Curved Spine:The Shape of Spine in Taoist Body Diagrams and Its Influence on Medical Body Diagrams

From the early Taoist diagrams of the human body to the end of the Qing dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,Taoists exaggerated and deformed the human spine in a shape-shifting manner.It is likely that medical practitioners were influenced by this style of representation,and there are also numerous diagrams of the human body with the curved spine in the lateral-view diagrams of viscera and Ming Tang Tu(明堂图Acupuncture and Moxibustion Chart),which constantly show the human torso in an elliptical“egg shape”.No later than the Ming dynasty,medical practitioners began to depict the actual physiological spinal curve of the human body.By the Qing dynasty,the depiction of the spinal curve in medical diagrams of the human figure showed a tendency to part ways with the Taoist freehand style of the previous generation.Although the representation of the curve of the spine was very crude,later medical images of the human body at least gradually straightened the spine and no longer depicted it in a shape-shifting manner.However,the curved spine in Taoist diagrams of the human body continued to exist,and the presentation of the curved spine never changed.This way of depicting its appearance,which is very different from reality,is shaped by Taoism's special way of perceiving and viewing the body,and may also contain another form of truth.

Phase diagram and quench dynamics of a periodically drivenHaldane model

We investigate a periodically driven Haldane model subjected to a two-stage driving scheme in the form of a step function.By using the Floquet theory,we obtain the topological phase diagram of the system.We also find that anomalous Floquet topological phases exist in the system.Focusing on examining the quench dynamics among topological phases,we analyze the site distribution of the 0-mode and p-mode edge states in long-period evolution after a quench.The results demonstrate that,under certain conditions,the site distribution of the 0-mode can be confined at the edge even in long-period evolution.Additionally,both the 0-mode and p-mode can recover and become confined at the edge in long-period evolution when the post-quench parameters(T,M_(2) /M_(1))in the phase diagram cross away from the phase boundary (M_(2)/ M_(1))=(6√3t2)/ M_(1)−1.Furthermore,we conclude that whether the edge state is confined at the edge in the long-period evolution after a quench depends on the similarity of the edge states before and after the quench.Our findings reveal some new characteristics of quench dynamics in a periodically driven system.

Parity Doublet Model for Baryon Octets Based on the Quark-line Diagram

Parity doublet model is an effective chiral model that includes the chiral variant and invariant masses of baryons.The chiral invariant mass has large impacts on the density dependence of models which can be constrained by neutron star observations.In the previous work,models of two-flavors to few times nuclear saturation density have been considered,but in such dense region it is also necessary to consider hyperons.In this work,we construct SU(3)_(L)⊗SU(3)_(R)invariant parity doublet models within the linear realization of the chiral symmetry.The major problem in constructing such models has been too many candidates for the chiral representations of baryons.Motivated by the concepts of diquarks and the mended symmetry,we choose the(3_(L),3_(R))+(3_(L),3_(R)),(3_(L),6_(R))+(6_(L),3_(R))and(1_(L),8_(R))+(8_(L),1_(R))representations and use quark diagrams to constrain the possible types of Yukawa interactions.The masses of the baryon octets for positive and negative baryons up to the first excitations are successfully reproduced.As expected from the diquark considerations,the ground state baryons are well dominated by(3_(L),3_(R))+(3_(L),3_(R))and(1_(L),8_(R))+(8_(L),1_(R))representations,while the excited states require(3_(L),6_(R))+(6_(L),3_(R))representations.The model should be useful to consider the chiral restoration for strange quarks at large density and the continuity of diquarks from hadronic to quark matter.

Research progress in CALPHAD assisted metal additive manufacturing

Metal additive manufacturing(MAM)technology has experienced rapid development in recent years.As both equipment and materials progress towards increased maturity and commercialization,material metallurgy technology based on high energy sources has become a key factor influencing the future development of MAM.The calculation of phase diagrams(CALPHAD)is an essential method and tool for constructing multi-component phase diagrams by employing experimental phase diagrams and Gibbs free energy models of simple systems.By combining with the element mobility data and non-equilibrium phase transition model,it has been widely used in the analysis of traditional metal materials.The development of CALPHAD application technology for MAM is focused on the compositional design of printable materials,the reduction of metallurgical imperfections,and the control of microstructural attributes.This endeavor carries considerable theoretical and practical significance.This paper summarizes the important achievements of CALPHAD in additive manufacturing(AM)technology in recent years,including material design,process parameter optimization,microstructure evolution simulation,and properties prediction.Finally,the limitations of applying CALPHAD technology to MAM technology are discussed,along with prospective research directions.

