Certification and Conversion Mode of Learning Achievement Based on Credit Bank under the Background of Higher Vocational Enrollment Expansion

Credit bank system is a very important management mode in current higher vocational education,and it is also an important means for the Ministry of Education to promote China's modern education reform.This paper combines the specific background of higher vocational enrollment expansion,expounds the practical significance of the credit bank system in the training of the expanded enrollment talents,and explores the methods and rules of the authentication and transformation of the learning achievement of the expanded enrollment students under the system.In order to achieve convergence of different types of learning results,smooth talent growth channel,a useful exploration is carried out.

A Probe into the Talent Training Mode of Vocational Colleges with"l+X"Certificate System based on Credit Bank

Based on credit bank,the"1+X"certificate system is a"flyover"for learners to interchange between the academic and vocational education.It is a significant innovation to promote high-quality vocational education development and enhance the influence of national vocational education.Vocational colleges can implement"1+X"certificate system via the credit bank and in turn,the popularization of the"1+X"certificate system would enrich and improve the former.China's development of the credit bank and the existing research on the"1+X"certificate system are analyzed to look for a way in the collaboration of credit bank and the T+X"certificate system.The firm collaboration as well as the connection and optimization between government,schools,and enterprises as one body form a new talent training mode with the"1+X"certificate system that integrates academy and certificates as well as involving both,schools and enterprises according to China's credit bank concept.

Airtime Credit Banking: From Two Applications to One Application

This paper proposes how airtime credit could be used for banking purposes. The aim is to provide a means of converting airtime credit of any network service provider to a credit alert for a particular bank account user. This paper shows a simple implementation of the proposed system. The advantage of the proposed system is that it allows customers the right to convert their purchased airtime credit to a credit alert at anytime when they no longer wish to use the airtime credit again. Furthermore, it explains the limitations of the proposed system considering regulations in different countries of deployment. This approach could be extended to cover other vouchers for banking applications as well.

Application of the Credit Metrics in the Credit Risk Management of Commercial Banks

Credit risk is one of the main risks the commercial banks faces all over the world,especially in the risk structure of the banks of China.In order to control credit risk more scientifically,we shall connect the qualitative analysis and the quantitative analysis.Put forward by J.P.Morgan Credit Metrics model is the application of the VaR in the field of credit risk,showing great advantage in quantitative bonds and credit risk of loan.This paper studies the Credit Metrics model and analyzes the hypothesis and framework of this model,attempting to explore the application of the model in China in order to promote the realization of the risk quantification of the commercial banks of China.

Enhancing Access to Bank Credit for Small-Scale Farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya Through Public-Private Partnership Initiative

In Kenya, small-scale fanning has immense potential in poverty reduction. The growth of farming activities requires sustainable access to affordable credit to boost and sustain production. This study is initiated to investigate factors influencing access to bank credit by small-scale farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya. It is necessitated by lack of a comprehensive study documenting the effectiveness of the partnership initiative in improving access to credit for small-scale farmers. The study seeks to address the following concerns： what factors influence access to bank credit by small-scale farmers under the initiative？ Are small-scale farmers in various parts of the country accessing bank credit equally？ Through which sources do farmers get to know about credit products provided through the initiative？ Primary data was collected from 144 farmers in Kiambu and 127 farmers in Kisumu, sampled using systematic random procedure. The cross-sectional survey design was applied to guide the research process. Quantitative analysis generated cross-tabulations with chi-square and binary logistic regression. The study found that out of 144 credit applicants in Kiambu about 56.3% were successful, while in Kisumu only 37.8% were successful. Access to bank credit was significantly associated with farmers＇ gender, education level, income level, farm size, and farming experience. Besides, women were 1.3 times less likely to access bank credit than men. In terms of regional variation, a Kiambu farmer was 2.7 times more likely to obtain bank credit than a Kisumu farmer. The initiative is an innovative approach for enhancing access to bank credit; however, its potential has not been fully exploited. The study recommends the need： to inform farmers about credit products to clear misconceptions and myths associated with bank credit; develop innovative financing packages for small-scale farmers that are also gender-sensitive; and to initiate a training program targeting farmers with appropriate information.

Issues concerning Development of Consumer Credit Business in China's Agricultural Bank

This article introduces the status quo of consumer credit business in China's agricultural bank,indicating that the scale of China's consumer credit business is expanded year by year;the growth of consumer credit business slows down;housing loans grow rapidly.We analyze issues concerning development of consumer credit business in agricultural bank as follows:single variety of consumer credit business makes the operating scope narrow;the formality of consumer credit business is trivial,abating consumers' will to borrow;consumers' consumer attitudes are stale,yet to be further changed;the loan interest of consumer credit is beyond the majority of consumers' actual ability to pay;the existing regulations and systems are not sound;the risk prevention mechanism is not perfect.Based on this,we put forward the following countermeasures and proposals for further improving consumer credit business in China's agricultural bank:first,formulate reasonable marketing strategy of consumer credit business;second,establish and improve the internal management mechanism;third,establish and improve risk assessment system;fourth,improve consumer credit legal system.

Bank Credit and Agricultural Output in Bangladesh: An Econometric Analysis

In this study,the authors tried to identify the relationship between bank credit and agricultural output in Bangladesh.Simultaneously impact assessment of bank credit on agricultural output is also investigated.Different econometric techniques are used to determine the nature of the relationship between bank credit and agricultural output and the impact of bank credit.A total of 40 years(1981-2020)of annual time series data were collected from the Annual Reports of the Bangladesh Bank and World Bank’s world development indicators.Stationarity and cointegration tests were performed initially and then analyzed with Vector Error Correction Model,confirming a long-run relationship between bank credit and agricultural output.Additionally,univariate and multivariate OLS models are performed to identify the magnitude of bank credit’s impact on agricultural output.Both models revealed that bank credit positively and significantly affects agricultural production in Bangladesh.Based on these findings,the authors recommend additional fund allocation to the agricultural production system by the banks in Bangladesh.

基于区块链技术的国家学分银行系统研究与设计

区块链作为一种新兴技术,具有去中心化和不可篡改等特征,它能为学分银行建设提供技术支持。突破以往从理论上论证区块链技术服务于学分银行建设的可行性,以国家开放大学推进学分银行建设实践为依托,系统介绍了区块链+学分银行的应用案例。同时,对基于区块链技术的国家学分银行系统可能存在的技术风险进行分析,并提出应对方案。

基于学习成果应用的学分银行建设探索——以上海市终身教育学分银行为例

学习成果的应用是学分银行存在和发展的基石。学分银行中学习成果应用价值发挥有利于促进学习者终身学习,为构建服务全民终身学习的教育体系赋能助力。当前学分银行面临学习成果“只存不用”的困境,上海市终身教育学分银行在探索学习成果应用价值层面建构了学习成果应用共同体、搭建了学习成果应用平台,创新了学习成果应用模式,为攻克学习成果应用困境提供了经验参考。未来学分银行可从激发学习成果高频应用主体需求、内外联动建立全纳的学习成果应用数据库和基于多维数据分析开拓学习成果新应用等拓宽学习成果应用路径,为实现学分银行内生发展开拓新势能。

培养创新创业能力的职业教育模式研究

如何更加高效地培养学生创新创业能力,探索出既不烦琐又可操作且广泛适用的职业教育模式,是现阶段各大高职院校亟须解决的重要课题。为进一步促进高职院校培养创新创业能力的职业教育模式改革与发展,对现有高职创新创业教育模式存在的弊端进行分析,提出“厚植学生创新创业观、完善高职院校创新创业教育体系、优化高职院校创新创业实践体系、建立健全创新创业能力培养评价机制”等策略,助力职业教育高质量发展,培养出理念先进、技术扎实、素养过硬的新时代复合型人才。

“双元制”下职业教育学分银行的现实困境、发展方向与改进路径

职业教育学分银行建设是强化职业教育类型属性、推动技能型社会建设、打造国家资历框架的综合性项目,也是推动职普融通、产教融合、科教融汇的系统性工程。在职业教育与学术教育“双元制”育人范式下,职业教育学分银行还存在框架制度不完善、功能结构不健全、管理运行有滞碍、评估评价尚待改进等制约性因素,外部应用还存在机制、跨界、管理的时度效等制度性障碍。当前,必须明确学分银行未来建设发展的方向,致力打造成为教育与技术协同互动的桥梁纽带、职业教育高质量发展的统筹抓手、职业教育系统化改革的重要内容。因此,要以“双元制”范式为指引,建立学分银行的组织框架,健全学分银行的功能属性,创新学分银行管理模式,规范学分银行评价体系,真正推动职业教育学分银行赋能、提质、增效。

终身学习视域下学分银行新角色扩展探析

学分银行是构建终身教育体系的重要组成部分,具有全民性、权威性、安全性和灵活性等优势。但同时,它也因管理功能单一、数据采集困难、管理体制突破困难等问题而导致发展面临困境。扩展学分银行新角色,构建智力资源供需平台,形成“请求—响应”的“人人学、人人教”终身教育供给服务模式,基于社会知识网络的新型学分银行进一步形成“个体需求—多方响应—共同体学习”的新型终身学习模式。学分银行扩展新角色对加快发展面向每个人、适合每个人、更加开放灵活的终身教育体系具有重要意义。

高职农产品加工与质量检测专业学分银行模式下学分认定与转换细则研究

学分银行是当前高等职业教育中十分重要的管理模式,如何进行学习成果认证及学分转换是学分银行建设中需要解决的重点问题。本研究旨在探讨学分银行模式下学生课外学习成果的认证和转换问题,通过查阅国家专业标准和行业标准、实地走访企业等多种方式进行研究,制定了黑龙江省农产品加工与质量检测专业专科学分认定和转换细则,为学分银行在高职农产品加工与质量检测专业中的应用实践奠定了基础。

终身教育体系下的学分银行建设:现状、问题与对策

针对终身教育体系下学分银行在实际建设过程中面临的现状问题,提出科学的应对策略,进一步推动学分银行在我国教育事业中的成长与发展;通过建立学分银行这一模式,真正地展现出现代化教育存在的意义和价值,为学习者提供一个公正、公平、客观、透明的教育环境,提升教育工作的质量和效率,助力学习者的学习与进步。

国家审计与商业银行信贷行为

采用2008—2020年中国商业银行非平衡面板数据,考察国家审计对银行信贷行为的影响。研究发现,国家审计可以促使银行提供更为宽松的信贷,且这种效应具有延续性。机制分析结果表明,国家审计可以通过提高管理效率、减少违规行为、加快经济增长三条渠道促进银行扩充信贷。异质性分析发现,国家审计对内部治理较好、东部地区、外部法律环境较好的银行信贷行为的正向影响更加显著。调节效应研究发现,社会审计增强了国家审计对银行信贷的促进作用,媒体监督削弱了国家审计的促进效应,而公众监督的调节效应不显著。进一步研究发现,虽然国家审计推动了银行信贷投放,但对贷款集中度产生了抑制作用,且相较于商业贷款和非农户贷款,国家审计提升了消费贷款和农户贷款,国家审计与银行信贷的关系在降低不良贷款率的同时提升了银行财务业绩,说明国家审计可以助推银行信贷业务的高质量发展。

数据要素跨部门共享能缓解中小企业融资约束吗?——基于“银税互动”的准自然实验

打破“政府数据孤岛”是新时代建设全国统一大市场的必然要求,数据要素如何服务微观企业成长构成经济社会高质量发展的关键环节。依托“银税互动”平台,数据要素可通过跨部门共享释放金融动能继而影响中小企业的融资约束。借助我国各地市陆续实施“银税互动”的准自然实验,以2009—2022年中小企业板和创业板上市公司为样本,研究政府数据跨部门共享对中小企业融资约束的影响及作用机理,并进行不同产权性质和金融资源发达程度的异质性分析。结果表明:相较于所在地未实施“银税互动”的中小企业,所在地实施“银税互动”的中小企业的融资约束问题得到显著缓解,且该结论在经过一系列稳健性检验和内生性分析后依然成立。机制检验结果表明,“银税互动”通过降低中小企业与银行之间的信息不对称程度、改善中小企业与银行之间的委托代理问题和提振其他利益相关者对中小企业未来发展信心的机制实现缓解效果,且该缓解效果在非国有中小企业和所在地金融资源匮乏的中小企业中更为明显。研究成果表明,以“银税互动”为典型的数据要素跨部门共享实践有助于中小企业高质量发展,不仅对“银税互动”和企业融资约束的学术研究作出了重要拓展,同时为党和国家不断健全数据要素市场化配置体制机制提供了政策参考。

绿色信贷促进农业农村绿色产业发展路径探析

农业农村绿色产业是新时代乡村产业振兴的重要内容,绿色信贷是推动农业农村绿色产业发展的重要金融工具。当前农业农村绿色产业发展面临“经营风险大、投资回报率低、绿色信贷制度不完善、相关配套政策不足、绿色信贷不良率高、信贷周期长”等问题,制约了绿色信贷投放和绿色产业发展。为此,在农业农村绿色产业发展中,应完善绿色信贷政策扶持体系,健全绿色信贷市场机制,发展绿色信贷中介机构,提高金融机构的绿色信贷动力,发挥绿色信贷对农业农村绿色产业的金融服务功能。

货币政策不确定性、风险承担与银行信贷期限

基于中国商业银行的微观数据,构建面板回归模型,考察货币政策不确定性对银行信贷期限的影响及其作用机制。研究发现:货币政策不确定性对银行信贷期限具有缩减效应。货币政策不确定性加大了银行风险承担,促使银行更倾向于短期信贷配置决策而引致信贷期限缩减效应,“货币政策不确定性—风险承担—银行信贷期限”的传导渠道有效。此外,宏观审慎政策、跨境资本流动及银行家乐观度均能够负向调节货币政策不确定性引发的信贷期限缩减效应。基于此,为防控以信贷期限为特征的时间维度的银行业系统性风险,应建立及完善货币政策与宏观审慎政策相互协作调控的双支柱政策框架,并优化跨境资本开放时序以及构建基于货币政策感受指数的银行家乐观度监测机制。

盘活存量信贷的空间测算与路径优化

截至2023年12月信贷存量高达238万亿元,已引发产出效率下滑、偿债压力激增等隐患,是盘活存量首当其冲要关注的问题。经测算,未来2-3年,通过存量移位再贷、信贷资产证券化、不良贷款转让与核销等路径的不断优化,存量信贷的年均盘活空间或能达到33-45万亿元规模。商业银行应积极探索“增量+存量”的信贷全生命周期管理,实施“降本+增效”的信贷管理全流程再造,推进“做优+做强”的内涵式发展转型,通过实现自身高质量发展助力金融强国建设。

学习型社会全民数字素养与技能框架建设探索——以国家开放大学经验为例

提升全民数字素养与技能,是顺应数字时代要求、助力全民终身学习型社会建设的重要任务,是实现从网络大国迈向网络强国的必由之路。立足国际视野与本土国情,围绕增强公民数字素养与技能的目标开展理论与实践探索。国家开放大学遵循“动态优化、方向引领、操作可行”的原则,与国家资历框架相贯通的定位设计了全民数字素养与技能框架。框架横向分为信息和数据素养域、交流与协作域、数字内容创作域、安全域和问题解决域五个领域,纵向包含六个等级。依据构建的数字素养与技能框架,探索了数字化学习成果认证、积累与转换等实践。