Investigation of Types and Hazard of Weeds in Coffea arabica Orchads in Nujiang River Basin

[Objective] Through the investigation of weeds in Coffea arabica orchads in NuJiang River basin, this study aimed to provide scientific guidance for the weed control and improving the ecological and economic benefits of the plantation of Cof- fea arabica. [Method] The types of weeds and the characteristics of weed occur- rence in Coffea arabica orchads in Nujiang River basin were investigated from July to August in 2012. [Result] The results showed that there were 69 types of weeds belonging to 21 families in Coffea arabica orchads. The predominant harmful types were shown as follows： Commelina nudiflora L. ＋ Leptochloa chinensis, Cyperus ro- tundus L. ＋ Bidens pilosa L. ＋ Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrical ＋ Ageratum conyzoides L. ＋ Eupatorium odoratum L., Ageratum conyzoides L. ＋ Digitaria san- guinalis （L.） Scop. The preponderant weeds consisted mainly of 10 species, namely, Cyperus rotundus L., Commelina nudiflora L., Leptochloa chinensis, Digitaria san- guinalis （L.） Scop, Imperata cylindrical, Bidens pilosa L., Ageratum conyzoides L, E- upatorium odoratum L., Eleusine indica and Chenopodium serotinum L. [Conclusion] The result from this study is of great significance for the plantation of Coffea arabica in Nujiang River basin, as well as the control of weeds.

New Dammarane Triterpenoids,Caffruones A–D,from the Cherries of Coffea arabica

In present study,four new dammarane-type triterpenoids,namely caffruones A–D(1–4),were isolated from the cherries of Coffea arabica.Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D,2D NMR(HSQC,HMBC,^(1)H–^(1)H COSY,and ROESY),HRMS and IR spectra.This is the first time that tetracyclic triterpenes have been reported in genus Coffea.

石榴豹纹木蠹蛾(Zeuzera coffeae Nietner)生物学及其防治研究

石榴豹纹木蠹蛾是云南蒙自地区石榴的主要害虫之一。幼虫蛀害石榴树枝干 ,具多次转移危害习性 ,并在蛀道内越冬。受害部位以上枝干萎蔫、枯死 ,危害枝干率达 1 0 %～ 1 5 % ,重者达 30 %～ 40 %。该虫在云南蒙自石榴植区一年发生一代 ,垮年度完成 ,越冬态不甚明显。采取综合防治措施后 ,其危害率由 1 0 %～ 1 5 %降为 0 .2 %～ 0 .31 %。

Genetic Analysis of Yield and Yield Components Based on the Three Controlled Hybrid Populations in the Robusta Coffee （Coffea canephora Pierre）

Genetic analysis of yield and yield components were carried out on three parental clones of Coffea canephora Pierre and their controlled hybrid progenies. There is a possibility to estimate coffee yield capabilities in simply via the easier measuring traits of yield components since significant correlation between them were detected. We found that among parental show very few significantly differences of all observed characters and even not found between the overall mean of the descendants and their donor parents, whereas some particular descendants show higher values rather than their donor parent in one or more characters. Increased value between the best parent to the best descendent were detected varies from zero to 102%. This situation suggests the difficulty to find out the optimum yield in a single plant by accumulating all of yield components that actually can increase 143% to 278% from actual to potential yields. In addition, observed characters among population were also actually found highly varies from 159% in out-turn in population B to 28,333% in number of productive branch among population A. Low heritability （h2） that generally found in quantitative traits due to polygenic control was present in our studies in almost all characters observed. Therefore, selection for actual high yielding through conventional breeding will not efficient, and more convincing the power of selection using molecular markers to assist for cumulate additive effects in a single genotypes that resulted of high yielding in the future.

Mechanism of Action of Low Dose Preparations from <i>Coffea arabica</i>, <i>Gelsemium</i>and <i>Veratrum</i>Based on <i>in Vivo</i>and <i>in Vitro</i>Neurophysiological Findings

Low dose remedies are widely administered in medicine. We used Tele-Stereo-EEG and the hippocampal slice preparation to measure physiological effects of orally given Coffea D6 (40 mg/kg), Gelsemium D4 (10 mg/kg) and Veratrum D6 (30 mg/kg) in rats. Adult rats were implanted with electrodes positioned stereotactically into four brain regions. Changes in field potentials were transmitted wirelessly. After frequency analysis data from 6 - 8 animals were averaged. For in vitro testing, preparations were superfused directly on hippocampal slices. Stimulation of Schaffer Collaterals by single stimuli (SS) or theta burst stimulation (TBS) resulted in stable population spike amplitudes. All three low dose preparations produced decreases of spectral power. Statistically significant changes were observed in delta, theta and alpha2 spectral power. In the hippocampal slice preparation Coffea facilitated signal transfer presumably by enhancing glutamate AMPA receptor transmission. Gelsemium showed a similar effect, but only after single shock stimulation. Opposite to this, attenuation of the electric pathway was recognized after theta burst stimulation due to AMPA receptor and glutamate metabotropic II receptor mediated transmission. Veratrum was able to attenuate glutamatergic due to receptor-mediated signalling sensitive to AMPA and NMDA. The results strongly speak in favour of the existence of biologically active molecules in these low dose preparations.

Modeling Leaf Area Estimation for Arabica Coffee (<i>Coffea Arabica</i>L.) Grown at Different Altitudes of Mana District, Jimma Zone

This study was aimed at establishing allometric models for estimating LA (Leaf Area) of eight Coffea arabica genotypes in Mana district of Jimma Zone Oromia Regional State, South Western Ethiopia (7&deg;46'N, 36&deg;0'E). Many Methodologies and instruments have been devised to facilitate measurement of leaf area. However, these methods are destructive, laborious and expensive. For modeling leaf area, leaf width, leaf length and leaf area of 1200 leaves (50 leaves for each genotype) was measured for model calibration and the respective measurements on 960 leaves were used for model validation. Linear measurement was taken from leaves and branch diameters of eight genotypes of C. arabica, cultivated in field following a randomized complete blocks design at three altitudes (High, Medium and Low) were evaluated to identify best option for input in the models, and to validate the method to estimate the leaf area. Linear and non-linear models were tested for their accuracy to predict leaf area of the eight C. arabica genotypes. The use of linear model resulted in high accuracy for all of the eight C. arabica genotypes. No significant effect of growing altitude and genotype was obtained among the slopes of the models. Therefore, one single model was fitted to the combined data of all genotypes at all altitudes (LA = 0.6434LW). Comparison between observed and predicted leaf area was made using this model in another independent dataset, conducted for model validation, exhibited a high degree of correlation (r = 0.98 - 0.99, P < 0. 01). The over or under estimation of the leaf area using this model ranges between 0.02% to 1.7% and this model is adequate to estimate the leaf area for the eight C. arabica genotypes. Hence, this model can be proposed to be reliably used and with this developed model, researchers can estimate the leaf area of newly released eight genotypes of C. arabica at different altitudes accurately.

Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci （QTLs） Controlling Cherry and Green Bean Characters in the Robusta Coffee （Coffea canephora Pierre）

In coffee breeding practice, two quantitative traits, namely cherry and green bean characters are the important phenotypic selection index. The synchronous of cherry maturation, size, weight and shape of green bean are desirable traits for the future breeding. In order to increase the breeding efficiency, a set of quantitative trait loci （QTLs） analysis controlling these traits was carried out. The QTL analysis was performanced in cross pollinated population of Coffea canephora using single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） and simple sequence repeats （SSRs） markers. Totally 12 QTLs determined desirable cherry and green bean traits were identified on 9 linkage groups （LG）, where these QTLs mapped forming clusters in 11 different chromosomal regions. The desirable traits which can be detected by their QTLs are synchronous of cherry maturation （LG B and LG G）, cherry size （LG A, LG F and LG G）, bean shape （LG B, LG D and LG J）, bean weight （LG H）, bean size （LG A and LG E） and cherry-bean size （LG K） The gene action of these QTLs was dominance or an interaction of alleles （epistasis between alleles at the studied locus） effect. The yielded linkage map and the detected QTL can provide a tool for further genetic analysis of two traits and be potential for maker-assisted selection in C. canephora breeding.

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci （QTLs） Determining Flowering in the Robusta Coffee （Coffea canephora Pierre）

The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） analysis for flower traits were performed based on three crossing of Coffea canephora in Indonesia. This study successfully identified 19 QTLs related to flowering. These QTLs consisted of 1） three QTLs associated with green candle flowering time located at linkage groups of A and D; 2） one QTL associated to white candle flowering time located at linkage groups of B; 3） two QTLs associated to blossom flowering time located at linkage groups of B; 4） two QTLs associated to number of flowers located at linkage groups of G and H; 5） five QTLs associated to score of flowers quality located at linkage groups of A, C and D; 6） five QTLs associated to number of star flowers located at linkage groups of D, E, F and G. Due to some QTLs are overlapping on the same linkage group, thus, these 19 QTLs for flower traits might be considered as 15 different ones which distributed on 14 regions of the eight linkage groups. Although pleiotropic genes might be the most likely explanation for the collocation of these QTLs, the present data are not sufficient to distinguish between a pleiotropic gene and a cluster of different loci controlling several traits. These results can be a first step for molecular breeding on Robusta coffee mainly in order to improve potential suitable characteristics such as number of flowers and number of normal flowers as well as to reduce adverse characteristics such as number of star flowers.

Modeling of Molecular Distillation Parameters： Case Study of Green Coffee Oil （Coffea arabica）

In principle, the free fatty acids, diterpene fatty acid esters and triglycerides from green coffee oil can be separated effectively, by a suitable separation process, due to the differences between molar mass and vapor pressures. In addition, in the case of component separation by molecular distillation, boiling point is replaced by evaporation rate at a given temperature. Several experiments and theoretical analyses have been carried out to identify the impact of important parameters （mean free path, evaporation rate, relative volatility and Knudsen number）, which determine the performance of these processes and degree of separation. In this work, a process development based on molecular distillation, for the enrichment of coffee diterpenes from green coffee oil is presented. The distillates were enriched in diterpene fatty acid esters and free fatty acids, while the residues were enriched in high molar mass triglycerides.

Biological Characteristics and Control Techniques of Zeuzera coffeae Nietner in Coffee Garden

Zeuzera coffeae Nietner is a kind of pest which bores branches and trunks of coffee trees and grows in the interior of trees.It is widely distributed in China.This paper discussed the distribution,life history,morphological characteristics,living habits and damage characteristics of Z.coffeae,and focused on the prevention and control measures,which can provide a reference for the comprehensive control of Z.coffeae.

Growth and Quality of Clonal Plantlets of Conilon Coffee(Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner)Influenced by Types of Cuttings

To achieve high crop yieldin agriculture, the production of plantlets of superior quality is one of thebasic prerequisites. For conilon coffee, the current recommendation in theproduction of clonal plantlets through vegetative propagation is to usediagonal cuttings, in bevel form. However, there are indications that othertypes of cutting have been successfully used to produce plantlets. In thiscontext, this experiment was conducted with the objective of studying thedevelopment of plantlets of conilon coffee obtained by different types ofcuttings. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. The cuttings wereobtained from the middle portion of orthotropic stems of standardized plants.The experiment followed a split plot in time design, with three types ofcuttings (bevel, sharp bevel and straight) and two times of evaluation, withfour repetitions. At 30 and 120 days after planting, plantlets were collectedand evaluated. The results show the increase occurred in the variables due tothe straight cut when compared to the others, except for stem diameter.Emphasizing in this context, the straight cut promoted an increase in seedlingheight, production of biomass and in the Dickson’s quality index when comparedto cuttings in bevel and sharp bevel.

Botanical Aspects,Caffeine Content and Antioxidant Activity of Coffea arabica

Brazil is the largest coffee exporter in the world. In addition, it occupies the second position, among the consuming countries of the drink. To investigate the chemical composition and quality of the coffee drink from Coffea arabica species, samples grown in the city of Ourinhos, the third most productive region in the state of Sao Paulo, a study of its properties and characteristics was conducted. The pharmacobotanical characteristics were investigated performed according to usual techniques in these researches through macroscopic and microscopic studies through cross-sections. The oil obtained for analysis was extracted by soxhlet, and the caffeine content was measured for green grains using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using as stationary phase, column C18 and gradient mobile phase formed by 80% water and 20% methanol. The concentration obtained was 44.983 ± 0.86 μg/mL. The antioxidant activity was measured in triplicate through the DPPH test of the in natura coffee oil, and presented antioxidant action of EC50 25.89 ± 1.16 μg/mL.

Assessment of Coffea Shade Value through Comparison of Mountainous Area with Farm Land Coverage,in Arsi Gololcha District,Oromia,Ethiopia

Coffea cultivation with shade tree is used for improving soil health,increasing coffea production,sustaining agro ecology.The study was attended in two kebele,on 36 farmers’fields,at Gololcha district of East Arsi zone.The study was intended to assess the influence of coffea shade trees on farm lands versus mountainous area.Household interviews were used to get imperative separately,i.e.from old farmers,middle age farmers and young farmers.Significant difference value was observed between farm land and mountainous area coverage.Based on this respondents’idea,before 25-30 years;the‘condition of tree coverage at mountainous’area in Arsi Gololcha district was‘medium condition’but not normal that means as deforestation of mountainous area have been starting before 30 years’time;while the condition of tree coverage at farmland area also has been starting before 30 years’time.The third respondents’idea was interpreted with the real situation of the district,that it gave us a constructive inspiration on the role of coffea shade tree to enable the farm land to be taken as regular natural forest.The existing coffea shade trees are Cordia africana followed by Erythrina abyssinica and Acacia senegal.Farmers accounted 95%of coffea shade users and 4.6%without shade users.The respondents said that even if the rainfall intensity is increasing at farmland rather than mountainous area occasionally due to shade tree effect.On the contrary side,mountainous area exposed to deforestation since the farmers have been shifting to hilly side for their livelihood dependency.

怒江干热河谷流域小粒咖啡叶部病害病原分离与鉴定

云南怒江干热河谷流域是小粒咖啡(Coffea arabica L.)种植的理想区域,但是咖啡叶部病害的持续发生,对咖啡树的健康、产量和品质造成了严重影响,给当地农业生产带来一定损失。为了有效防控这些病害,本研究采集怒江干热河谷流域不同咖啡种植地的典型病叶样本,对咖啡叶部病害进行病原菌分离与鉴定。通过病原分离、纯化、柯赫氏法则验证、形态学观察、ITS基因序列比对分析,鉴定到7个致病菌株,分别为Lu 11-2、Lu 9-1、Xin 5-2、Xin 7-5、Xin 8-2、Xin 15-2和Lu 23-1,其中Lu 11-2、Lu 9-1、Xin 5-2和Xin 7-5鉴定为链格孢菌(Alternaria sp.),Xin 15-2和Lu 23-1菌株鉴定为炭疽菌(Colletotrichum sp.),Xin 8-2菌株鉴定为拟盘多毛孢菌(Pestalotiopsis sp.)。该地区的咖啡叶部病害主要致病菌有3类:链格孢菌、拟盘多毛孢菌和炭疽菌,其中链格孢菌、拟盘多毛孢菌为咖啡褐斑病的主要致病菌,炭疽菌为咖啡炭疽病的致病菌。研究结果不仅为深入了解云南怒江干热河谷流域的咖啡叶部病害类型提供科学依据,还为该地区咖啡病害的有效防控提供理论支持,对当地的咖啡种植业具有重要的指导意义,也为其他地区的咖啡病害防控提供参考。

7个小粒种咖啡新品种在云南普洱不同地区农艺和产量性状研究

为选育出高产、品质优良的小粒种咖啡新品种,提高云南咖啡的产量和品质,本研究从法国雀巢研发中心引进小粒种咖啡新品种杂交种F1,在普洱不同地区开展了植株生长量、结果特性、产量以及咖啡豆物理性状的研究。新品种分别为107、117、118、120、121、10×25、12×25,对照品种为生产主栽品种T8667,共8个参试品种进行对比分析。试验地点设于普洱市思茅区、宁洱县、孟连县、江城县4个咖啡种植区。结果表明:各品种3年生株高为84.20~175.00 cm,茎粗为21.69~53.34 mm,冠幅为74.80~165.30 cm,各品种植株矮生,117的茎粗和冠幅、118、121的冠幅优于对照;3年生一级分枝数量为34.00~62.20条,长度为43.40~89.00 cm,粗度为4.86~11.40 mm,综合来看,117、118、121的一级分枝数量多,粗壮且长度长,是性状表现优良的品种。10×25一级分枝长度超过对照,107、120品种一级分枝粗壮且长,是在今后育种中可以利用的优良性状;CCCA 12×25和T8667的单节果实数较少,其余品种均超过15粒;107、117、118、120、121、10×25单株鲜果产量和每公顷干豆产量最高为4.50~6.58 kg、3289.46~4968.57 kg,品种117、118、120盛产期2年平均每公顷干豆产量大于3000kg,产量处于较高水平,显示出杂交种高产的优势;鲜干比为(4.31~6.48)∶1,百粒带壳豆重为14.93~20.67 g,10×25鲜干比最高,12×25百粒带壳豆重最小,其余各品种果实饱满,粒度中等。本研究筛选出植株矮生、茎粗壮、冠幅宽,一级分枝数量多、粗壮且长、产量高、果实饱满,粒度中等,性状优于生产主栽品种T8667的优良品种117、118、120、121、10×25,为生产上推广丰产优质咖啡新品种提供科学依据。

Coffee Leaf Rust(Hemileia vastatrix)Disease in Coffee Plants and Perspectives by the Disease Control

Coffee Leaf Rust(CLR)is caused by Hemileia vastatrix in Coffea spp.It is one of the most dangerous phytopathogens for coffee plantations in terms of coffee productivity and coffee cup quality.In this review,we resume the problem of CLR in Mexico and the pathogenesis of H.vastatrix.The review abord plant-pathogen interactions which lead a compatible or incompatible interactions and result in CLR disease or resistance,respectively.The review abord Coffea spp.defense response pathways involved in H.vastatrix pathogenicity.Additionally,current measures to control H.vastatrix proliferation and germination were aborded focused on phytosanitary actions,and biological and chemical control.Finally,new trendlines to reduce the impact of CLR as nanoparticles and nanotechnology were analyzed.

Damage and Control Suggestions for the Emerging Disease Coffee Root Rot

[Objectives]The paper was to elucidate the symptoms,morphological characteristics,etiological factors,and current extent of damage associated with coffee root rot disease.[Methods]The symptoms,morphological characteristics,and etiological factors associated with coffee root rot disease were systematically observed,described,and analyzed.The assessment of damage was carried out using a specialized investigative methodology.[Results]The application of bottom fertilizer containing Fusarium incarnatum facilitated the pathogen's entry through root wounds during transplantation,resulting in the development of water-soaked depression lesions in the affected areas.This infection significantly reduced the number of lateral roots in coffee plants,leading to symptoms such as wilting,withering,and ultimately,the death of the aboveground foliage.F.incarnatum exhibited three distinct types of spore morphology:macroconidia,which were sickle-shaped;mesoconidia,which were spindle-shaped;and microconidia,which were oval-shaped.The incidence rate of the disease in the affected region reached 100%,with a disease index exceeding 91,indicating severe damage.[Conclusions]This study serves as a valuable reference for the prevention and management of the emerging disease known as coffee root rot.

‘波邦’咖啡叶绿体基因组密码子使用特征研究

本研究对小粒咖啡‘波邦’叶绿体基因组进行系统分析,探讨影响密码子使用偏性形成的因素。结果表明,‘波邦’叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性较弱,倾向于A/T结尾的密码子。ENC-GC3s绘图、PR2绘图以及中性绘图分析表明,‘波邦’密码子偏好性受突变影响的同时,也受自然选择等因素的影响,但自然选择起到更大的作用。进一步对应分析发现,基因表达水平、基因长度、GC含量对‘波邦’密码子偏性也有影响。密码子使用频率结果表明,拟南芥、烟草和酿酒酵母可考虑作为‘波邦’基因的表达受体系统,其中,烟草与酿酒酵母更为理想。研究表明,在‘波邦’中发现了GCT、TGT、GAT等20个高频密码子,确定了GCA、GCT、TGT等21个最优密码子。

绿肥种植密度对咖啡幼龄园杂草群落及咖啡生长的影响

绿肥种植是一种比较理想的杂草控制技术,通过田间试验研究了绿肥硬皮豆不同种植密度对咖啡幼龄园杂草群落和咖啡生长的影响。绿肥种植5月后,对5种硬皮豆种植密度〔S0、S1、S2、S3、S4分别为0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1)〕的杂草群落和咖啡生长情况开展调查。结果表明,随着硬皮豆种植密度的增加,优势杂草香附子重要值显著降低,杂草群落及优势杂草香附子的高度、密度、盖度及生物量均低于对照S0。随着硬皮豆种植密度增加,杂草群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数先降低后增加,Simpson优势度指数逐渐降低,Pielou均匀度指数逐渐增加。硬皮豆种植处理下杂草群落高度、密度、盖度及生物量的响应比均显著低于对照S0,硬皮豆种植显著降低了Simpson优势度指数的响应比,显著提高了Pielou均匀度指数的响应比。功能群分类中禾本科的重要值表现为S2和S3处理显著高于对照S0,其余功能群的重要值差异不显著。杂草功能群分类的重要值与群落多样性指数间相关性不显著。硬皮豆种植后咖啡植株的株高、冠幅、地径、叶长、叶宽、一级分枝对数、最长一级分枝长、最长一级分枝节间数及叶片厚度均高于对照S0,其中叶宽差异达显著水平。整体上,硬皮豆种植在一定程度上促进了咖啡植株生长,对杂草群落及优势杂草香附子具有显著的控制效果,显著降低了杂草群落优势度,短期内对杂草群落丰富度及多样性无影响。咖啡幼龄园种植硬皮豆建议采用种植密度1.0 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1),可获得较高的经济效益和生态效益。

咖啡绿蚧对小粒咖啡果实的影响

为明确咖啡绿蚧对小粒咖啡果实的影响,通过对果实的13个表型性状进行测定,分析有无咖啡绿蚧危害对咖啡果实的影响。结果表明,咖啡绿蚧危害显著降低了浆果重、浆果纵径、浆果横径、种子纵径、种形指数、果皮重、种子数,显著提高了果实硬度。咖啡大多数果实性状间存在相关性,咖啡绿蚧危害对果实间性状相关性产生了影响,有无咖啡绿蚧危害的果实共同相关性状有4对,差异相关性状分别为4对和6对。主成分分析显示,13个表型性状可归纳为2个主成分,分别为种子数量因子和硬度因子,最终确定种子数和硬度2个指标可作为咖啡绿蚧影响小粒咖啡果实的关键性指标。