Properties of the phase diagram from the Nambu-Jona-Lasino model with a scalar-vector interaction

We investigated the properties of the phase diagram of high-order susceptibilities,speed of sound,and polytropic index based on an extended Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with an eight-quark scalar-vector interaction.Non-monotonic behavior was observed in all these quantities around the phase transition boundary,which also revealed the properties of the critical point.Further,this study indicated that the chiral phase transition boundary and critical point could vary depending on the scalarvector coupling constant G_(SV).At finite densities and temperatures,the negative G_(SV)term exhibited attractive interactions,which enhanced the critical point temperature and reduced the chemical potential.The G_(SV)term also affected the properties of the high-order susceptibilities,speed of sound,and polytropic index near the critical point.The non-monotonic(peak or dip)structures of these quantities shifted to a low baryon chemical potential(and high temperature)with a negative G_(SV).G_(SV)also changed the amplitude and range of the nonmonotonic regions.Therefore,the scalar-vector interaction was useful for locating the phase boundary and critical point in QCD phase diagram by comparing the experimental data.The study of the non-monotonic behavior of high-order susceptibilities,speed of sound,and polytropic index is of great interest,and further observations related to high-order susceptibilities,speed of sound,and polytropic index being found and applied to the search for critical points in heavy-ion collisions and the study of compact stars are eagerly awaited.

Recension of boron nitride phase diagram based on high-pressure and high-temperature experiments

Cubic boron nitride and hexagonal boron nitride are the two predominant crystalline structures of boron nitride.They can interconvert under varying pressure and temperature conditions.However,this transformation requires overcoming significant potential barriers in dynamics,which poses great difficulty in determining the c-BN/h-BN phase boundary.This study used high-pressure in situ differential thermal measurements to ascertain the temperature of h-BN/c-BN conversion within the commonly used pressure range(3-6 GPa)for the industrial synthesis of c-BN to constrain the P-T phase boundary of h-BN/c-BN in the pressure-temperature range as much as possible.Based on the analysis of the experimental data,it is determined that the relationship between pressure and temperature conforms to the following equation:P=a+1/bT.Here,P denotes the pressure(GPa)and T is the temperature(K).The coefficients are a=-3.8±0.8 GPa and b=229.8±17.1 GPa/K.These findings call into question existing high-pressure and high-temperature phase diagrams of boron nitride,which seem to overstate the phase boundary temperature between c-BN and h-BN.The BN phase diagram obtained from this study can provide critical temperature and pressure condition guidance for the industrial synthesis of c-BN,thus optimizing synthesis efficiency and product performance.

A Future Life of Binary Phase Diagrams

The article raises the question of what to do with one of the main achievements of metal science in recent years—binary phase diagrams. These diagrams play a key role in the science of alloys and therefore their reliability must be complete. However, the discovery of the “ordering-separation” phase transition, which showed that in binary alloys at certain temperatures the sign of the chemical interatomic interaction changes (and, consequently, the microstructure changes), forces us to reconsider our ideas about those areas. Currently, these areas are designated on diagrams as areas of a “disordered solid solution.” This article proposes, using transmission electron microscopy, to study all the so-called solid solution regions, and apply the results obtained to the studied regions of the phase diagram.

A CALPHAD thermodynamic model for multicomponent alloys under pressure and its application in pressurized solidified Al-Si-Mg alloys

High pressure technology has been utilized as an important means to regulate phase structure and improve the properties/performance of alloys.The CALPHAD approach based on accurate databases has great advantages in efficient alloy design.However,the application of CALPHAD in high pressure field is hindered by the lack of reliable thermodynamic model/database for multicomponent alloys under pressure.In this paper,a phenomenologically thermodynamic model for multicomponent alloys under pressure is first developed by separating the contribution into two parts,one is at atmosphere pressure and the other is caused by an increase in pressure,and then successfully applied to establish the pressure-dependent thermodynamic database of ternary Al-Si-Mg system.The calculated phase equilibria/thermodynamic properties of pressure dependence in related alloys are in good agreement with the limited experimental data in the literature,validating the reliability of the obtained thermodynamic database.After that,a CALPHAD design framework for pressurized solidified alloys is proposed by integrating the present pressure-dependent thermodynamic model/database,CALPHAD-type calculations/simulations,and previously developed high-throughput calculation platform Malac-Distmas.Such a framework is finally applied to predict the pressurized solidification and high pressure heat treatment behaviors in different Al-Si-Mg alloys.The predicted microstructure,phase transitions and phase equilibria after pressurized solidification and high pressure heat treatment are consistent with the experimental data.Furthermore,the insights into effect of pressure on the thermodynamic essence of alloys are gained,which may definitely facilitate the advancement of alloy design under high pressure technology.

