Auxin-brassinosteroid crosstalk:Regulating rice plant architecture and grain shape

Rice(Oryza sativa)plant architecture and grain shape,which determine grain quality and yield,are modulatedby auxin and brassinosteroid via regulation of cell elongation and proliferation.We review the signaltransduction of these hormones and the crosstalk between their signals on the regulation of rice plantarchitecture and grain shape.

Dynamical behavior of memristor-coupled heterogeneous discrete neural networks with synaptic crosstalk

Synaptic crosstalk is a prevalent phenomenon among neuronal synapses,playing a crucial role in the transmission of neural signals.Therefore,considering synaptic crosstalk behavior and investigating the dynamical behavior of discrete neural networks are highly necessary.In this paper,we propose a heterogeneous discrete neural network(HDNN)consisting of a three-dimensional KTz discrete neuron and a Chialvo discrete neuron.These two neurons are coupled mutually by two discrete memristors and the synaptic crosstalk is considered.The impact of crosstalk strength on the firing behavior of the HDNN is explored through bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents.It is observed that the HDNN exhibits different coexisting attractors under varying crosstalk strengths.Furthermore,the influence of different crosstalk strengths on the synchronized firing of the HDNN is investigated,revealing a gradual attainment of phase synchronization between the two discrete neurons as the crosstalk strength decreases.

Emerging roles of plasmacytoid dendritic cell crosstalk in tumor immunity

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs)are a pioneer cell type that produces type I interferon(IFN-I)and promotes antiviral immune responses.However,they are tolerogenic and,when recruited to the tumor microenvironment(TME),play complex roles that have long been a research focus.The interactions between p DCs and other components of the TME,whether direct or indirect,can either promote or hinder tumor development;consequently,p DCs are an intriguing target for therapeutic intervention.This review provides a comprehensive overview of p DC crosstalk in the TME,including crosstalk with various cell types,biochemical factors,and microorganisms.An in-depth understanding of p DC crosstalk in TME should facilitate the development of novel p DC-based therapeutic methods.

Microbiome-liver crosstalk:A multihit therapeutic target for liver disease

Liver disease has become a leading cause of death,particularly in the West,where it is attributed to more than two million deaths annually.The correlation between gut microbiota and liver disease is still not fully understood.However,it is well known that gut dysbiosis accompanied by a leaky gut causes an increase in lipopolysaccharides in circulation,which in turn evoke massive hepatic inflammation promoting liver cirrhosis.Microbial dysbiosis also leads to poor bile acid metabolism and low short-chain fatty acids,all of which exacerbate the inflammatory response of liver cells.Gut microbial homeostasis is maintained through intricate processes that ensure that commensal microbes adapt to the low oxygen potential of the gut and that they rapidly occupy all the intestinal niches,thus outcompeting any potential pathogens for available nutrients.The crosstalk between the gut microbiota and its metabolites also guarantee an intact gut barrier.These processes that protect against destabilization of gut microbes by potential entry of pathogenic bacteria are collectively called colonization resistance and are equally essential for liver health.In this review,we shall investigate how the mechanisms of colonization resistance influence the liver in health and disease and the microbial-liver crosstalk potential as therapeutic target areas.

周细胞-内皮细胞Crosstalk在心肌缺血后微血管新生中的研究进展

心血管疾病是世界公共卫生问题,是人类主要的死亡原因之一。治疗性血管新生能够有效减轻心肌缺血损伤并改善心功能,已成为心肌缺血后重要的补充治疗策略。周细胞-内皮细胞Crosstalk对心肌缺血后微血管新生的调控机制主要包括周细胞通过血管基底膜直接接触内皮细胞和旁分泌调节两种模式。其中,旁分泌调节主要通过促血管新生细胞因子和激活多种信号通路,以促进微血管新生和成熟,对稳定血管/血液系统及改善心脏功能等具有重要作用,因此,周细胞-内皮细胞Crosstalk是心肌缺血后微血管新生的关键环节。本文综述了周细胞-内皮细胞Crosstalk在心肌缺血后微血管新生中的机制及作用,以期为心肌缺血的补充治疗方案提供思路。

The role of signaling crosstalk of microglia in hippocampus on progression of ageing and Alzheimer's disease

Based on single-cell sequencing of the hippocampi of 5×familiar Alzheimer's disease(5×FAD)and wild type mice at 2-,12-,and 24-month of age,we found an increased percentage of microglia in aging and Alzheimer's disease(AD)mice.Blood brain barrier injury may also have contributed to this increase.Immune regulation by microglia plays a major role in the progression of aging and AD,according to the functions of 41 intersecting differentially expressed genes in microglia.Signaling crosstalk between C−C motif chemokine ligand(CCL)and major histocompatibility complex-1 bridges intercellular communication in the hippocampus during aging and AD.The amyloid precursor protein(APP)and colony stimulating factor(CSF)signals drive 5×FAD to deviate from aging track to AD occurrence among intercellular communication in hippocampus.Microglia are involved in the progression of aging and AD can be divided into 10 functional types.The strength of the interaction among microglial subtypes weakened with aging,and the CCL and CSF signaling pathways were the fundamental bridge of communication among microglial subtypes.

Calibration and cancellation of microwave crosstalk in superconducting circuits

The precise control and manipulation of the qubit state are vital for quantum simulation and quantum computation.In superconducting circuits,one notorious error comes from the crosstalk of microwave signals applied to different qubit control lines.In this work,we present a method for the calibration and cancellation of the microwave crosstalk and experimentally demonstrate its effectiveness in a superconducting 10-qubit chain.The method is convenient and efficient especially for calibrating the microwave crosstalk with large amplitudes and variations,which can be performed successively to reduce the microwave crosstalk by two to three orders.The qubit chain with microwave driving is governed by one-dimensional(1D)Bose-Hubbard model in transverse field,which is nonintegrable and shows thermalization behaviour during the time evolution from certain initial states.Such thermalization process is observed with excellent agreement between experiment and theory further confirming the effective global cancellation of the microwave crosstalk.

Progress and Research on Interconnects Crosstalk in Deep Submicron Technology

As develops in deep sub micron designs,the interconnect crosstalk becomes much more serious.Espe cially, the coupling inductance can not be ignored in gigahertz designs.So shield insertion is an efficient technique to reduce the inductive noise.In this paper,the characteristics of on chip mutual inductance (as well as self) for coplanar,micro stripline and stripline structures are introduced first.Then base on the coplanar interconnect structures,the effective coupling K eff model and the RLC explicit noise model are proposed respectively.The results of experiments show that these two models both have high fidelity.

PGC-1α介导的“肌脑Crosstalk”与运动的抗抑郁机制——基于整合生物学的反思与展望

针对抑郁症的研究表明,骨骼肌过氧化物酶体增殖活化受体γ辅助活化因子1α(PGC-1α)通过基因转录调控的途径改善外周色氨酸代谢、减轻中枢炎症反应、增加脑源性神经营养因子的表达,从而远程作用于脑组织发挥抗抑郁效应。基于整合生物学理论,综述骨骼肌PGC-1α在运动抗抑郁中的重要作用及其介导机制,提出PGC-1α介导的外周—中枢"对话"模式。针对其他神经退行性疾病的运动干预作用,提出"肌脑Crosstalk"的可能途径。

Wnt与其他信号通路在胚胎发育过程中的crosstalk

在胚胎发育过程中,Wnt信号通路扮演了非常重要的角色。而很多情况下它都是与FGF、Notch、Hedgehog、TGF-β等其他几条重要的信号通路通过大量的crosstalk,相互协同来发挥作用的。对于非洲爪蟾胚胎早期发育的研究表明,FGF信号可以诱导产生p90^(rsk),一种核糖体S6蛋白激酶,而这种激酶可以磷酸化GSK-3β的丝氨酸-9残基,导致GSK-3β失活,并以此来调节Wnt信号,共同控制胚胎发育过程。

A Novel Interconnect Crosstalk Parallel RLC Analyzable Model Based on the 65nm CMOS Process

Based on the 65nm CMOS process,a novel parallel RLC coupling interconnect analytical model is presented synthetically considering parasitical capacitive and parasitical inductive effects. Applying function approximation and model order-reduction to the model, we derive a closed-form and time-domain waveform for the far-end crosstalk of a victim line under ramp input transition. For various interconnect coupling sizes, the proposed RLC coupling analytical model enables the estimation of the crosstalk voltage within 2.50% error compared with Hspice simulation in a 65nm CMOS process. This model can be used in computer-aided-design of nanometer SOCs.

Crosstalk Estimation and Optimization in Deep Sub-Micron VLSI

RLC model is used to estimate the coupling noise between interconnect wires and make some analysis through the simulation result. Based on the analysis conclusion,some algorithms are developed to adjust the rou ting result with crosstalk constraint.

Tumor-stroma crosstalk对肝细胞癌中肝星状细胞氨基酸代谢水平的影响

目的探讨tumor-stroma crosstalk对肝星状细胞(HSC)氨基酸代谢的影响。方法分别培养人肝癌细胞系HepG2、Hep3B、Huh7,以及LX-2 HSC。分别使用LX-2 HSC条件培养基(LX2-CM)和HepG2、Hep3B、Huh7肝癌细胞混合条件培养基(Hep-CM)培养HSC,并收集细胞上清,应用氨基酸分析仪检测细胞上清氨基酸谱变化。计量资料组间比较采用t检验。结果HSC氨基酸代谢水平改变情况,与对照组(LX2-CM)相比,实验组(Hep-CM)上清中瓜氨酸(t=3. 426,P=0. 027)、缬氨酸(t=2. 892,P=0. 045)、异亮氨酸(t=4. 224,P=0. 013)、亮氨酸(t=4. 150,P=0. 014)、酪氨酸(t=3. 556,P=0. 024)、苯丙氨酸(t=4. 023,P=0. 016)、赖氨酸(t=3. 369,P=0. 028)水平降低,差异均有统计学意义。结论肿瘤微环境中,tumor-stroma crosstalk可以影响HSC的氨基酸代谢水平,这种改变可能反过来促使肝癌细胞更加适应低氧微环境。

运动如何调控“肌-骨”Crosstalk分泌相关因子表达介导2型糖尿病的骨代谢

背景:2型糖尿病是因能量代谢紊乱导致的疾病。肌肉和骨骼在运动刺激条件下,通过其内分泌功能参与机体的能量代谢调控。目前,相关"肌-骨"Crosstalk介导运动调控2型糖尿病骨代谢作用机制的研究较少。目的:通过分析运动如何调控"肌-骨"Crosstalk分泌相关因子的表达水平,并作用于骨组织的病理原因,探讨基于"肌-骨"Crosstalk运动介导2型糖尿病骨代谢的作用机制。方法:检索知网(CNKI)、万方及PubMed等数据库2012年至2021年近10年的相关文献;中英文检索词为:运动,2型糖尿病,骨代谢,"肌-骨"Crosstalk,肌肉因子和exercise,type 2 diabetes mellitus,bone metabolism,"muscle-bone"Crosstalk,muscle factor。经过筛选后对纳入的50篇相关文献进行了分析探讨。结果与结论:肌肉骨骼中的生物活性因子,一部分以内分泌方式作用于骨骼,如肌肉生长抑制素(Myostatin)、骨形态发生蛋白和肌肉素等;另一部分以旁分泌方式作用于骨骼,如胰岛素样生长因子1、白细胞介素6和鸢尾素等,参与骨代谢调节,平衡骨组织中成骨细胞的骨形成和破骨细胞的骨吸收,成为运动介导肌骨系统的信使因子。运动是调控能量代谢的重要手段,其介导的内部刺激变化能够引发肌细胞和骨细胞的信号应答,激活Wnt、BMP/Smads、转化生长因子β等信号通路,从而调节肌肉骨骼系统的内分泌功能,促进代谢适应,影响2型糖尿病骨代谢。

Crosstalk network among multiple inflammatory mediators in liver fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is the common pathological basis of all chronic liver diseases,and is the necessary stage for the progression of chronic liver disease to cirrhosis.As one of pathogenic factors,inflammation plays a predominant role in liver fibrosis via communication and interaction between inflammatory cells,cytokines,and the related signaling pathways.Damaged hepatocytes induce an increase in proinflammatory factors,thereby inducing the development of inflammation.In addition,it has been reported that inflammatory response related signaling pathway is the main signal transduction pathway for the development of liver fibrosis.The crosstalk regulatory network leads to hepatic stellate cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine production,which in turn initiate the fibrotic response.Compared with the past,the research on the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis has been greatly developed.However,the liver fibrosis mechanism is complex and many pathways involved need to be further studied.This review mainly focuses on the crosstalk regulatory network among inflammatory cells,cytokines,and the related signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory liver diseases.Moreover,we also summarize the recent studies on the mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis and clinical efforts on the targeted therapies against the fibrotic response.

Gut-lung crosstalk in pulmonary involvement with inflammatory bowel diseases

Pulmonary abnormalities,dysfunction or hyper-reactivity occurs in association with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) more frequently than previously recognized.Emerging evidence suggests that subtle inflammation exists in the airways among IBD patients even in the absence of any bronchopulmonary symptoms,and with normal pulmonary functions. The pulmonary impairment is more pronounced in IBD patients with active disease than in those in remission. A growing number of case reports show that the IBD patients develop rapidly progressive respiratory symptoms after colectomy,with failure to isolate bacterial pathogens on repeated sputum culture,and often request oral corticosteroid therapy. All the above evidence indicates that the inflammatory changes in both the intestine and lung during IBD. Clinical or subclinical pulmonary inflammation accompanies the main inflammation of the bowel.Although there are clinical and epidemiological reports of chronic inflammation of the pulmonary and intestinal mucosa in IBD,the detailed mechanisms of pulmonaryintestinal crosstalk remain unknown. The lung has no anatomical connection with the main inflammatory site of the bowel. Why does the inflammatory process shift from the gastrointestinal tract to the airways? The clinical and subclinical pulmonary abnormalities,dysfunction,or hyper-reactivity among IBD patients need further evaluation. Here,we give an overview of the concordance between chronic inflammatory reactions in the airways and the gastrointestinal tract. A better understanding of the possible mechanism of the crosstalk among the distant organs will be beneficial in identifying therapeutic strategies for mucosal inflammatory diseases such as IBD and allergy.

Crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity in hepatitis B virus infection

Hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection is a major public healthproblem worldwide. HBV is not directly cytotoxic to infected hepatocytes; the clinical outcome of infection results from complicated interactions between the virus and the host immune system. In acute HBV infection, initiation of a broad, vigorous immune response is res-ponsible for viral clearance and self-limited inflammatory liver disease. Effective and coordinated innate and adaptive immune responses are critical for viral clearance and the development of long-lasting immunity. Chronic hepatitis B patients fail to mount efficient innate and adaptive immune responses to the virus. In particular, HBV-specific cytotoxic T cells, which are crucial for HBV clearance, are hyporesponsiveness to HBV infection. Accumulating experimental evidence obtained from the development of animal and cell line models has highlighted the importance of innate immunity in the early control of HBV spread. The virus has evolved immune escape strategies, with higher HBV loads and HBV protein concentrations associated with increasing impairment of immune function. Therefore, treatment of HBV infection requires inhibition of HBV replication and protein expression to restore the suppressed host immunity. Complicated interactions exist not only between innate and adaptive responses, but also among innate immune cells and different components of adaptive responses. Improved insight into these complex interactions are important in designing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment HBV infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the cross-talk between the innate and adaptive immune responses and among different immunocytes in HBV infection.

The crosstalk between autophagy and ferroptosis:what can we learn to target drug resistance in cancer?

Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation system that plays a dual role in cell death;thus,therapies targeting autophagy in cancer are somewhat controversial.Ferroptosis is a new form of regulated cell death featured with the iron-dependent accumulation of lethal lipid ROS.This pathway is morphologically,biochemically and genetically distinct from other forms of cell death.Accumulating studies have revealed crosstalk between autophagy and ferroptosis at the molecular level.In this review,we summarize the mechanisms of ferroptosis and autophagy,and more importantly,their roles in the drug resistance of cancer.Numerous connections between ferroptosis and autophagy have been revealed,and a strong causal relationship exists wherein one process controls the other and can be utilized as potential therapeutic targets for cancer.The elucidation of when and how to modulate their crosstalk using therapeutic strategies depends on an understanding of the fine-tuned switch between ferroptosis and autophagy,and approaches designed to manipulate the intensity of autophagy might be the key.

Cross Point Assignment Algorithm with Crosstalk Constraint

An algorithm to resolve the coupling effect problem is proposed during the cross point assignment (CPA) stage.In the algorithm,the priority queue concept and the rip-up and reroute strategy are combined to control crosstalk noise caused by interconnect coupling capacitance.First,the nets are arranged into different priority queues according to their weighted sum of their length and criticality.Then,the CPA problem for one queue of nets is translated into a linear assignment problem.After the assignment of one queue of nets,a post-CPA checking routine is performed to check and rip up the net pairs which violate the crosstalk noise constraint and then push them into the next queue to be reassigned.The algorithm is tested by a set of bench mark examples,and the experimental results are promising...

Oestrogen-androgen crosstalk in the pathophysiology oferectile dysfunction

<abstract>Ageing in man is associated with a decline in testosterone following changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary testicular axis. This may offset the physiologic equilibrium between oestrogen and androgen and at some point when the ratio of free testosterone to oestradiol reaches a critical level, the oestrogenic gonadotropin suppressive effect predominates with decreased release of FSH and LH. Adding to this endocrinal complexity is the continued peripheral conversion to oestradiol through aromatisation. Although the androgen deficiency is not the sole cause for impotence in the elderly, there is a gradual decrease in nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) and spontaneous morning erections with ageing. Despite the age related increase in oestrogen levels, the information on the pathophysiological role of the 'female hormone' in erectile dysfunction has been scanty. Together with our identification of oestrogen receptors within the penile cavernosum, we have delineated dysfunctional changes on male erection mediated by oestradiol. These findings parallel the recent concerns over environmental oestrogens on fertility declines in young men. Oestrogenic activity is also present in plants and thereby in human diet. These phytoestrogens are structurally and functionally similar to oestradiol and more potent than the environmental oestrogenic chemicals such as organochlorine and phenolic compounds. Thus in the light of growing concerns of possible compromising effects on sexuality by endogenous and environmental oestrogens, we are faced with the scientific need to delineate their role on the mechanism of male erectile pathway in health and disease for clinical correlates and prognostics.