Experimental and Numerical Assessment of the Influence of Bottomhole Pressure Drawdown on Terrigenous Reservoir Permeability and Well Productivity

During oil and gas fields development,a decrease in reservoir and bottomhole pressure has often a detrimental effect on reservoir properties,especially permeability.This study presents the results of laboratory tests conducted to determine the response of terrigenous reservoir core-sample permeability to changes in the effective stresses and a decrease in the reservoir pressure.The considered samples were exposed for a long time to a constant high effective stress for a more reliable assessment of the viscoplastic deformations.According to these experiments,the decrease of the core samples permeability may reach 21%with a decrease in pressure by 9.5 MPa from the initial reservoir conditions.Numerical simulations have been also conducted.These have been based on the finite element modeling of the near-wellbore zone of the terrigenous reservoir using poroelasticity relations.The simulation results show a limited decrease in reservoir permeability in the near-wellbore zone(by 17%,which can lead to a decrease in the well productivity by 13%).

Calculation of Motor-pumped Well’s Drawdown in Land Consolidation

[Objective] The aim was to explore the measurement methods of drawdown of motor-pumped well in land consolidation. [Method] Based on pumping information, the relation curve of drawdown and pumped volume was drawn and the empirical formula was concluded, with examples. [Result] The type of drawdown （h） and flow volume （Q） includes linear type, parabolic type, exponential curve and logarithmic curve. Graphical method and calculus of differences are available for determining the type of curve. [Conclusion] The empirical formula based on pumping test reflects relation between drawdown and pumping volume, which is simple and effective.

Drawdown mechanism of light particles in baffled stirred tank for the KR desulphurization process

To improve the efficiency of the desulfurization process, the drawdown mechanism of light particles in stirred tank is studied in this paper. For both up and down pumping modes, the just drawdown speeds(Njd) of floating particles in transformative Kanbara Reactor(KR) are measured in one and four baffled stirred tanks experimentally. Then numerical simulations with standard k-ε model coupled with volume of fluid model(VOF) and discrete phase model(DPM) are conducted to analyze the flow field at the just drawdown speed Njd. The torques on the impeller obtained from experiments and simulations agree well with each other, which indicates the validity of our numerical simulations. Based on the simulations, three main drawdown mechanisms for floating particles, the axial circulation, turbulent fluctuation and largescale eddies, are analyzed. It's found that the axial circulation dominates the drawdown process at small submergence(S = 1/4 T and 1/3 T) and the large-scale eddies play a major role at large submergence(S = 2/3 T and 3/4 T). Besides, the turbulent fluctuation affects the drawdown process significantly for up pumping mode at small submergence(S = 1/4 T and 1/3 T) and for down pumping mode at large submergence(S = 2/3 T and 3/4 T). This paper helps to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the KR desulphurizer drawdown process in the baffled stirred tank.

Influence of groundwater drawdown on excavation responses e A case history in Bukit Timah granitic residual soils

Performances of a braced cut-and-cover excavation system for mass rapid transit （MRT） stations of the Downtown Line Stage 2 in Singapore are presented. The excavation was carried out in the Bukit Timah granitic （BTG） residual soils and characterized by significant groundwater drawdown, due to dewatering work in complex site conditions, insufficient effective waterproof measures and more permeable soils. A two-dimensional numerical model was developed for back analysis of retaining wall movement and ground surface settlement. Comparisons of these measured excavation responses with the calculated performances were carried out, upon which the numerical simulation procedures were calibrated. In addition, the influences of groundwater drawdown on the wall deflection and ground surface settlement were numerically investigated and summarized. The performances were also compared with some commonly used empirical charts, and the results indicated that these charts are less applicable for cases with significant groundwater drawdowns. It is expected that these general behaviors will provide useful references and insights for future projects involving excavation in BTG residual soils under significant groundwater drawdowns.

Centrifuge model tests on pile-reinforced slopes subjected to drawdown

Piles are generally an effective way to reduce the risk of slope failure.However,previous approaches for slope stability analysis did not consider the effect of the piles coupled with the decrease of the water level(drawdown).In this study,a series of centrifuge model tests was performed to understand the deformation and failure characteristics of slopes reinforced with various pile layouts.In the centrifuge model tests,the pile-reinforced slopes exhibited two typical failure modes under drawdown conditions:across-pile failure and through-pile failure.In the through-pile slope failure,a discontinuous slip surface was observed,implying that the assumption of the slip surface in previous stability analysis methods was unreasonable.The test results showed that drawdown led to instability of the piles in cohesive soil,as the saturated cohesive soil failed to provide sufficient constraint for piles.The slope exhibited progressive failure,from top to bottom,during drawdown.The deformation of the piles was reduced by increasing the embedment depth and row number of piles.In addition,the deformation of soils outside the piles was influenced by the piles and showed a similar distribution shape as the piles,and the similarity degree weakened as the distance from the piles increased.This study also found that the failure mechanism of unreinforced and pile-reinforced slopes induced by drawdown could be described by coupling between the deformation localization and local failure,and it revealed that pile-reinforced slopes could reduce slope deformation localization during drawdown.

Numerical analysis of rapid drawdown: Applications in real cases

In this study, rapid drawdown scenarios were analyzed by means of numerical examples as well as modeling of real cases with in situ measurements. The aim of the study was to evaluate different approaches available for calculating pore water pressure distributions during and after a drawdown. To do that, a single slope subjected to a drawdown was first analyzed under different calculation alternatives, and numerical results were discussed. Simple methods, such as undrained analysis and pure flow analysis, implicitly assuming a rigid soil skeleton, lead to significant errors in pore water pressure distributions when compared with coupled flow-deformation analysis. A similar analysis was performed for the upstream slope of the Glen Shira Dam, Scotland, and numerical results were compared with field measurements during a controlled drawdown. Field records indicate that classical undrained calculations are conservative but unrealistic. Then, a recent case of a major landslide triggered by a rapid drawdown in a reservoir was interpreted. A key aspect of the case was the correct characterization of permeability of a representative soil profile. This was achieved by combining laboratory test results and a back analysis of pore water pressure time records during a period of reservoir water level fluctuations. The results highlight the difficulty of predicting whether the pore water pressure is overestimated or underestimated when using simplified approaches, and it is concluded that predicting the pore water pressure distribution in a slope after a rapid drawdown requires a coupled flow-deformation analysis in saturated and unsaturated porous media.

Stability analysis for nonhomogeneous slopes subjected to water drawdown

Comparing with the homogeneous slope, the nonhomogeneous slope has more significance in practice. The main purpose of the present study is to provide a preliminary idea that how the nonhomogeneity influences the stability of slopes under four different water drawdown regimes. Two typical categories of nonhomogeneity, identified as layered profile and strength increasing with depth profile, are included in the paper, and a nonhomogeneity coefficient is defined to quantify the degree of soil properties nonhomogeneity. With a modified discretization technique, the safety factors of nonhomogeneous slopes are calculated. On this basis, the variation of safety factor with the nonhomogeneity coefficient of friction angle and the water table level are investigated. In the present example, safety factor correlates linearly with friction angle nonhomogeneity coefficient from a whole view and the influences of the water table level on safety factor is basically similar with that in homogeneous condition.

模糊厌恶下最小Drawdown概率的最优投资再保险策略

该文考虑了模糊厌恶下保险公司的最优投资和再保险问题,得到了保险市场和金融市场均存在模糊厌恶时,保险公司盈余的最小drawdown概率及其最优鲁棒投资和再保险策略的解析解.通过数值分析得出一些重要参数对值函数的影响.

Factors Influencing the Iterative Accuracy of Ground Water Level in Forecasting the Water Burst of Deep Drawdown Mines

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the influential factors of iteration accuracy when we use iteration to determine the numerical model for predicting water yield of deep drawdown mines and calculating the groundwater level. The relationship among the calculation error of groundwater level, the pumping rate, the limit of iteration convergence error, the calculation time, and the aquifer parameters were discussed by using an ideal model. Finally, the water yield of Dianzi iron mine was predicted using the testified numerical model. It is indicated that the calculation error of groundwater level is related to the limit of iteration convergence error, the calculation time and the aquifer parameters, but not to the pumping rate and the variation of groundwater level.

Ground Subsidence Following Groundwater Drawdown by Excavating of 500 m Deep Investigation Shafts in Granite Body in Mizunami, Central Japan in 2004-2012

Two 500 m deep investigation shafts were excavating in the granite body in Mizunami, central Japan by JAEA (Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute) in 2004-2012. Groundwater with volume of 700 m3 was generally pumping a day to prevent the shafts from submerging in 2012 following the excavating. As a result of pumping the groundwater, the ground water level lowered to 60 m in the borehole with the distance of 200 m from the excavating shafts in 2012. Leveling network extending 2 km × 2 km around the shafts was established to detect the vertical deformation around the shafts in 2004, and precise leveling was done every year. An 18 mm ground subsidence was detected in the benchmark close to the shafts for 8 years in 2004-2012, and time series of subsidence at benchmark was consistent with the groundwater drawdown. The groundwater drawdown and ground subsidence were caused by the pumping ground water in excavating shafts.

Approach to quantification drawdown of groundwater wells:a case study from Sana'a City,Yemen

Although research on a field investigation about quantification drawdown of ground water wells has hitherto been conducted with emphasis on Sana'a basin which is 3 200 km2 in area characterized by general hazard in quantity and quality of water,there exist uncertainties about the size of the hazardous annual decline in the level of underground water. So the authors are trying to assess reliable hazard data on the depth of ground-water which were obtained by measuring static water level. The data set are twenty six wells from 9 regions which were selected to represent Sana'a basin and collected during the course of the 20 months groundwater monitoring survey from January 2008 to January 2009. The results show that the average drawdown during 20 months to be 3.22 m with an average 0.16 m per month and 2 m per year.

不稳定试井技术研究进展及发展趋势

为更好监测油气藏生产动态,提升油气田试井产能,梳理了4种常用不稳定试井技术的原理、解释方法及应用效果,分析了不稳定试井技术存在的问题,并提出了未来的重点攻关方向。结果表明:目前常用的不稳定试井技术主要存在井间干扰现象严重、试井曲线特征复杂、试井解释准确率低且复杂断块油藏常规试井效率低和损耗大等问题;数值试井、垂向干扰试井及低频脉冲试井等新型试井技术可解决常规不稳定试井技术存在的问题;不稳定试井技术下步发展趋势是深层超深层测试工艺、低渗致密储层测试资料评价、压裂效果评价及资料的综合应用等方面,可着重于数值试井、多分层试井等方面的技术攻关。通过对不稳定试井技术的综合剖析,可对现场测试提供技术参考,并为后续技术发展提供新视角。

水位下降诱发覆盖型岩溶塌陷发育机理

岩溶塌陷是岩溶区主要的地质灾害类型,具有突发性和隐蔽性的特征,给当地人们的生命财产安全造成威胁。文章以曲靖市马龙区东侧岩溶塌陷为研究对象,以多元结构盖层的地面塌陷为例,在室内构建了与原型相符的地质物理模型,开展两种典型工况下的地下水位下降触发岩溶塌陷试验。基于试验数据分析,提出此类型盖层的致塌机理,并分析透-阻-透型塌陷变形演化特征。研究表明:(1)地下水位下降导致盖层和溶洞中均出现负压带,盖层内的孔隙水压力和溶洞中的真空压强会随着排水波动增长至峰值,地下水位降速越大,压强的增长速率和峰值就越大;(2)根据压强和盖层形变量随时间的演化特征,可将塌陷演化过程分为土洞发育阶段、土洞扩张阶段和盖层失稳塌陷3个阶段;(3)马龙区的水位降速达到0.1 cm·min^(-1)(1.44 m·d^(-1))时,所产生的真空压强能提供足够大的真空吸蚀力,联合渗透压力可导致覆盖层塌陷。研究结果可为马龙区岩溶塌陷灾害的防治减灾及其塌陷预警预报提供参考。

基于碳减排的梯级水库消落期多目标水碳调度研究

提出基于碳减排的梯级水库消落期多目标水碳调度模型,将碳排放因子法应用于梯级水库水碳调度研究,为梯级水库消落期水碳协同调度提供技术支撑。以发电量最大和温室气体排放量最小为调度目标,采用NSGA-II算法求解模型,并以金沙江中下游6座水库与三峡水库组成的梯级水库为研究对象进行实例研究。结果表明:相较现行调度方案,在丰、平、枯不同水文情景下,发电效益最佳方案可使梯级水库年发电量提高44.3~75.9亿kW·h,增长率为4.0%~5.2%;碳减排效益最佳方案可减少温室气体排放量(CO_(2)当量)37.5~42.5 Gg/a,降低4.2%~4.7%;协调调度方案可提高年发电效益36.4~73.8亿kW·h(增长率3.2%~5.0%),减少温室气体排放量(CO_(2)当量)36.3~41.4 Gg/a,降低4.0%~4.6%。

考虑生态流量约束的梯级水库分期消落水位多目标优化调度

针对如何表征枯水期季节性特征、优化分期消落水位来指导水库群消落调度的科学问题,提出了考虑生态流量约束的梯级水库分期消落水位多目标优化调度模型。以金沙江中下游6座水库与三峡水库为研究对象,综合运用多种数理统计方法划分流域枯水期;采用逐月滑动计算法推求梯级水库分期消落水位;以生态和发电效益最大为目标函数,利用NSGA-Ⅱ算法求解调度模型,得到不同来水情景下梯级水库枯水期消落调度方案。研究结果表明:不同来水情景下,相较于常规调度方案,选定的优化调度方案可增加梯级水库发电量30.20亿~52.27亿kW·h(增加2.3%~5.0%)和供水量83.15亿~87.14亿m3(增加5.8%~7.4%),并提高河道生态流量保证率2.6%~22.9%。研究成果可为协调梯级水库生态和发电调度提供技术支撑。

热湿循环作用下节理砂岩重复剪切力学特性及本构模型

乌东德、白鹤滩等大型水库处于金沙江典型干热河谷内,其岸坡消落带岩土体除经受库水位每年大幅升降以及汛期小幅频繁变化的影响外,还包括干热河谷高温低湿气候条件以及区域高频地震和水库地震的影响。为研究干热河谷地区消落带节理岩体的损伤劣化特性,在前期水-岩作用的研究基础上,以乌东德库区典型岸坡节理砂岩为研究对象,开展了热湿循环作用下节理砂岩重复剪切试验,分析了节理岩体的剪切力学特性劣化规律和劣化机理,并分段建立了考虑热湿循环作用损伤的节理砂岩剪切本构模型。研究表明:(1)在热湿循环以及重复剪切作用下,节理砂岩的抗剪强度、剪切刚度、剪切重点剪胀值和屈服点剪切位移均呈现“快-缓-稳”的劣化趋势,其中在前3个循环周期内劣化幅度显著,劣化占比近70%,3~8个循环周期内劣化速率放缓,8个循环周期后劣化速率趋稳;(2)相比于干湿循环,热湿循环对岩石孔隙度和纵波波速的影响更大,且岩石颗粒间的连接作用在较高温度的影响下更易遭受破坏;(3)根据剪切应力-剪切位移曲线特征,建立了以Goodman模型和Clough-Duncan双曲线模型分段修正描述的本构模型,模型曲线与试验结果能够较好吻合。研究成果及方法可为干热河谷水库岩质岸坡消落带稳定分析提供参考。

Mechanism analysis of landslide of a layered slope induced by drawdown of water level

The frequent drawdown of water level of Yangtze River will greatly influence the stability of the widely existing slopes in the Three Gorges reservoir zone, especially those layered ones. Apart from the fluctuating speed of water level, the different geological materials will also play important roles in the failure of slopes. Thus, it must be first to study the mechanism of such a landslide caused by drawdown of water level. A new experimental setup is designed to study the performance of a layered slope under the drawdown of water level. The pattern of landslide of a layered slope induced by drawdown of water level has been explored by means of simulating experiments. The influence of fluctuating speed of water level on the stability of the layered slope is probed, especially the whole process of deformation and development of landslide of the slope versus time. The experimental results show that the slope is stable during the water level rising, and the sliding body occurs in the upper layer of the slope under a certain drawdown speed of water level. In the process of slope failure, some new small sliding body will develop on the main sliding body, and the result is that they speed up the disassembly of the whole slope. Based on the simulating experiment on landslide of a layered slope induced by drawdown of water level, the stress and displacement field of the slope are calculated. The seepage velocity, the pore water pressure, and the gradient of pore water head are also calculated for the whole process of drawdown of water level. The computing results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Accordingly, the mechanism of deformation and landslide of the layered slope induced by drawdown of water level is analyzed. It may provide basis for treating this kind of layered slopes in practical engineering.

Performance of braced excavation in residual soil with groundwater drawdown

In densely built-up Singapore,relatively stiffsecant-bored piles and diaphragm walls are commonly used in cut-and-cover works to minimize the impact of ground movement on the adjacent structures and utilities.For excavations in stiffresidual soil deposits,the asso-ciated wall deflections and ground settlements are generally smaller than for excavations in soft soil deposits.However,if the residual soil permeability is high and the underlying rock is highlyfissured or fractured,substantial groundwater drawdown and associated seepage-induced settlement may occur.In this study,the excavation performance of four sites in residual soil deposits with maximum excavation depths between 20 and 24 m is presented.The maximum wall deflections were found to be relatively small compared to the significantly larger maximum ground settlements,owing to the extensive lowering of the groundwater table.In this paper,details of the subsurface conditions,excavation support system,field instrumentation,and observed excavation responses are presented,with particular focus on the large groundwater drawdown and associated ground settlement.Specific issues encountered during the excavation,as well as the effectiveness of various groundwater control measures,are discussed.The case studies will provide useful references and insights for future projects involving braced excavations in residual soil.

基于“微地形—植物”协同的三峡库区城市消落带修复设计与评估

微地形与植物的协同作用是自然河岸带生态系统维持结构稳定与生物多样性的重要机制。三峡库区蓄水后,其沿岸城市的原有河岸带转变为周期性淹没且水位落差极大的消落带,内部地形与植被破坏严重,生物多样性快速衰退,对库区城市的生态安全造成负面影响。选取重庆市开州区汉丰湖北岸的乌杨坝消落带,首次基于“微地形—植物”协同提出消落带生态系统修复设计技术框架,并对修复后的消落带微地形、植物群落和鸟类群落进行调查分析,评估修复设计的实际效果。结果表明:丰富的微地形类型及其组合有效促进了乌杨坝消落带的植物多样性恢复;二者耦合作用,在不同水位条件下维持了鸟类生境异质性,使鸟类多样性得到提升。因此,“微地形—植物”协同设计有助于维持三峡水库消落带生态系统的结构稳定性及生物多样性,有利于生态服务功能的保障及发挥。

Total stress rapid drawdown analysis of the Pilarcitos Dam failure using the finite element method

Rapid drawdown is a critical design condition for the upstream or riverside slope of earth dams and levees. A new total stress rapid drawdown method based on finite element analysis is used to analyze the rapid drawdown failure that occurred at Pilarcitos Dam in 1969. Effective consolidation stresses in the slope prior to drawdown are determined using linear elastic finite element analysis. Undrained strengths from isotropically consolidated undrained （ICU） triaxial compression tests are related directly to the calculated consolidation stresses and assigned to the elements in the model by interpolation. Two different interpretations of the undrained strength envelope are examined. Strength reduction finite element analyses are used to evaluate stability of the dam. Back analysis suggests that undrained strengths from ICU tests must be reduced by 30% for use with this rapid drawdown method. The failure mechanism predicted for Pilarcitos Dam is sensitive to the relationship between undrained strength and consolidation stress.