The Pathways and Mechanisms for Collaborative Innovation in Vocational Education,Higher Education,and Continuing Education

Against the backdrop of rapid global economic development,the demand for education has gradually shifted from quantitative growth to qualitative improvement.Vocational education,higher education,and continuing education are crucial components of China’s education system,each serving different educational functions.However,the collaborative innovation among these three types of education is still in the preliminary exploration stage,with issues such as scattered resources and imperfect coordination mechanisms.This paper systematically reviews relevant domestic and international research and practical experiences,thoroughly analyzes the pathways,models,and mechanisms of collaborative innovation among these three types of education,and proposes practical and operational suggestions based on the actual situation in Xuzhou City.The study finds that collaboration between vocational education,higher education,and continuing education through innovation not only enhances the overall efficiency of educational resources but also promotes regional economic development and social progress.On this basis,this paper proposes specific measures such as building an education resource-sharing platform,promoting a chain-based talent training system,strengthening policy and institutional guarantees,and improving incentive mechanisms,aiming to provide a reference for local education administrators and contribute to the innovative development of education in China.

Exploration of the Path of Intelligent Development of Continuing Education in the Digital Age

With the rapid development of big data and intelligent technology,opportunities and challenges coexist in continuing education work,and the integration of continuing education and intelligent education is imperative.Therefore,China’s continuing education should strengthen the construction of the education system,make long-term plans,strengthen overall management in system construction,promote the transformation of continuing education models,and accelerate the modernization process of education.Based on this,this article analyzes and studies the path of intelligent development of continuing education in the digital era,explores its inevitability,analyzes the main characteristics of intelligent continuing education,explores the problems of intelligent development of continuing education,and proposes strategies for the intelligent development of continuing education.

Continuing professional development:progress beyond continuing medical education

Continuing medical education(CME)is rapidly evolving into competency-based continuing professional development(CPD)and this is driving change in self-directed CPD programs undertaken by individual practitioners as well as CPD programs or frameworks offered by CPD educators.This progression is being led by many factors including the rapid change in medical knowledge and medical practitioners along with changes in patients and society,healthcare systems,regulators and the political environment.We describe our experiences primarily concerning low-resource environments,in creating the International Council of Ophthalmology(ICO)Guide to Effective CPD/CME and in developing a CPD program for the Cambodian Ophthalmological Society(COS)twinned with the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists(RANZCO).At the conclusion of the project,47(100%)Cambodian practicing ophthalmologists were registered in the CPD program and 21(45%)were actively participating in the online COS-CPD program recording.We discuss challenges in CPD,propose solutions to overcome them and recommend developing research in CPD as needed to effectively enhance educational activities with impact in public health.

Interpretation of proposed measures for continuing nursing education

1 Introduction With the development of modern medicine,the growth of the social demand for nursing,and the gradual improvement of the concept and connotation of lifelong nursing education,continuing nursing education(CNE),as a key form of lifelong nursing education,has received wide attention and played an important role worldwide.CNE is a kind of lifelong education of nursing science on the basis of continuing

A descriptive-comparative study of medications used by older people prior to and following admission to a continuing care facility

Medications are beneficial for curing or managing acute and chronic illnesses. Medications typically have positive outcomes, although older people are prone to drug-related problems. Community-dwelling seniors are at particularly high risk of polypharmacy, as they tend to receive many prescriptions over time and from different care providers. Continuing-care facility admission presents an excellent opportunity for a comprehensive medication review. A research study was conducted to describe and compare medications taken by community-dwelling seniors prior to and following admission to a continuing-care facility. This pilot project involved data being gathered from the charts of deceased residents, as required by a University Health Research Ethics Board, who had been cared for at one large local continuing-care facility. The facility administrators also approved this study, in part to evaluate their policy to conduct a medication review for all new residents within six weeks of entry. This study revealed a slight but statistically significant reduction in the number of medications following this review. Other issues such as medication interactions and required dosage changes were addressed by this medication review. Although this study was confined to one continuing-care facility and a small number of residents, the findings suggest medication reviews would be beneficial upon admission to all continuing-care facilities, and annually perhaps through other means for older persons living in the community.

Continuing Care for Older Patients During the Transitional Period

Background： The world is facing increasing pressure with the continuous growth of the older population. Older patients are usually discharged with complex medical problems, high stress and vulnerability, and these factors place the elderly at risk for poor outcomes. Purpose： The present review summarizes a method for providing appropriate and affordable health services by nursing professionals to meet older patient＇s health care needs during their transitional period which is defined as a period from discharge after hospitalization for a major disorder to recovery in a home setting. Summary： Older patients with chronic diseases need seamless health care during a transitional period-a highly stressful and vulnerable period for them. Nurse professionals can conduct decent discharge planning to assist older patients with transitional problems through continuous healthcare. This review summarized the need of continuing care for older patients during the transitional period, the definition of discharge planning, the conceptual framework of discharge planning, and the professionals involved in discharge planning. It also highlighted the problems of discharge planning and follow-up intervention implementation in the mainland of China. Clinical implications： Inadequate discharge planning and follow-up were leading factors associ- ated with the readmission of discharged older patients. Further nursing-led discharge planning should be reinforced in China.

Organ donation in China:the major progress and the continuing problem

China has banned harvesting organs from executed prisoners since January 1st, 2015, making voluntary donation the only legitimate venue for organ transplant. It is a critical move to settle all the controversies about China＇s organ transplant process by making a loud and strong statement worldwide that the Chinese government respects human rights and is streamlining its organ transplant process to conform with internationally accepted standards on organ transplantation. This regulation removes one major obstacle of organ transplant in China; however, China still faces the other maior obstacle of critical organ shortage.

Evaluation and analysis of the effect of continuing education on nurses’physical restraint knowledge,attitude,and behavior

Objective:The objective of the study is to construct a training course for physical restraint(PR)evidence‑based practice project and apply it to verify its effect.Methods:A total of 162 nurses from five departments of a general hospital in Beijing were trained to compare the PR knowledge,attitudes,and behaviors of nurses before and after training.Results:The nurses were satisfied with the overall curriculum;the total scores of PR’knowledge,attitude and behavior of nurses after training were higher than before,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);the total scores of nurses who received evidence‑related training before this training were higher than those of nurses who did not receive relevant training,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Continuing education can effectively improve nurses’knowledge,attitude,and behavior level of PR,ensure patient safety,and promote physical and psychological rehabilitation of patients.

Interactive Development of Community Education and Migrant Workers' Continuing Education

Community education is an essential carrier of continuing education and plays a positive role in promoting continuing education of migrant workers. On the one hand,it can raise employment quality and labor skills of migrant workers; on the other hand,it manifests function of serving society of community education. Besides,it is also an important measure for building learning society and lifelong learning system.From the perspective of interactive development,it discusses interactive relationship between community education and migrant workers' continuing education,analyzes their interactive mechanism,and comes up with recommendations for developing community education and migrant workers' continuing education.

Perspectives of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for Kenyan Midwives

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) provides an important strategy for reduction of maternal morbidity and mortality with the aim of attaining Millennium Development goals (MDG) four and five. However, there is lack of information about how Kenyan midwives understand and perceive CPD and how this is situated in the practice and social context. This research aimed to explore Kenyan midwives’ experience and perceptions of CPD. A descriptive explorative approach gathered focus group discussion and questionnaire data on beliefs, opinions, and perceptions, demotivating and motivating factors to CPD of a total of 25 midwives in a level five hospital in Kenya. Questionnaires were piloted and self-administered after cleaning and focus groups taped and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed thematically using inductive approach with the aid of SPSS computer program. Results: Four key themes emerged from the data: Midwives’ views of CPD, their motivators for undertaking CPD, the choices they made around CPD, their demotivators for undertaking CPD. Congruence with the issues evident in the literature were: the difficulties with role diversity, the importance of CPD in personal and professional growth, the importance of flexible modes of study and the importance of a supportive culture for ongoing learning. The study findings helped in identifying gaps in the literature about Kenyan midwives’ perspectives on CPD.

Continuing Education for Teacher Intellectual Development

This paper starts with exploring how the philosophy of lifelong education may be applied to teacher continuing education programmes, which is followed by an analysis of some negative factors which have resulted in some teacher development programmes devalued. It then proposes a theoretical framework aiming at teacher intellectual development allied to lifelong education philosophy.

Education Fair： Discussion on Implementing the Continuing Education to Achieve ＂No Child Left Behind＂ Equitable Education

Confucius＇s ＂No Child Left Behind＂ education ideology which was put forward two thousand years ago reflected the importance of education for educators and the simple pursuit of educational equity at that time. Education Fair is the current composition content of China＇s basic education dream. Practicing ＂No Child Left Behind＂ education is the cornerstone to achieve China＇s fair education dream. Making implementing continuing education in order to achieve ＂No Child Left Behind＂ equitable education as a research issue, based on analyzing the status and problems of educational equity issues under the perspective of NCLB, the author explored the realistic way through multi-channel and diverse continuing education to achieve ＂No Child Left Behind ＂equitable education.

Strategies for Informatization Construction of Continuing Education Management in Higher Vocational Colleges:Taking Pharmacology Courses as an Example

In the era of rapid development of informatization,the informatization construction of national higher vocational colleges has been in the period of application deepening.China's education system is deepening to the development of mass education,and higher vocational colleges'adult continuing education plays a great role for the realization of education popularization.With the continuous expansion of continuing education enrollment scale,the diversified development of education mode,the higher complexity of continuing education management and the increase of management workload,the traditional management method has gradually become unapplicable.Higher vocational colleges can greatly improve the management level by promoting the informatization of education management according to their own professional or regional advantages.

Developing continuing education is the need of cultivating high-quality technical personnel of enterprises

Based on the needs of personnel training in the sustainable development of enterprises, this paper has researched that cultivating high-quality technical personnel of enterprises is the requirements of the sustainable development of enterprises. Universities in the continuing educational process should establish the basic principles of cultivating high-quality technical personnel of enterprises, and developing continuing education in universities and actively exploring the training mode of high-quality technical personnel of enterprises are proposed.

Achieving Consensus on Continuing Professional Development Priorities for Registered Nurses in Rural and Remote India through Nominal Group Technique

Background: Nurses can often be key frontline healthcare professionals working in remote and rural settings due to resource constraints including an acute shortage of medical practitioners. The provision of regular and appropriate Continuing Professional Development (CPD) to support nurses to be able to provide effective health care therefore becomes even more significant in these settings. Engagement and “buy in” from relevant stakeholders at an organisational level is a critical step to ensure CPD provision for nurses. Objectives: The overall aim was to achieve consensus on CPD for registered nurses working in remote and rural settings among key stakeholders using the Nominal Group Technique (NGT). The objectives were to identify stakeholders’ perspectives on the priorities for CPD training for registered nurses;the preferred modes of delivery for CPD and perceived barriers and facilitators for CPD access. Methods: NGT was used as a qualitative method with key organisational stakeholders in several iterative stages in the form of a workshop. Results: 22 senior healthcare professionals involved in medical and nursing education representing north, northeast, central India and the state of Karnataka in South India participated in the workshop. Three key findings emerged from this study: priorities of CPD;preferred modes of CPD delivery;barriers and facilitators to CPD access. Conclusion: Engagement with key stakeholders to identify CPD priorities can help facilitate strategic planning and provision of relevant and accessible CPD programmes for nurses working within remote and rural health care contexts in India.

Continuing Professional Development: Needs, Facilitators and Barriers of Registered Nurses in India in Rural and Remote Settings: Findings from a Cross Sectional Survey

Background: Nurses constitute a major portion of the health care workforce in India. A priority to develop pre and post registration nurse education in India has increasingly been highlighted in nursing and health policy imperatives in recent years. Nurses are often the only health care professionals in primary and secondary care within rural and remote healthcare settings in India. They are confronted with the dual challenge of resource constraints and rapidly changing disease profile with little or no access to continuing professional development. Objectives: 1) To identify key continuing professional development priorities of registered nurses working in remote and rural health care settings in India. 2) To identify barriers and facilitators to continuing professional development as perceived by registered nurses working in these settings. 3) To identify preferred modes of continuing professional development by registered nurses working in remote and rural health care settings in India. Design: Quantitative Design. Setting: Two large health care facilities in remote and rural parts of India. Participants: Registered Nurses working in two large not for profit health care organisations participated in the study. Nursing assistants and student nurses were excluded from the study. 368 participants consented to participate in the survey and 271 (73.6%) participants completed the survey. Methods: A questionnaire based cross sectional survey was undertaken as part of the Continuing Professional Development needs assessment among registered nurses working in rural and remote settings. Results: Continuing Professional Development priorities included training on clinical competencies focussed on managing emergency situations related to non-communicable diseases [50%], managerial competencies related to ethical dilemmas [60%] such as support for families with financial difficulties accessing health care [17.8%], women undergoing abortions [14.6%], or those with HIV infection [12.9%]. Preferred modes for Continuing Professional Development included conference attendance [54%], skills training [48%] and in-house training [32%]. Key facilitators for Continuing Professional Development included, professional development [77%], personal interest [42%], opportunities for professional engagement with colleagues [39%], the need to reduce knowledge and skill gap [36%] and career progression [28%]. Geographic distance [59%], low staffing levels [51%], cost [43%], domestic responsibilities [40%], and work commitments [39%] were reported as key barriers to Continuing Professional Development. Conclusions: The findings from this survey, the first of its kind in India, provides evidence on priorities, barriers and facilitators for continuing professional development of registered nurses working in rural and remote settings in India.

A Survey on the Continuing Education Status and Demand of Nurses in Chongqing Grass-Root Medical Institutions

Background: With the increased aging of population, the continuous increase in the morbidity of chronic diseases, and the issuance of universal two-child policy, the grass-root medical teams become more and more important. Objective: To investigate the continuing education status and demand of nurses in the grass-root medical institutions and thus provide a reference for optimizing the continuing education plan. Methods: From October 2018 to May 2019, a survey of 270 nurses from 28 grass-root medical institutions in Tongliang District of Chongqing was performed using a self-designed questionnaire. Results: In the grass-root medical institutions, the major continuing education pattern of nurses was hospital training and distance education;the continuing education focused on new basic theoretical knowledge and new nursing techniques, and its satisfaction was 67.8%. About 20.6% questionnaire answerers never had received continuing nursing education. As shown by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and binary logistic regression analysis, the following factors were associated with the continuing education participation in the past three years: work unit, organizational affiliation, age, professional title and hospital policies. There were 93.0% questionnaire answerers reflecting that it was necessary to participate in the continuing education and wishing the conformance between the pattern and contents of continuing nursing education and the actual implementation status. Conclusion: The continuing education demand of nurses in the grass-root medical institutions is basic but diverse, and the organizations shall provide effective policy support for continuing education and make the diversified training plan by combining Internet technology, so as to realize the maximization of continuing education participation and keep improving the overall service quality of gross-root nurses.

Evaluation of Midwives’ and Nurses’ Continuing Professional Development in Reducing Maternal and Neonatal Mortality in Embu County, Kenya

Continuing professional development (CPD) is one of the principal means by which health professionals (Nurses and midwives) maintain, improve, and broaden the knowledge and skills required for optimal patient care and safety, to be more specific reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. However, the lack of a widely accepted instrument to assess the impact of CPD activities on clinical practice thwarts researchers’ assessment of the effectiveness of CPD activities. The objective of the study is to develop a theory and practice-based, valid, reliable national instrument to assess the impact of accredited CPD activities on reducing maternal and neonatal mortality in Kenya using an integrated model for the study of healthcare professionals’ behavior through environmental scanning of the factors that promote good performance. The researcher will analyze the instruments identified in a systematic review of factors motivating and demotivating nurses and midwives’ behaviours using criteria that reflect the literature on measurement development of CPD leaders and providers’ priorities. The outcome of this phase will be an inventory of instruments using a competence-based model. Working from this inventory, the most relevant items for assessing the concepts listed will be selected. Then, the researcher will verify whether these items are acceptable or need modification, what aspects need revision, and whether important items are missing and should be added. The outcome of this phase will be a new national instrument integrating the most relevant tools to fit our integrated model of healthcare professionals’ behavior. Two data collections are planned: 1) pretesting of the new instrument, to assess its reliability and validity and 2) a study using the instrument before and after CPD activities with randomly selected groups, one acting as control group to assess measurement effect. The researcher will conduct individual interviews and focus groups with CPD providers and leaders to identify anticipated barriers and enablers for implementing the new instrument in CPD practice. Drawing on the results from the previous phases, we will use consensus-building methods with the decision makers to develop a plan to implement the new instrument.