From rectangle to parallelogram:an area-weighted method to make time-space diagrams incorporate traffic waves

A time-space(TS)traffic diagram is one of the most important tools for traffic visualization and analysis.Recently,it has been empirically shown that using parallelogram cells to construct a TS diagram outperforms using rectangular cells due to its incorporation of traffic wave speed.However,it is not realistic to immediately change the fundamental method of TS diagram construction that has been well embedded in various systems.To quickly make the existing TS diagram incorporate traffic wave speed and exhibit more realistic traffic patterns,the paper proposes an area-weighted transformation method that directly transforms rectangular-cell-based TS(rTS)diagrams into parallelogram-cell-based TS(pTS)diagrams,avoiding tracing back the raw data of speed to make the transformation.Two five-hour trajectory datasets from Japanese highway segments are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.The travel time-based comparison involves assessing the disparities between actual travel times and those computed using rTS diagrams,as well as travel times derived directly from pTS diagrams based on rTS diagrams.The results show that travel times calculated from pTS diagrams converted from rTS diagrams are closer to the actual values,especially in congested conditions,demonstrating superior performance in parallelogram representation.The proposed transformation method has promising prospects for practical applications,making the widely-existing TS diagrams show more realistic traffic patterns.

基于CALPHAD方法的多元合金杨氏模量的计算

基于纯金属杨氏模量的实验信息,本研究对纯金属的杨氏模量随温度变化的半经验模型中的参数进行了优化.借鉴相图计算的CALPHAD(calculation of phase diagram)方法,构建了多元合金杨氏模量计算的模型.基于二元合金的杨氏模量实验信息,对Fe-Ni和Ta-Mo二元系的杨氏模量计算参数进行了优化,计算了合金在不同温度和成分时的杨氏模量,计算结果与实验数据取得了良好的一致性.基于二元合金的优化参数,运用三元合金的计算模型,预测了TaNb-W和Ta-Nb-Mo在不同温度和成分时的杨氏模量.

Predominance diagrams for Zn(Ⅱ)-NH_3-Cl^--H_2O system

The thermodynamics in zinc hydrometallurgical process was studied using a chemical equilibrium modeling code（GEMS） to predict the zinc solubility and construct the species distribution and predominance diagrams for the Zn（Ⅱ）-NH3-H2O and Zn（Ⅱ）-NH3-Cl--H2O system.The zinc solubilities in ammoniacal solutions were also measured with equilibrium experiments,which agree well with the predicted values.The distribution and predominance diagrams show that ammine and hydroxyl ammine complexes are the main aqueous Zn species,Zn（NH3）24-is predominant in weak alkaline solution for both Zn（Ⅱ）-NH3-H2O and Zn（Ⅱ）-NH3-Cl--H2O systems.In Zn（Ⅱ）-NH3-Cl--H2O system,the ternary complexes containing ammonia and chloride increase the zinc solubility in neutral solution.There are three zinc compounds,Zn（OH）2,Zn（OH）1.6Cl0.4 and Zn（NH3）2Cl2,on which the zinc solubility depends,according to the total ammonia,chloride and zinc concentration.These thermodynamic diagrams show the effects of ammonia,chloride and zinc concentration on the zinc solubility,which can provide thermodynamic references for the zinc hydrometallurgy.

φ-pH diagram of V-Ti-H_2O system during pressure acid leaching of converter slag containing vanadium and titanium

To analyze the thermodynamic characteristics of leaching process of converter slag, φ-pH diagram of V-Ti-H2O system at oxygen partial pressure of 0.5 MPa, ionic mass concentration of 0.1 mol/kg and temperatures ranging from 60 to 200 ℃ was obtained by recently published critically assessed standard Gibbs energies and activity coefficients of various species. When pH2, stable regions of V3＋, VO2＋ and VO2＋ exist in the stable region of TiO2. The pH values of stable regions of vanadium and titanium decrease and redox potentials become more positive with the temperature increasing. Vanadium and titanium could be separated by one-step leaching based on thermodynamics. The experiment results of pressure acid leaching of converter slag show that leaching rates of vanadium and titanium are 96.87% and 8.76% respectively, at 140 ℃ of temperature, 0.5 MPa of oxygen partial pressure, 0.055-0.075mm of particle size, 15：1 of liquid to solid ratio, 120 min of leaching time, 500 r/min of stirring speed and 200 g/L of initial acid concentration. Vanadium and titanium could be selectively separated in the pressure acid leaching process, and the experiment result is in agreement with thermodynamic calculation result.

Theoretical prediction of forming limit diagram of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet at warm temperatures

A theoretical prediction on forming limit diagram（FLD） of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet was developed at warm temperatures based on the M-K theory. Two different yield criteria of von Mises and Hill＇48 were applied in this model. Mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy used in the prediction were obtained by uniaxial tensile tests and the Fields-Backofen equation was incorporated in the analysis. In addition, experimental FLDs of AZ31 were acquired by conducting rigid die swell test at different temperatures to verify the prediction. It is demonstrated from a comparison between the predicted and the experimental FLDs at 473 K and 523 K that the predicted results are influenced by the type of yield criterion used in the calculation, especially at lower temperatures. Furthermore, a better agreement between the predicted results and experimental data for AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet at warm temperatures was obtained when Hill＇48 yield criterion was applied.

Plotting and application of predominance area diagram of In-S-O system based on topological rules

The mathematical topological rule was proposed to plot the predominance area diagram.Based on the phase rules,the components of In-S-O system were analyzed and the coexisting points of three condensed phases were determined.Combined with the topological rules and thermody namic calculation,four relation diagrams between the coexisting points of three condensed phases,which were denoted as α,β stable plane-topological diagram and unstable plane-topological diagram,were plotted for the In-S-O system.The results show that α stable plane topological diagram is in accordance with the predominance area diagram of In-S-O system plotted by traditional methods,which indicates that the new method is feasible to plot the predominance area diagram of In-S-O system.Meanwhile,β unstable plane-topological diagram can be used to elucidate the indium production with the bath smelting process.

CAUSALITY DIAGRAM BASED SAFETY ANALYSIS OF MICRO TURBOJET ENGINE

An improved safety analysis based on the causality diagram for the complex system of micro aero-engines is presented.The study is examined by using the causality diagram in analytical failure cases due to rupture or pentration in the receiver of micro turbojet engine casing,and the comparisons are also made with the results from the traditional fault tree analysis.Experimental results show two main advantages：（1）Quantitative analysis which is more reliable for the failure analysis in jet engines can be produced by the causality diagram analysis;（2）Graphical representation of causality diagram is easier to apply in real test cases and more effective for the safety assessment.

Evaluation of supply chain default risk based on fuzzy influence diagram

After introducing the supply chain default risk and its causes,based on the literature review of the evaluation methods of supply chain risks,a new evaluation method called the fuzzy influence diagram which combines fuzzy sets with influence diagram theory and considers the interaction among risk factors is proposed.Furthermore,an evaluation model of the supply chain default risk is established based on the research of default risk evaluation and the fuzzy influence diagram.First,the model takes the loss of risk as a valuable node,risk factors as random nodes,drawing a risk analysis influence diagram.Then,three kinds of fuzzy sets are defined,including state fuzzy sets,probabilistic fuzzy sets and a relation fuzzy matrix.Finally,by using the fuzzy algorithm to evaluate nodes,the probability of risk occurrence and the degrees of risk loss are obtained.On the basis of the model,an instance application is used to prove its utility and effectiveness.

Holographic alloy positioning design system and holographic network phase diagrams of Au-Cu system

Taking Au?Cu system as an example, three discoveries and two methods were presented. First, a new way for boosting sustainable progress of systematic metal materials science (SMMS) and alloy gene engineering (AGE) is to establish holographic alloy positioning design (HAPD) system, of which the base consists of measurement and calculation center, SMMS center, AGE center, HAPD information center and HAPD cybernation center; