framework relationship between the country and individual people, and perfects the mechanism for human rights protection. The continuous expansion of the types, contents, and functions of civil rights in the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China is required by the broad scope of human rights, with an aim to realize a happy life for the people, the most important human rights, and protect people’s personal rights, property rights, and right to dignity through specific rules. The universal sharing of human rights requires the universality of the subjects of civil rights. The equal sharing of human rights requires the equality of forms of civil rights protection. Meanwhile, it further requires the substantive equality of civil rights protection. Attention is paid to protecting the rights and interests of specific groups in external and embedded ways.

The Construction of Gender in Modern Chinese Law： Discrepant Gender Meanings in the Republican Civil Code

This article examines the intersection of law, gender, and modernity during the transitional Republican era （1912-49）. It approaches the topic through a critical reading of the Republican Civil Code of 1929-30, and related commentary on the code by Chinese legal experts. By analyzing the gender assumptions embodied in several newly emergent categories of legal regulation, including legal personhood, minimum marriage age, consent, domicile, surnames, marital property, and child custody, the article＇s line of questioning reveals how gender meanings helped to shape modem concepts like universality, equality, and freedom. The findings illustrate the ways in which Republican civil law broke with late imperial legal and gender norms tied to Confucian patrilineal ideology and in addition established new legal and gender meanings that helped to consolidate Chinese politics on a republican basis and to reconfigure modem gender difference on a conjugal basis.

A Historical Perspective on the Unification of Private Law and the Future of the Civil Code

China has a long tradition of legal codification. In looking at the unification of private law, we need to follow three historical threads： the historicity of law, the rationality of private law and the rules governing the growth of private rights. Following on from and amending the Draft Civil Law of 2002, we can use restorative methods to formulate a nine-part civil code suited to China＇s national circumstances. The nine parts comprise the General Principles of Civil Law; Marriage and Family Law; the Law of Succession; Real Rights Law; Intellectual Property Law; Contract Law; Employment Contract Law; Tort Liability Law; and the Law of the Application of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relations. With this goal in mind, we can adopt a four-step legislative process： firstly, integrate the Marriage Law and the Adoption Law to form a unified Marriage and Family Law; secondly, include Employment Contract Law as a separate section of the civil code; thirdly, include Intellectual Property Rights Law as a separate section of the civil code; and fourthly, amend the General Principles of Civil Law so as to integrate Personal Rights, the General Principles of Property Rights （the General Principles of Obligation）, the General Principles of Commercial Law, etc. The civil code formed on this basis possesses historicity, flexibility and contemporaneity, and would become an important constituent in the restatement of Chinese civil life and the remolding of the Chinese system of law.

The Embodiment of Enhancing Family Civility in China's Civil Code

“Development of family civilization”has joined legislative language system from policy language and ethical language,and has become the basic value orientation of the Marriage and Family Section of Civil Code of the People's Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as“the Civil Code”).We need to specify significance and jurisprudence of family civilization,and make family civilization harmonious with the basic principles(basic value orientations)of Marriage and Family Section and Inheritance Section.The significance of family civilization in the new era should be taken to include equality,respect,loyalty and unity,as is specified through the legal rules of marriage and family.Development of family civilization does not challenge freedom,but overcomes the defects of individualism in the identity community so as to fully realize the liberal and all-round development of each family member.By integrating family civilization with the basic value orientation of its Marriage and Family Section,the Civil Code has demonstrated a basic position of valuing“family”and of“coordinating the relationship betweenaindividual and family.”Moreover,it has revealed the basic attitude of Chinese people towards marital relationship and even towards marriage and family:Marriage and family provide a warm harbor of ethical love with legal significance,a weal-and-woe-sharing community of affection and property wherein family members,husband and wife in particular,focus on overall coordination.It is a closeknit group of equality,harmony,solidarity,like-mindedness,mutual respect and care for the elderly and for the young,and of trust-worthy team.

On the Legislative Concept and New Rules of the System of Marriage and Family in China's Civil Code

Twenty-four new or revised systems or rules have been incorporated in the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China for the purpose of strengthening the State's protection of marriage and family,promoting development of family civilization,and respecting the autonomy of the parties to marriage and family.Furthermore,they are designed for advancing equal marriage and family status,implementing the principle for the best interests of children,and protecting the rights and interests of the weak in marriage and family.In the Marriage and Family Section of the Civil Code,the Chapter 1“General”has got the new principle of the State protecting marriage and family,new advisory rule for promoting development of marriage and family civilization,and new principle for protecting the best interest of adoptees.Moreover,it has defined the types of relatives,close relatives and family members.In the Chapter 2“Marriage,”the lawful circumstances for prohibiting marriage and for invalidating marriage are reduced,the scheme of revoking a marriage is revised and supplemented;the obligation of telling the truth about major diseases,and the right for the innocent party to claim damages for an invalid or revoked marriage,are added.In the Chapter 3“Family Relations,”the rules of husband and wife's family agency right and its restriction,the rules of marital common debt determination,the rules of marital common property split,and the rule of litigation for the confirmation and denial of parent-child relationship,are added;in the Chapter 4“Divorce,”the pre-divorce coolingoff period and the time for dissolution of marriage relationship are added,the legal circumstances for divorce in litigation,the rules for dealing with child support during divorce,and the principle of splitting the common property of divorced couples are supplemented,the applicable conditions of divorce financial compensation and divorce financial assistance are modified,and the legal circumstances for divorce damage compensation is increased;in the Chapter 5“Adoption,”the age of adoptees and the number of adopted children are relaxed,the conditions of adopters are revised,and the adoption evaluation rules are added.

监护人责任的实体法与程序法问题

监护人责任属于替代责任。监护人是侵权责任的主体,应当直接向被侵权人承担全部的侵权责任,而非相应的责任或补充责任。《民法典》第1188条第2款要求从有财产的被监护人的财产中支付赔偿费用,不足的部分才由监护人赔偿,该规定过于保护被侵权人以及监护人,忽视对被监护人的保护。父母作为未成年子女的法定监护人应当共同承担监护人责任即承担的是连带责任。离异夫妻中未与未成年人子女共同生活的一方也应当承担全部的监护人责任。没有与继子女形成抚养教育关系的继父母不承担监护人责任。继父母收养继子女后,应当承担监护人责任,被监护人的生父母不再承担监护人责任。教唆人、帮助人的侵权责任与未尽到监护职责的监护人承担的相应的责任以及监护人与有过错的受托履行监护职责的人所承担的侵权责任的关系都属于部分的连带责任。在监护人责任诉讼中监护人与被监护人属于共同被告。

论《民法典》中的身体权概念

作为定义类法条,《民法典》第1003条将法律保护作为规范目标,彰显了身体权的防御属性,身体权概念应依该规定加以重构。身体权不具备支配权能,身体部分的“客体化”与“工具化”倾向既忽视了身体部分无法作为支配对象的事实,也混淆了权利主体与权利客体的关系,与人格保护“先验性”的本旨相悖。作为身体权的权能之一,“身体完整”意指物理完整,性骚扰等侵扰精神安宁的行为不同于侵害身体权指向的人格要素,无法适用相同的侵权构成要件。与身体相分离的部分,即便权利人具备事后与身体再度结合的意思,也仅构成法律上的物,通过承认物上精神利益的保护即可解决问题。“行动自由”意指物理活动的自由,以可视化的身体为载体,与其他物质型人格权相同,应根据损害结果确定客观层面的民事责任要件,无须结合《民法典》第998条进行利益衡量。非法搜查以限制自然人的人身自由为前提,故纳入行动自由的保护范畴具备合理性。

《民法典》视域下合伙合同解除规则的建构

合伙合同的解除,是合伙人脱离合伙关系的前提。合伙合同具有开放包容、组织化差异程度大、给付内容不确定、以信赖关系为基础的特征。合伙合同解除规则建构需要建立在确定性、效率和公平的核心逻辑基础上。实践中产生的合伙僵局,需要在《民法典》视域下,从合伙合同解除的核心价值逻辑出发,建构合伙合同法定解除、意定解除、酌定解除的规则体系加以应对,而酌定解除应以解除为原则,不解除为例外。

论民法典对社会主义核心价值观的弘扬

将弘扬社会主义核心价值观确立为民法典的立法目的之一,是我国德法并重治国之道的重要体现。结合民法典的核心理念,探究社会主义核心价值观的来源、含义,可以更好地理解二者之间的内在联系与相互影响。民法典的立法编纂在民法基本原则、民事法律制度、民事法律规则等方面有机融入了社会主义核心价值观。通过司法实践活动实施民法典是弘扬社会主义核心价值观的重要途径。

New Challenges Posed by Robots to China's Civil Code in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

the age of artificial intelligence(AI),robots have profoundly impacted our life and work,and have challenged our civil legal system.In the course of Al development,robots need to be designed to protect our personal privacy,data privacy,intellectual property rights,and tort liability identification and determination.In addition,China needs an updated Civil Code in line with the growth of AIl.All measures should aim to address AI challenges and also to provide the needed institutional space for the development of AI and other emerging technologies.

Generation method of GPS L1C codes based on quadratic reciprocity law

A new code concept is used for the L1 civil（L1C） signal of the global positioning system（GPS）.The generation of L1C codes is quite different from the generation of traditional ranging codes.Thus,it is necessary to find a method for the correct generation to pave the way for future research.L1C codes are based on only one Legendre sequence which consists of Legendre symbols.To calculate these Legendre symbols,the Euler criterion is always used to evaluate quadratic residues.However,due to the great length of L1C codes,this procedure causes overflow problems.Therefore,the quadratic reciprocity law,some related theorems and properties are introduced to solve the problems.Moreover,if the quadratic reciprocity law,some related theorems and properties are used to calculate different Legendre symbols,the combination modes may vary,which causes a complex generation process.The proposed generation method deals with this complex generation process effectively.In addition,through simulations,it is found that the autocorrelation features of obtained Legendre sequences and L1C codes are in accordance with theoretical results,which proves the correctness of the proposed method.

宪法视野下的婚检制度变革与完善——基于《民法典》第1053条告知义务的履行

《民法典》第1053条对禁婚疾病传统作出重大调整,成为新时代背景下婚检制度设计的重要法律依据。在婚姻宪法保护框架下,“婚姻自由—私人告知—自愿婚检”的传统思路忽略了比“婚姻自由保护”更为根本的“婚姻传统功能保护”。婚姻的公共性及解决相关司法实践难题的客观需要,使得婚检融入履行环节成为可能。从《宪法》到《民法典》再到《婚姻登记条例》,民法典时代婚检制度设计应沿循“婚姻保护—法定告知—弱强制婚检”设计思路,采取“程序强制+形式审查”模式,即当事人于婚前相互告知专业健康检查结论,婚姻登记机关仅要求当事人填写知晓声明并进行必要口头提示而不对告知内容及其真实性进行实质审查。

“避风港”规则的实践困境与完善路径

“避风港”规则是判定网络侵权责任的重要规则之一,在互联网发展早期较好地平衡了权利保护与产业发展的关系。但随着新技术新业态的快速发展,“避风港”规则在新技术环境下面临着一系列实践困境:网络内容分享平台驶入“避风港”的条件不明确,对特定侵权内容的通知处置难以遏制重复侵权,公法审查义务可能会架空“避风港”规则的适用。摆脱这些困境,就应该在《民法典》解释论框架下,合理划定新技术环境下平台应尽的注意义务,适当扩展解释“必要措施”以遏制重复侵权,澄清私法注意义务与公法审查义务的关系。

论侵害监护权的损害赔偿责任

相对于监护关系外的第三人,监护关系具有绝对、排他的效力,监护人依法履行监护职责产生的权利属于绝对权,受到侵权法的保护。非法使被监护人脱离监护的行为构成对监护人监护权的侵害,侵权人应当承担由此造成的财产和精神损害。监护权被侵害的财产损害既包括监护人为恢复监护关系而支出的合理费用,也包括因此遭受的误工损失等其他财产损失。侵害监护权的行为只有使父母子女关系和其他近亲属关系遭受严重损害时,父母以及担任监护人的其他近亲属才享有精神损害赔偿请求权。被监护人在脱离监护期间死亡时,作为监护人的近亲属既享有因监护权被侵害的损害赔偿请求权,也有权就被监护人的死亡向侵权人行使人身损害赔偿请求权;被监护人伤残的,只有被监护人享有人身损害赔偿请求权。赔偿合理的奔丧费既符合民法典的规定,更是我国传统伦理道德与社会主义核心价值观的基本要求。

《民法典》背景下个人信息保护的司法考察与制度完善

大数据时代,为充分保障个人的信息安全,我国相继施行的《民法典》《个人信息保护法》对此作出了较为全面的规定。考察相关规则的司法适用,发现我国个人信息保护存在个人信息与隐私权界定不清、损害赔偿威慑作用不足、公益诉讼制度效用未充分发挥、“知情—同意”标准不一且流于形式等问题。为解决上述问题,可通过构建可识别的场景化模式界定个人信息,引入情境脉络完整性理论判定隐私,审慎引入惩罚性赔偿,明晰个人信息保护公益诉讼的适用条件,构建“国家—行业—平台”三层规则体系实现实质同意,全面保护个人信息。

民法典中生态环境损害赔偿责任体例疏释

《中华人民共和国民法典》第1234条、第1235条将生态环境损害赔偿责任拆分成“两类六种”责任形态并列规定,这一制度体例承袭民事责任以责任后果的形态分别列举的体例。从历史面向看,这一体例既受移植苏联在总则中规定民事责任的影响,也与计划经济时期公法责任冲击民法的历史过程相关。然而,民法典编纂过程中并未对这一体例予以矫正,反而将其应用到生态环境损害责任的立法中。从现实面向看,尽管这一体例的形成具有一定的偶然性,但随着对民法典的本土化研究,这一体例所体现的“权利-义务-责任”体系被赋予了取代“权利-请求权”体系的新功能,并且使生态环境损害赔偿规避了环境权的争论得以直接以责任的形式规定。但由于其遮蔽了责任后果与责任原因之间的关联,使分别列举的责任后果的适用逻辑不清晰,致使生态环境损害赔偿责任司法实务中存在赔偿不足或赔偿冗赘的现象。在当前制度环境下,欲在保持现有的生态环境损害赔偿责任体例的前提下理顺生态环境损害赔偿责任的适用逻辑,需在学理层面将其与责任原因相连结。

养老保障视域下《民法典》赡养义务体系化之论

《民法典》使赡养义务体系化,但相关解释论的缺失影响了赡养义务功能的实现。为此,需要根植法律体系、立足社会现实,构建赡养义务体系解释论。以生存保障功能为起点,经由实践演进、理论沿革与条文修改,总则性赡养义务条款发展出全面性内涵。将赡养理解为全面性赡养,是《民法典》赡养义务实质体系化的基础。以合理性与可行性为考量,需要界分法律性赡养与道德性赡养,且子女、孙子女、外孙子女的强制性赡养义务应被限制为物质性赡养。而在以被赡养人为中心的理念下,孙子女、外孙子女赡养义务虽属次生补位性质的义务,但其履行基准不宜与子女赡养义务有所区分。有关丧偶儿媳、女婿赡养义务的条款属于权利取得条款,具有激励性、倡导性作用,其伦理基础是继承人与被继承人之间形成的家庭性、道德性关系,因而其要件不宜限定为物质性要素,而应综合考虑物质性赡养、精神性赡养、照料、保护等要素。