Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics and Crystalline Morphologies of Poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate)Copolymers

In this study, the isothermal crystallization kinetics and crystalline morphology of poly（butylene adipate-co-butylene 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate）（PBAC）, which refers to a copolyester containing a non-planar ring structure, were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy, and compared with those of neat poly（butylene 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate）（PBC）. The results indicate that the introduction of butylene adipate（BA） unit into PBAC did not change the intrinsical crystallization mechanism. But, the crystallization rate and ability, and equilibrium melting temperature of PBAC copolymers were reduced. All PBC and PBAC copolymers could only form high density of nucleation from melt at given supercooling, while no Maltese cross or ring-banded spherulites could be observed. PBAC copolymers with a high amount of BA unit became amorphous after quenching with liquid nitrogen from melt, while PBC and PBAC copolymers with a low amount of BA unit could still form a large amount of nuclei under the same treatment.

CRYSTALLINE MORPHOLOGY IN A SERIES OF CH_(3)-SUBSTITUTED THERMOTROPIC AROMATIC POLYESTERS WITH EVEN AND ODD FLEXIBLE SPACERS

Crystalline morphology in a series of CH_(3)-substituted main chain thermotropic aromatic polyesters with even and odd numbered methylene spacers has been studied by polarizing optical microscopy(POM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).On crystallization from solution evaporation spherulites of radial structure were observed in the polymers with even numbered spacers,but spherulites with concentric rings form in the polymer with odd numbered spacers.Both spherulites have a lamellar structure,which is about 10 nm in thickness.On crystallization from nematic glassy state spherulites can not be grown;lamellar structure was only observed around disclinations in a specimen during crystallization.Ln the case of crystallization from nematic melt two types of spherulites can be observed far the sample with even numbered spacers.For the sample with add numbered spacers spherulites can not be formed,but only irregular crystallites.

Electrical Percolation of Carbon Black Filled Poly (ethylene oxide)Composites in Relation to the Matrix Morphology

The present work studies the electrical conduction performance of carbon black (CB)filled poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composites. The addition of CB leads to reduced matrixcrystallinity as the fillers which are partly situated inside the lamellae and hinder the growth of PEOcrystallites. As a result, the electrical percolation behavior is related with the matrix morphology.

Effect of Oscillatory Shear on the Mechanical Properties and Crystalline Morphology of Linear Low Density Polyethylene

In this study, effects of oscillatory shear with different frequencies （0-2.5 Hz） and amplitudes （0-20 mm） on the mechanical properties and crystalline morphology of linear low density polyethylene （LLDPE） were investigated. It was found that the mechanical properties of LLDPE are improved because of the more perfect crystalline structure when LLDPE crystallizes under low-frequency and small-amplitude （0.2 Hz/4 mm） oscillatory shear. The mechanical properties can be further improved by increasing either the frequency or the amplitude of oscillatory shear. The Young＇s modulus and tensile strength of LLDPE are improved by 27% and 20%, respectively, when the frequency is increased to 2.5 Hz and the amplitude is maintained at 4 mm; while the Young＇s modulus and tensile strength are improved by 49% and 47%, respectively, when the amplitude is increased to 20 mm and the frequency is remained as 0.2 Hz. The crystallinity and microstructure of LLDPE under different oscillatory shear conditions were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry, wide angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to shed light on the mechanism for the improvement of mechanical properties.

Crystalline Morphology and Crystallization Kinetics of Melt-miscible Crystalline/Crystalline Polymer Blends of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) and Poly(butylene succinate-co-24mol% hexamethylene succinate)

Poly（vinylidene fluoride） （PVDF） and poly（butylene succinate-co-24 mol% hexamethylene succinate） （PBHS）, both crystalline polymers, formed melt-miscible crystalline/crystalline polymer blends. Both the characteristic diffraction peaks and nonisothermal melt crystallization peak of each component were found in the blends, indicating that PVDF and PBHS crystallized separately. The crystalline morphology and crystallization kinetics of each component were studied under different crystallization conditions for the PVDF/PBHS blends. Both the spherulitic growth rates and overall isothermal melt crystallization rates of blended PVDF decreased with increasing the PBHS composition and were lower than those of neat PVDF, when the crystallization temperature was above the melting point of PBHS component. The crystallization mechanism of neat and blended PVDF remained unchanged, despite changes of blend composition and crystallization temperature. The crystallization kinetics and crystalline morphology of neat and blended PBHS were further studied, when the crystallization temperature was below the melting point of PBHS component. Relative to neat PBHS, the overall crystallization rates of the blended PBHS first increased and then decreased with increasing the PVDF content in the blends, indicating that the preexisting PVDF crystals may show different effects on the nucleation and crystal growth of PBHS component in the crystalline/crystalline polymer blends.

Influence of synthesis temperatures on the crystalline grain growth and morphology of lanthanum magnesium hexaaluminate

Lanthanum magnesium hexaaluminate（LaMgAl（11）O（19）, LMA） was prepared at different temperatures by solid-state reaction. Phase compositions and crystal morphologies of specimens synthesized at different temperatures were investigated using X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. It was observed that the crystalline grain size of LMA was not only dependent on the preparation temperature but also on its powder morphology. In the temperature range of 1300 e1550℃, LMA showed platelet grain and the average crystalline grain size increases with the increase in temperature. At1600℃, if the powder was sintered for two times, the equiaxed grain could be found with the decrease in grain space, resulting in the reduction of the crystalline grain size. Styles of specimens（powder or disk） might have no obvious influence on morphologies and sizes of LMA crystalline grains which were synthesized with the well-dispersed raw material mixtures. The synthesis temperature played a key role in influencing the free space for the formation and growth of crystalline grains.

Synthesis of TiO_2 visible light catalysts with controllable crystalline phase and morphology from Ti-bearing electric arc furnace molten slag

TiO_2 visible light catalysts with different crystalline phases and morphologies were synthesized from titanium-bearing electric arc furnace molten slag（Ti-bearing EAF slag）by using a simple acidolysis process.The effects of the p H of the HCl solution,liquid to solid ratio（RL/S,HCl solution to the residue ratio,m L/g） and acidolysis time on the micro-morphology and crystalline phase of as-prepared TiO_2 photocatalysts were systematically investigated.The results indicated that with decreasing p H in the HCl solution and increasing RL/S,the crystalline phase and micro-morphology of the obtained TiO_2 nanostructures tended to transform from anatase type TiO_2 with spherical nanoparticle structures to rutile type TiO_2 with needle-like nanorod structures.The acidolysis time had little influence on the crystalline phase but great impact on the size of the obtained TiO_2.The growth mechanism of TiO_2 from Ti-bearing EAF slag during the acidolysis process was also discussed.In addition,the influence of RL/Son the photocatalytic properties of the synthesized nanostructured TiO_2 was studied.The results showed that the photodegradation efficiency for Rhodamine B solution could reach 91.00% in 120 min when the RL/Swas controlled at 50：1.

Active-layer evolution and （CH3NH3）3Bi2l9-based solar substrate efficiency improvement of cell on TiO2-deposited ITO

We systematically investigated the development of film morphology and crystallinity of methyl-ammonium bismuth （Ⅲ） iodide （MA3Bi2I9） through one- step spin-coating on TiO2-deposited indium tin oxide （ITO）/glass. The precursor solution concentration and substrate structure have been demonstrated to be critically important in the active-layer evolution of the MA3Bi2I9-based solar cell. This work successfully improved the cell efficiency to 0.42% （average： 0.38%） with the mesoscopic architecture of ITO/compact-TiOdmesoscopic-TiO2 （meso-TiO2）/ MA3Bi2I9/2,2＇,7,7＇-tetrakis（N,N-di-4-methoxyphenylamino）-9,9＇spiro-bifluorene （spiro-MeOTAD）/MoO3/Ag under a precursor concentration of 0.45 M, which provided the probability of further improving the efficiency of the BiB＋-based lead-free organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells.