Mathematical Modeling and Control Algorithm Development for Bidirectional Power Flow in CCS-CNT System

As the demand for more efficient and adaptable power distribution systems intensifies, especially in rural areas, innovative solutions like the Capacitor-Coupled Substation with a Controllable Network Transformer (CCS-CNT) are becoming increasingly critical. Traditional power distribution networks, often limited by unidirectional flow capabilities and inflexibility, struggle to meet the complex demands of modern energy systems. The CCS-CNT system offers a transformative approach by enabling bidirectional power flow between high-voltage transmission lines and local distribution networks, a feature that is essential for integrating renewable energy sources and ensuring reliable electrification in underserved regions. This paper presents a detailed mathematical representation of power flow within the CCS-CNT system, emphasizing the control of both active and reactive power through the adjustment of voltage levels and phase angles. A control algorithm is developed to dynamically manage power flow, ensuring optimal performance by minimizing losses and maintaining voltage stability across the network. The proposed CCS-CNT system demonstrates significant potential in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of power distribution, making it particularly suited for rural electrification and other applications where traditional methods fall short. The findings underscore the system's capability to adapt to varying operational conditions, offering a robust solution for modern power distribution challenges.

Design and performance analysis of networked control systems with random delay

The design and performance analysis of networked control systems with random network delay in the forward channel is proposed, which are described in a state-space form. A new control scheme is used to overcome the effects of network transmission delay, which is termed networked predictive control （NPC）. Furthermore, three different ways to choose control input are discussed and the performances are analyzed, respectively. Both real-time simulations and practical experiments show the effectiveness of the control scheme.

Achieving Consistence for Cross-Domain WAN Control in Software-Defined Networks

When applying Software-Defined Networks(SDN) to WANs,the SDN flexibility enables the cross-domain control to achieve a better control scalability.However,the control consistence is required by all the cross-domain services,to ensure the data plane configured in consensus for different domains.Such consistence process is complicated by potential failure and errors of WANs.In this paper,we propose a consistence layer to actively and passively snapshot the cross-domain control states,to reduce the complexities of service realizations.We implement the layer and evaluate performance in the PlanetLab testbed for the WAN emulation.The testbed conditions are extremely enlarged comparing to the real network.The results show its scalability,reliability and responsiveness in dealing with the control dynamics.In the normalized results,the active and passive snapshots are executed with the mean times of 1.873 s and 105 ms in135 controllers,indicating its readiness to be used in the real network.

NEW HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR'S POSITION SERVOCONTROL STRATEGY

A new hydraulic actuator-hydraulic muscle （HM） is described, and the actuator＇s features and applications are analyzed, then a position servocontrol system in which HM is main actuator is set up. The mathematical model of the system is built up and several control strategies are discussed. Based on the mathematical model, simulation research and experimental investigation with subsection PID control, neural network self-adaptive PID control and single neuron self-adaptive PID control adopted respectively are carried out, and the results indicate that compared with PID control, neural network self-adaptive PID control and single neuron self-adaptive PID control don＇t need controlled system＇s accurate model and have fast response, high control accuracy and strong robustness, they are very suitable for HM position servo control system.

A necessary and sufficient stability criterion for networked predictive control systems.

Stability of a networked predictive control system subject to network-induced delay and data dropout is investigated in this study. By modeling the closed-loop system as a switched system with an upper-triangular structure, a necessary and sufficient stability criterion is developed. From the criterion, it also can be seen that separation principle holds for networked predictive control systems. A numerical example is provided to confirm the validity and effectiveness of the obtained results.

Model Reference Adaptive Control for Networked Distributed Systems with Strong Interconnections and Communication Delays

In recent years, networked distributed control systems（NDCS） have received research attention. Two of the main challenges that such systems face are possible delays in the communication network and the effect of strong interconnections between agents. This paper considers an NDCS that has delays in the communication network, as well as strong interconnections between its agents. The control objective is to make each agent track efficiently a reference model by attenuating the effect of strong interconnections via feedback based on the delayed information. First, the authors assume that each agent knows its own dynamics, as well as the interconnection parameters, but receives information about the states of its neighbors with some communication delay. The authors propose a distributed control scheme and prove that if the interconnections can be weakened and if the communication delays are small enough, then the proposed scheme guarantees that the tracking error of each agent is bounded with a bound that depends on the size of the weakened interconnections and delays, and reduces to zero as these uncertainties reduce to zero. The authors then consider a more realistic situation where the interconnections between agents are unknown despite the cooperation and sharing of state information. For this case the authors propose a distributed adaptive control scheme and prove that the proposed scheme guarantees that the tracking errors are bounded and small in the mean square sense with respect to the size of the weakened interconnections and delays, provided the weakened interconnections and time delays are small enough. The authors then consider the case that each agent knows neither its dynamics nor the interconnection matrices. For this case the authors propose a distributed adaptive control scheme and prove that the proposed scheme guarantees that the tracking errors are bounded and small in the mean square sense provided the weakened interconnections and time delays are small enough. Finally, the authors present an illustrative example to present the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed schemes.

Dynamic data packing towards the optimization of QoC and QoS in networked control systems

A class of networked control systems is investigated whose communication network is shared with other applications. The design objective for such a system setting is not only the optimization of the control performance but also the efficient utilization of the communication resources. We observe that at a large time scale the data packet delay in the communication network is roughly varying piecewise constant, which is typically true for data networks like the Internet. Based on this observation, a dynamic data packing scheme is proposed within the recently developed packet-based control framework for networked control systems. As expected this proposed approach achieves a fine balance between the control performance and the communication utilization: the similar control performance can be obtained at dramatically reduced cost of the communication resources. Simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Event-based Control and Filtering of Networked Systems:A Survey

In recent years, theoretical and practical research on event-based communication strategies has gained considerable research attention due primarily to their irreplaceable superiority in resource-constrained systems（especially networked systems）. For networked systems, event-based transmission scheme is capable of improving the efficiency in resource utilization and prolonging the lifetime of the network components compared with the widely adopted periodic transmission scheme. As such, it would be interesting to 1） examining how the event-triggering mechanisms affect the control or filtering performance for networked systems, and 2） developing some suitable approaches for the controller and filter design problems. In this paper, a bibliographical review is presented on event-based control and filtering problems for various networked systems. First, the event-driven communication scheme is introduced in detail according to its engineering background, characteristic, and representative research frameworks. Then, different event-based control and filtering（or state estimation） problems are categorized and then discussed. Finally, we conclude the paper by outlining future research challenges for event-based networked systems.

The Interaction between Control and Computing Theories:New Approaches

Day by day, networked control system（NCS） methods have been promoted for distributed closed-loop control systems.Interestingly, the integration of control and computing theories enhanced the development of networked control systems through remote control for wide applications employing the internet. Two further directions to networked control technology are LeaderFollower systems and model predictive control systems. Cloud control system is looked at an extension of networked control systems（NCS） using internet of things（IOT） methodologies. In this paper, a comprehensive literature survey of the new technology of control systems application performed on cloud computing is presented.

Stochastic Channel Allocation for Nonlinear Systems with Markovian Packet Dropout

This paper addresses a channel scheduling problem for group of dynamically decoupled nonlinear subsystems with actuators connected through digital communication channels and controlled by a centralized controller. Due to the limited communication capacity, only one channel can be activated and hence there is only one pair of sensor and actuator can communicate with the controller at each time instant. In addition, the communication channels are not reliable so Markovian packed dropout is introduced. A predictive control framework is adopted for controller/scheduler co-design to alleviate the performance loss caused by the limited communication capacity. Instead of sending a single control value, the controller sends a sequence of predicted control values to a selected actuator so that there are control input candidates which can be fed to the subsystem when the actuator does not communicate with the controller. A stochastic algorithm is proposed to schedule the usage of the communication medium and sufficient conditions on stochastic stability are given under some mild assumptions.

Development of an Internet and Fuzzy Based Control System of Manufacturing Process

The aim of this work is to develop an Internet and fuzzy based control and data acquisition system for an industrial process plant which can ensure remote running and fuzzy control of a cement factory. Cases studies of the proposed system application in three cement factories in Algeria, SCAEK（Setif）, SCIMAT（Batna）, and SCT（Tebessa）, are discussed. The remote process control consists of alarms generated during running of the processes while maintaining and synchronizing different regulation loops thus ensuring automatic running of processes smoothly. In addition, fuzzy control of the kiln and the other two mills ensures that the system is operational at all times with minimal downtime. The process control system contains different operator station（OP）, alarms table and a provision to monitor trends analysis. The operator can execute any operation according to his authorised access assigned by the system administrator using user administration tool. The Internet technology is used for human security by avoiding all times presence of operators at site for maintenance. Further, in case of a breakdown, the problem would be remotely diagnosed and resolved avoiding requirement of an expert on site thus eliminating traveling cost, security risks, visa formalities, etc. These trips are difficult to organize（costs, visas, risks）. So the enterprise can reduce downtimes and travel costs. In order to realize a process control system guided by operators in the main control room or through Internet, the process control is based on programming in PCS 7 utilizing Cemat library and Fuzzy Control＋＋ Siemens tools.