Navigating nephrotoxic waters:A comprehensive overview of contrast-induced acute kidney injury prevention

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI)is the third leading cause of acute kidney injury deriving from the intravascular administration of contrast media in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and leading to longer in-hospital stay and increased short and long-term mortality.Its pathophysiology,although not well-established,revolves around medullary hypoxia paired with the direct toxicity of the substance to the kidney.Critically ill patients,as well as those with pre-existing renal disease and cardiovascular comorbidities,are more susceptible to CI-AKI.Despite the continuous research in the field of CI-AKI prevention,clinical practice is based mostly on periprocedural hydration.In this review,all the investigated methods of prevention are presented,with an emphasis on the latest evidence regarding the potential of RenalGuard and contrast removal systems for CI-AKI prevention in high-risk individuals.

Innovative approaches beyond periprocedural hydration for preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI)is a major concern in clinical practice,particularly among high-risk patients with preexisting renal and cardiovascular conditions.Although periprocedural hydration has long been the primary approach for CI-AKI prevention,recent advancements have led to the development of novel approaches such as RenalGuard and contrast removal systems.This editorial explores these emerging approaches and highlights their potential for enhancing CI-AKI prevention.By incorporating the latest evidence into clinical practice,health-care professionals can more effectively maintain renal function and improve outcomes for patients undergoing contrast-enhanced procedures.

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury:A review of practical points

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI) is oneof the most common causes of AKI in clinical practice.CI-AKI has been found to be strongly associated with morbidity and mortality of the patients.Furthermore,CI-AKI may not be always reversible and it may be associated with the development of chronic kidney disease.Pathophysiology of CI-AKI is not exactly understood and there is no consensus on the preventive strategies.CI-AKI is an active research area thus clinicians should be updated periodically about this topic.In this review,we aimed to discuss the indications of contrastenhanced imaging,types of contrast media and their impact on nephrotoxicity,major pathophysiological mechanisms,risk factors and preventive strategies of CI-AKI and alternative non-contrast-enhanced imaging methods.

Meta-analysis of the impact of hyperuricemia on contrast agent-related acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention

Objective:To evaluate the impact of hyperuricemia on the occurrence of contrast agentrelated acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention.Methods:Retrieve PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CNKI,Wanfang,and VIP databases,and publish articles on the correlation between hyperuricemia and contrast agent-related acute kidney damage after percutaneous coronary intervention from the establishment of the database to August 162023.Two researchers independently conducted literature screening and data extraction to evaluate the bias risk of inclusion in the study,and conducted metaanalysis using Review Manager 5.4 software.Results:A total of 12 articles were included,including 11676 patients.The meta-analysis results showed that compared with patients without hyperuricemia,patients with hyperuricemia had a higher risk of developing PC-AKI,with an incidence rate of 22.3%.Hyperuricemia was a risk factor for the occurrence of PCAKI(OR=2.03,95%CI:1.58-2.61);Patients with hyperuricemia have a higher risk of death after PC-AKI,with a mortality rate of 7.5%.Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for early death in PC-AKI patients(OR=2.33,95%CI:1.81-3.00);The probability of CRRT treatment after PCAKI in patients with hyperuricemia is higher,at 3.14%.Hyperuricemia is an influencing factor for CRRT treatment in PC-AKI patients(OR=7,95%CI:2.83-17.30).Conclusion:Existing research evidence suggests that the presence of hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of PC-AKI,and it significantly increases the hospital mortality rate and the risk of renal replacement therapy in PC-AKI patients.

Preventing radiocontrast-induced nephropathy in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing coronary angiography

Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy(RCIN) is an acute and severe complication after coronary angiography,particularly for patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease(CKD).It has been associated with both short-and long-term adverse outcomes,including the need for renal replacement therapy,increased length of hospital stay,major cardiac adverse events,and mortality.RCIN is generally defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration of 0.5 mg/dL or 25%above baseline within 48 h after contrast administration.There is no effective therapy once injury has occurred,therefore,prevention is the cornerstone for all patients at risk for acute kidney injury(AKI).There is a small but growing body of evidence that prevention of AKI is associated with a reduction in later adverse outcomes.The optimal strategy for preventing RCIN has not yet been established.This review discusses the principal risk factors for RCIN,evaluates and summarizes the evidence for RCIN prophylaxis,and proposes recommendations for preventing RCIN in CKD patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Contrast Agents and Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

Recent advances in medical sciences, especially in imaging, have dramatically increased the use of contrast agents. The constantly changing nature of medicine and the availability of new information, such as new pharmaceutical formulations, have necessitated periodic revisions and drafting of new guidelines for the safe use of intravenous contrast agents in radiology. This study examined the majority of guidelines, articles, and authoritative references available on the use of intravenous contrast agents in adults to reduce the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. The search engines of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used, and relevant English articles cited at least twice between 1979 and 2014 were studied. Review of the collected papers showed no consensus among them for guidelines on the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients at risk. Different formulas were used to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate, which could be problematic in some cases. Further studies are needed for unification of existing guidelines.

Prevention Strategies of Contrast Medium Induced Nephropathy (CIN): A Review of the Current Literature

Contrast medium induced nephropathy is the third most common cause of renal failure for inpatients and represents the 10% of all acute kidney injury occurring during hospital-stay. It is associated with prolonged hospitalization, cost increase and, above all, an unfavourable short- and long-term prognosis. Here, the authors discuss about the contrast medium induced nephropathy prevention strategies, from the identification of patients at risk and drugs potentially nephrotoxic, to the hydration with possible administration of drugs that appeared to be, in some contexts, nephron-protective, and finally we analyze the radiological procedure aimed at the correct choice of type and administration modality of the contrast medium according to current literature.

Age, estimated glomerular filtration rate and ejection fraction score predicts contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease： insight from the TRACK-D study

Background The occurrence of contrast induced acute kidney injury （CIAKI） has a pronounced impact on morbidity and mortality.The aim of the present study was to appraise the diagnostic efficacy of age,estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR） and ejection fraction （AGEF） score （age/EF（％）＋1 （if eGFR was ＜60 ml·min-1·1.73 m2）） as an predictor of CIAKI in patients with diabetes mellitus （DM） and concomitant chronic kidney disease （CKD）.Methods The AGEF score was calculated for 2 998 patients with type 2 DM and concomitant CKD who had undergone coronary/peripheral arterial angiography.CIAKI was defined as an increase in sCr concentration of 0.5 mg/dl （44.2 mmol/L） or 25％ above baseline at 72 hours after exposure to the contrast medium.Post hoc analysis was performed by stratifying the rate of CIAKI according to AGEF score tertiles.The diagnostic efficacy of the AGEF score for predicting CIAKI was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic （ROC） analysis.Results The AGEF score ranged from 0.49 to 3.09.The AGEF score tertiles were defined as follows：AGEFlow ≤0.92 （n=1 006）; 0.92 ＜AGEFmid ≤1.16 （n=1 000）,and ACEFhigh ＞1.16 （n=992）.The incidence of CIAKI was significantly different in patients with low,middle and high AGEF scores （AGEFlow=1.1％,AGEFmid=2.3％ and AGEFhigh=5.8％,P ＜0.001）.By multivariate analysis,AGEF score was an independent predictor of CIAKI （odds ratio=4.96,95％ CI：2.32-10.58,P ＜0.01）.ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.70 （95％ CI：0.648-0.753,P ＜0.001）.Conclusion The AGEF score is effective for stratifying risk of CIAKI in patients with DM and CKD undergoing coronary/peripheral arterial angiography.

Clinical Outcome of Low Dose Contrast during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Moderate to Severe Kidney Impairment

Background: Chronic kidney disease patients are at a greater risk for nephropathy requiring dialysis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Such patients are usually deferred due to fear of “Renalism”.?Objectives This study assesses the outcome of Low dose contrast protocol during PCI in CKD patients whose e-GFR 60 ml/min/1.72 m and investigates a safety margin for contrast use in these high-risk categories.?Methods: Patients were into three groups according to CV/e-GFR ratio: Group (A) low-dose: CV/e-GFR ratio 2.0 Group (B) medium-dose: CV/e-GFR ratio > 2.0 and × bodyweight\s.creatinine). Group (C) high-dose: CV/e-GFR ratio > MACD. Results: A total of 73 patients were enrolled. Average age was 54 ± 8 years,81.4% were male and 18.6% were females and 52% were diabetic. Mean baseline e-GFR was 40 ± 8.0 ml/min/1.73m2. Contrast Volume used in group A was (58.26 ± 15.05) (n = 24), in group B (109.42 ± 17.11) (n = 26) and in group C (304.5 ± 60.30) (n = 23), respectively. The incidences of CI-AKI in the 3 groups were 0%, 11.5% and 35%, respectively (p = 0.02). All-cause death 0%, 17% and introduction of maintenance hemo dialysis was 0%, 11.5% and 26%, respectively (p Conclusion: Low dose contrast protocol is safe, effective and easily applicable technique without CI-AKI or death.

NGAL、CysC及NLR联合检测对脑血管造影介入术后发生CI-AKI的预测价值

目的研究中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、胱抑素C(CysC)及中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)联合检测对脑血管造影介入术后发生对比剂急性肾损伤(CI-AKI)的预测价值。方法选取2021年5月至2023年5月于首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院行脑血管造影介入术的患者131例为研究对象,参考改善全球肾脏病预后组织(KDIGO)制定的指南标准,分为CI-AKI组30例,非CI-AKI组101例。比较CI-AKI组与非CI-AKI组一般资料与实验室指标,将具有统计学意义的指标,进一步纳入多因素二元回归Logistic回归方程,分析影响CI-AKI的危险因素。采用Pearson相关性分析NGAL、CysC及NLR与术后Scr的相关性。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,分析NGAL、CysC及NLR单一与联合对术后CI-AKI的预测价值。结果两组性别、年龄、脑血管疾病类型、体质量指数、术前Scr、UA、BUN、血红蛋白、血小板、术前应用药物比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组术后Scr、Scr增值、e GFR、NGAL、CysC、NLR水平及造影剂剂量比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,术后Scr、Scr增值、NGAL、CysC、NLR水平及造影剂剂量均上升是影响CI-AKI的危险因素(P<0.05)。Scr增值、NGAL、CysC、NLR水平及造影剂剂量均与术后Scr水平呈正相关(P<0.05)。NGAL、CysC及NLR联合预测灵敏度、特异度分别为0.902、0.843,AUC为0.755,95%CI为0.631~0.809(P<0.05)。结论NGAL、CysC及NLR水平上升是影响脑血管造影介入术后CI-AKI发生的危险因素,三指标对于早期诊断CI-AKI发生具有重要的预测价值,可为后续治疗及预后提供重要信息,且三者联合检测对CI-AKI诊断具有更高效能。

A correlation between acute kidney injury and myonecrosis after scheduled percutaneous coronary intervention

Slight elevations in cardiac troponin I and T are frequently observed after percutaneous coronary inter- vention （PCI）. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury （CI-AKI） is a complex syndrome induced by exposure to in- travascular contrast media （CM）. Currently, the relationships between the CM, pre-existing kidney insufficiency, CI-AKI and myonecrosis after elective PCI are unclear. To investigate the relationship between CI-AKI and post-procedural myonecrosis （PMN） after PCI, we analyzed 327 non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome subjects un- dertaking elective PCI. The levels of cardiac troponins （cTns）, cTnl and cTnT, at baseline and on at least one occasion 18-24 h after PCI were measured. We also recorded serum levels of creatinine （SCr） and the urine albumin：creatinine ratio （ACR） before coronary angiography, and 24-48 h and 48-72 h after contrast administration. A post-procedure increase in cTns was detected in 16.21% （53/327） of subjects with cTns levels 〉99th to 5x99th percentile upper ref- erence limit （URL）. Twenty-seven patients （8.26%） developed CI-AKI. CI-AKI occurred more often in subjects with PMN than in those without PMN （20.8% versus 5.8%, respectively, /〉=-0.001）. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that pre-existing microalbuminuria （MA） was an important independent predictor of PMN （OR： 3.31; 95% CI： 1.26-8.65, P=0.01）. However, there was no correlation between the incidence of CI-AKI and PMN （OR： 2.38; 95% CI： 0.88-6.46, P=-0.09）. We conclude that pre-existing MA was not only an important independent predictor of CI-AKI but also of PMN.

Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events in Chinese Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Iodixanol: An Observational Postauthorization Study

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events(MACCEs)and overall safety profile associated with iodixanol in Chinese patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods:Patients at 30 centers in China registered in the OpenClinic v3.6 database from October 30,2013,to October 7,2015,were included in the study.The primary endpoint was in-hospital MACCEs including target lesion revascularization(TLR),stroke,stent thrombosis,cardiac death,and PCI-related myocardial infarction(MI)within 72 h post-PCI.Secondary endpoints were MACCEs from 72 h to 30 d post-PCI and other safety events within 30 d post-PCI.Results:A total of 3,042 patients were enrolled.The incidence of MACCEs within 72 h post-PCI was 2.33%(n=71),including cardiac death(0.03%,n=1)and PCI-related MI(2.30%,n=70).The incidence of MACCEs from 72 h to 30 d post-PCI was 0.16%(n=5),including cardiac death(0.10%,n=3),PCI-related MI(0.03%,n=1),and TLR for stent thrombosis(0.03%,n=1).The incidence of composite angiographic or procedural complications was 2.86%(n=87);233(7.86%)patients had results suggesting contrast-induced acute kidney injury.Conclusions:These findings indicate that the use of iodixanol in Chinese patients undergoing PCI is associated with a low incidence of MACCEs,confirming its safety in this population.