Preparation and Characterization of Orally Fast-Disintegrating Mini-Tablets Containing Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride and Aspartic or Glutamic Acid as an Umami Amino Acid

The aim of this study was to prepare diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH)-loaded orally fast-disintegrating mini-tablets (OFDMTs) containing either L-aspartic acid (Asp) or L-glutamic acid (Glu) as bitterness-suppressant, to characterize the prepared tablets and to evaluate their bitterness under conditions mimicking those of the oral cavity. The preparation of five formulation batches of the OFDMTs involved mixing DPH, with or without two different concentrations of Asp or Glu, and a premix containing a disintegrating agent. When all ingredients were well mixed, the mixture was directly compacted to form small (4 mm diameter) DPH-loaded OFDMTs. There were only small differences between the tablets with respect to mass, diameter, width and hardness. The disintegration times of the five formulation batches of DPH-loaded OFDMTs were measured using the OD-mate, a disintegration test apparatus in which conditions resemble those of the oral cavity. The disintegration times were all within 10 s of exposure to a medium representing the inside of the oral cavity. Rapid release profiles were observed for DPH, Asp and Glu in these dissolution tests. The taste sensor outputs of samples taken at different times (5 - 30 s) from the dissolution test solutions of the four DPH-loaded OFDMTs containing Asp or Glu were significantly inhibited compared with those of control DPH-loaded OFDMT. These results suggest that the inclusion of Asp or Glu in DPH-loaded OFDMTs is sufficient to mask bitterness in the oral cavity for the first 30 s after the tablet is placed in the mouth. It is anticipated that swallowing will have taken place within 30 s.

Diphenhydramine Compact-Cell Sensor

The construction and performance characteristics of a novel (diphenhydramine) DPH CC-sensor based on DZCE were reported in this work. The CC-membrane was prepared by incorporating of (diazacrown ether) DZCE and/or (tetraflorophenyl borate) TFPB into a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane. The CC-sensor revealed a Nernstian behavior over a DPH-concentration range (9.1 × 10-3 - 6.3 × 10-7 mol ·L-1), and relatively low detection limit (1 × 10-7 mol ·L-1). The potentiometric response was independent on the pH of the solution in the range of 7 - 10. The DPH-CC showed a very short response time (<5 s). It showed good selectivity towards different cations and pharmaceutical compounds. The relative selectivity coefficient was applied for evaluation of the selectivity properties of the DPH-CC. The DPH-CC was used successfully for determination of DPH in its samples. The found recovery range was 95% - 98.5%, and the standard deviation value ranged between 0.13 - 0.42. The DPH-CC facilitates the analysis of DPH directly without pretreatment and it can be built-in as a detector in chromatographic apparatus. It can be used as a tool for on-line monitoring of the drug levels.

Study on the interaction between diphenhydramine and erythrosin by absorption,fluorescence and resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra

In pH 4.5 Britton-Robinson(BR)buffer solution,erythrosin(ET)can react with diphenhydramine(DP)to form a 1:1 ion-association complex,which not only results in the change of the absorption spectra,but also results in the great enhancement of resonance Rayleigh scattering(RRS)and the quenching of fluorescence.Furthermore,a new RRS spectrum will appear,and the maximum RRS wavelength was located at about 580 nm.In this work,the spectral characteristics of the absorption,fluorescence and RRS,the optimum conditions of the reaction and the properties of an analytical chemistry were inves- tigated.A sensitive,simple and new method for the determination of DP by using erythrosin as a probe has been developed.The detection limits for DP were 0.0020μg/mL for RRS method,0.088μg/mL for absorption method and 0.094μg/mL for fluorophotometry.There was a linear relationship between the absorbance,RRS and fluorescence intensities and the drug concentration in the range of 0.0067-2.0, 0.29-6.4 and 0.31-3.2μg/mL,respectively.The effects of the interaction of diphenhydramine and erythrosin on the absorption,fluorescence and resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra were discussed. In light polarization experiment,the polarization of RRS at maximum wavelength was measured to be P =0.9779,and it revealed that the RRS spectrum of DP-ET complex consists mostly of resonance scat- tering and few resonance fluorescence.In this study,enthalpy of formation and mean polarizability were calculated by AM1 quantum chemistry method.In addition,the reaction mechanism and the rea- sons for the enhancement of scattering spectra and the energy transfer between absorption,fluores- cence and RRS were discussed.

Effects of oral premedication on cognitive status of elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization

Background Sedatives and analgesics are often administered to achieve conscious sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Appropriate concerns have been raised regarding post procedure delirium related to peri-procedural medication in the elderly. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of premedication on new onset delirium and procedural care in elderly patients. Methods Patients 〉 70 years old and scheduled for elective cardiac catheterization were randomly assigned to receive either oral diphenhydramine and diaze- pam （25 rag/5 mg） or no premedication. All patients underwent a mini mental state exam and delirium assessment using confusion assess- ment method prior to the procedure and repeated at 4 h after the procedure and prior to discharge. Patients＇ cooperation during the procedure and ease of post-procedure were measured using Visual Analog Scale （VAS）. The degree of alertness was assessed immediately on arrival to the floor, and twice hourly afterwards using Observer＇s Assessment of Alermess/Sedation Scale （OAA/S）. Results A total of 93 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 77 years, and 47 patients received premedication prior to the procedure. None of the patients in either group developed delirium. Patients＇ cooperation and the ease of procedure was greater and pain medication requirement less both during and after the procedure in the pre-medicated group （P 〈 0.05 for both）. Nurses reported an improvement with patient management in the pre-medicated group （P = 0.08）. Conclusions In conclusion, prcmedication did not cause delirium in elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. The reduced pain medication requirement, perceived procedural ease and post procedure management favors premedication in elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.