Double-ring high-frequency common-mode switching oscillation current sensor for inverter-fed machine winding insulation monitoring

Insulation failure significantly contributes to the unpredictable shutdown of power equipment.Compared to the partial discharge and high-frequency(HF)injection methods,the HF common-mode(CM)leakage current method offers a non-intrusive and highly sensitive alternative.However,the detection of HF CM currents is susceptible to interference from differential-mode(DM)currents,which exhibit high-amplitude and multifrequency components during normal operation.To address this challenge,this paper proposes a double-ring current sensor based on the principle of magnetic shielding for inverter-fed machine winding insulation monitoring.The inner ring harnesses the magnetic aggregation effect to isolate the DM current magnetic field,whereas the outer ring serves as the magnetic core of the Rogowski current sensor,enabling HF CM current monitoring.First,the magnetic field distributions of the CM and DM currents were analyzed.Then,a correlation between the sensor parameters and signal-to-noise ratio of the target HF CM current was established.Finally,an experimental study was conducted on a 3-kW PMSM for verification.The results indicate that the proposed double-ring HF CM sensor can effectively mitigate DM current interference.Compared to a single-ring sensor,a reduction of approximately 40%in the DM component was achieved,which significantly enhanced the precision of online insulation monitoring.

A Hybrid Five-Level Single-Phase Rectifier with Low Common-Mode Voltage

Rectifiers with high efficiency and high power density are crucial to the stable and efficient power supply of 5G communication base stations,which deserves in-depth investigation.In general,there are two key problems to be addressed:supporting both alternating current(AC)and direct current(DC)input,and minimizing the common-mode voltage as well as leakage current for safety reasons.In this paper,a hybrid five-level single-phase rectifier is proposed.A five-level topology is adopted in the upper arm,and a half-bridge diode topology is adopted in the lower arm.A dual closed-loop control strategy and a flying capacitor voltage regulation method are designed accordingly so that the compatibility of both AC and DC input is realized with low common voltage and small passive devices.Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed rectifier.

THE DESIGN OF BALANCED AMPLIFIER BASED ON COMMON-MODE FEEDBACK

The balanced operational amplifier including its merits and designing methods is discussed by comparing its performance to a conventional differential output amplifier when used in a single balanced stage. A balanced OTA circuit design is also presented.

Modeling Common-Mode Current Due to Asymmetric Aging of Machine Winding Insulation

Machine stator winding insulation degradation is one of the main results of machine aging.It is non-negligible once this degradation process becomes asymmetric between phases.The traditional way to determine the insulation state of health is a partial discharge test.However,this method requires the system offline,which causes production loss and extra administrative burden.This paper presents an idea for better characterizing the insulation machine’s state of health using common-mode(CM)behavior in the machine-drive system.With the help of circuit decomposition methods and modeling tools,the CM quantities due to asymmetric aging show a unique characteristic that distinguishes itself from other differential-mode(DM)quantities in the equivalent circuit.It is shown effective to represent the asymmetric aging effect from the detection of system leakage current.This paper provides an analytical method to quantify this characteristic from mathematical approaches,and a proper approximation has been made on the CM equivalent model(CEM)such that the CM behavior is accurately characterized.The proposed method will serve the purpose of predicting machine abnormal behavior using the simple RLC circuit.Researchers can adapt this method to quantify and characterize the machine insulation state of health(SOH).

Influence of motor cable on common-mode currents in an inverter-fed motor drive system

Induction motor drive systems fed by cables are widely used in industrial applications. However, high-frequency switching of power devices will cause common-mode（CM） voltages during operation, leading to serious CM currents in the motor drive systems. CM currents through the cables and motors in the drive systems can cause electromagnetic interference（EMI） with the surrounding electronic equipment and shorten the life of induction motors. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the CM currents in motor drive systems. In this paper, high-frequency models of unshielded and shielded power cables are formulated. The frequency-dependent effects and mutual inductances of the cables are taken into account. The power cable parameters are extracted by the finite element method and validated by measurements. High-frequency models of induction motors and inverters are introduced from existing works. The CM currents at the motor and inverter terminals are obtained, and the influence of the cable length and cable type on the CM currents is analyzed. There is a good agreement between the experimental results and the CM currents predicted by the proposed models.

Hybrid Common-mode EMI Filter Design for Electric Vehicle Traction Inverters

A feedforward current-sense current-compensation(CSCC)active EMI filter(AEF)for the direct current-side common-mode(CM)electromagnetic interference(EMI)suppression of high-power electric vehicle traction inverters is analyzed and designed.A detailed design of the components with formulas is provided based on an analysis of the CSCC AEF,including the CSCC AEF topology and its implementation.The feedforward active filter stage was implemented using a simple current transformer and a small circuit board.Only a small passive filter with a high resonant frequency is required for high-frequency noise attenuation.The filter’s effectiveness was validated using the simulation results and experimental measurements.

Design of a wideband common-mode filter using approximate closed-loop pattern of compact C-shaped defected ground structure

A compact common-mode filter is proposed to suppress common-mode noise for application of high-speed differential signal traces. The filter adopts one big C-shaped defected ground structure （DGS） cell in the left of ground plane and two small C-shaped DGS cells with opposite direction in the right of ground plane. Because these DGS cells have different dimensions, the filter has three adjacent equivalent resonant points, which can suppress wideband common-mode noise effectively. The left C-shaped DGS and its adjacent C-shaped DGS cell form an approximate closed structure, which can efficiently reduce the influence of the mutual capacitance. The filter provides a common-mode suppression from 3.6 GHz to 14.4 GHz over 15 dB while it has a small size of 10 minx 10 mm. The fractional bandwidth of the filter is 120%, and the differential signals still keep good signal integrity. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated results.

An Accurate Common-Mode Current Prediction Method for Transformerless Photovoltaic Inverters Based on Graph Theory

The common-mode current is an important indicator with transformerless photovoltaic inverters.However,up to now,there is not an accurate method to predict common-mode current in the inverter design process,resulting from inappropriate device selection or exceeded the expected common-mode current.In order to solve this problem,this paper proposes an accurate common-mode current prediction method based on graph theory for transformerless photovoltaic inverters.In this paper,the mathematic model of the common-mode current is derived using graph theory analysis method in the full-bridge topology,and it is used to predict common-mode current.The validity and correctness of the proposed prediction method are validated by simulation and experiment.The oscillation frequency and amplitude can be predicted by the proposed common-mode prediction method,whereas the traditional common-mode analysis method cannot.This paper provides a novel way to predict and analyze common-mode current in the transformerless photovoltaic inverters.

Wideband bandstop defected ground structure filter with enhanced common-mode suppression using split ring

An effective method to broaden the rejection bandwidth of dump-shaped defected ground structure(DGS) filter design is proposed in the paper. One traditional dumbbell-shaped DGS is split by using one split ring, and reconstructed into two different compact DGSs. The distance between both of the DGSs is so close that there exists mutual inductance, which can be utilized to broaden the rejection bandwidth effectively. The effect of different parameters of the split ring on the rejection bandwidth and depth of the filter is analyzed. Simulated results demonstrate that, with the same area of 5.5mm by 10 mm, rejection bandwidth of the proposed filter is from 4.4 GHz to 10.5 GHz for the common-mode noise(CM) while that of the traditional dumbbell-shaped DGS is from 5.3 GHz to 7.3 GHz. Compared to other schematics adopting multiple DGS to broaden bandwidth, it can broaden the bandwidth by dividing the existed DGS into multiple parts and reconstructing a new filter. The experimental results show good agreement with simulated results.

Dual-current-injection CSCC Active Common-mode EMI Filters with High Insertion Loss for DC-DC Converters

With the increase in the switching frequency and power density,DC-DC converters encounter more severe electromagnetic interference(EMI)problems.To suppress the common-mode EMI generated by converters,as well as maintain the high-power-density of converters,the active EMI filter(AEF)has attracted increasing interest owing to its small volume.The EMI suppression effect of the common single-stage single-sense single-injection AEF is confined because of the limited insertion loss,and the volume of the multi-stage AEF will be bulky.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a compact dual-current-injection current-sense current-compensation(DCJ-CSCC)AEF to increase the insertion loss in the entire conducted EMI frequency band,as well as considering the volume of the AEF.The structure and operating principle of the proposed AEF are introduced.Finally,taking a boost converter as an example,the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed DCJ-CSCC AEF were verified through a simulation and experiment,the results show that the proposed AEF has a better EMI suppression effect on the entire conducted EMI frequency band with a similar volume compared with existing single-injection feedforward current-sense current-compensation(FF-CSCC)and feedback current-sense current-compensation(FB-CSCC)AEFs.This paper provides a new selection for EMI suppression in DC-DC converters.

Common-mode Electromagnetic Interference Mitigation for Solid-state Transformers

Solid-state transformers(SSTs)have been widely used in many areas owing to their advantages of high-frequency isolation and high power density.However,high-frequency switching causes severe electromagnetic interference(EMI)problems.Particularly,the common-mode(CM)EMI caused by the switching of the dual active bridge(DAB)converter is conducted through the parasitic capacitances in the high-frequency transformer and impacts the system reliability.With the understanding of the CM EMI model in SSTs,CM EMI mitigation methods have been studied.For passive mitigation,the coupled inductor can be integrated with the phase-shift inductor function to reduce CM EMI.For active mitigation,variations in the DAB switching frequency can help reduce the CM EMI peak.An active EMI filter can also be designed to sample and compensate for CM EMI.Using these methods,CM EMI can be reduced in SSTs.

Common-mode radiation characteristic analysis of connections between cables and metal cases

In this paper,the common-mode radiation characteristic of the connection between a cable and a conductor is analyzed by the electric field integral function(EFIF)and the method of moment(MoM).The RWG basis function is adopted as the conductor basis function,the pulse basis function as the wire basis function and the juncture employs Costa basis function.A scheme of singular region separation is proposed to overcome the integration singularity of juncture matrix elements.Some new conclusions of the common-mode radiation characteristics with the metal case are obtained by numeration.

vbICA方法用于GNSS坐标序列共模误差提取研究

全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)坐标序列精度主要受共模误差(common mode error,CME)影响。为提高GNSS坐标序列精度,采用变分贝叶斯独立分量分析方法(variational Bayesian independent component analysis,vbICA)提取实验区20个GNSS测站坐标序列的CME,并对比分析vbICA与主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和独立分量分析(independent component analysis,ICA)的滤波性能。结果表明,vbICA滤波效果优于PCA和ICA;经vbICA滤波后,E、N、U方向坐标残差序列均方根(RMS)平均降低36.57%、31.63%、10.97%,距离相关系数平均降低60.53%、56.84%、25.80%;扣除CME后,GNSS速度场估计更加可靠和精确,可有效提高GNSS坐标序列精度,为地球动力学研究提供可靠的数据支撑。

我国检察听证制度的诉讼功能及其实现

最高人民检察院发布的《人民检察院审查案件听证工作规定》是检察机关开展案件检察听证的工作遵循,对于改变已有检察权运行模式,实现检察权运行适度司法化具有显著的推进作用。但是,推进检察听证法治化仍需进一步加强检察听证立法,界定检察听证普通程序模式和简易程序模式的适用案件范围及程序区别,充分体现检察听证的诉讼价值蕴涵。检察听证制度虽然已经通过最高人民检察院《规定》被确立,但是检察听证的法治化并不能一蹴而就,需要在《规定》基础上继续交流经验、创新工作模式、完善立法,充分体现检察听证制度本身的诉讼价值内容。应当借鉴检察听证制度的成功经验,逐步建立侦查阶段和审判阶段听证制度,使司法听证能够形成相对完整的工作机制。

适用于中点箝位型三电平逆变器的多目标调制策略

为同时实现中点箝位型三电平逆变器的中点电压平衡和共模电压降低,分别分析了基于载波脉宽调制(CBPWM)和基于虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制(VSVPWM)的中点电压平衡和共模电压降低方法。基于CBPWM提出一种可以降低共模电压的载波脉宽调制(RCMV_CBPWM)策略,可将大多数工作区域的共模电压限制在直流侧电压的1/6以内。为了实现上述2个目标,同时不过分增加开关损耗,在RCMV_CBPWM基础上提出了一种多目标调制(MOPWM)策略,在全调制度和全负载功率因数范围内,共模电压可限制在直流侧电压的1/6以内并实现中点电压平衡,且其开关损耗低于VSVPWM。比较了MOPWM、RCMV_CBPWM和VSVPWM在中点电压控制、共模电压降低和开关损耗降低方面的性能。实验结果验证了MOPWM的可行性和优越性。

共模抑制的渐变结构高速差分电路设计

本文构建了一种拐角分段阻抗控制的渐变结构高速电路差分线,采用了HFSS三维电磁仿真软件对差分信号进行了建模分析。对混模S参数的仿真分析结果表明:对比平行结构的差分信号设计方式,所提出的添加GND孔渐变结构差分信号在10 GHz范围内差模转差模增大了58.7%,差模转共模减小了38.3%。通过对实物测试显示:添加GND孔渐变结构差分线的S_(d2d1)参数和S_(c2d1)仿真结果和实测结果具有很好的一致性,差分电路差模转共模得到了有效地抑制,对应的差分信号传输效率得到了提升。电场分布表明:渐变结构设计方法极大改善了差分电路转角位置电场分布,避免了差分电路传输线间电场聚集,使差分信号共模噪声和反射损耗减小,实现了高速差分信号传输的连续性。

GPS时间序列共模误差提取方法及对比分析

区域GPS网中,各个测站坐标时间序列会存在共模误差(CME),该误差会对GPS测站坐标精度产生一定影响,因此去除共模误差对提高站点观测精度具有重要意义。本文在叠加滤波方法的基础上,以各个GPS站点相关性大小为权重进行加权,利用相关加权滤波方法对辽宁及周边省份GPS观测数据进行处理分析,提取共模误差向量,并与叠加滤波的结果进行对比和分析。结果表明,两者均能在一定程度上提取共模误差向量,相关加权叠加滤波法比叠加滤波法具有更好的适用性,均方根提升更为明显,能够更好地提取共模误差。

基于总线同步的多驱动系统漏电流分析与抑制

多驱动系统中漏电流的大量存在是影响数控加工装备长期稳定运行的重要因素,提出了一种邻消抑制措施,能够有效减少多驱动系统中漏电流,避免漏电保护装置频繁触发。该措施采用PWM调制策略,将空间位置相邻的两个驱动单元的共模电压矢量方向反向,以抵消它们之间的高频共模电压分量,从而有效地抑制了多驱动系统的漏电流。主要创新之处采用了一种软件控制的方式实现了对多驱动系统漏电流的抑制,该措施不但可以有效地抑制漏电流,而且实现成本低。实际测试平台的结果表明,邻消抑制措施在多驱动系统中能够有效降低70%~80%的漏电流,保证了多驱动系统的稳定运行。

基于自然容错开关表的五相永磁同步电机直接转矩控制

五相永磁同步电机(permanent-magnetsynchronous motor,PMSM)传统直接转矩控制(direct torque control,DTC)存在相电流畸变严重、共模电压(common-modevoltage,CMV)高、转矩和磁链脉动大等问题,且无法实现相开路故障情况下的无扰运行。为解决上述问题,提出一种基于自然容错开关表的DTC策略。该策略根据PMSM开路故障前后基电压矢量的特点以及三次平面合成电压矢量为零的原则,构建虚拟矢量(virtual vector,VV),设计故障前后同一套自然容错开关表,进而不但抑制了故障导致的转矩脉动,而且在故障前后均能降低三次谐波电流、减小转矩和磁链脉动、抑制CMV。实验结果验证所提策略的可行性。

双三相永磁同步电机改进型模型预测电流控制

针对双三相永磁同步电机模型预测共模电压抑制方法存在寻优计算量大、开关频率较高、稳态性能不佳的问题,提出一种改进型模型预测电流控制.首先,改进六相两电平逆变器,降低零矢量共模电压幅值;其次,选择小共模电压矢量构造虚拟电压矢量,简化价值函数的同时减小共模电压和电流谐波含量;再次,通过计算参考电压矢量直接选择最优电压矢量以减少寻优次数,并引入占空比控制提升电机控制精度,改善电机稳态性能.最后,仿真对比传统模型预测电流控制、RCMV(Reduced Common Mode Voltage)-1、RCMV-2和所提控制方法.结果表明,所提控制方法在减小共模电压的同时,降低了转矩脉动和谐波电流,且较RCMV-2方法开关频率明显降低;此外,寻优代码执行时间相较于RCMV-1和RCMV-2分别降低了约91%和65%,减小了计算量.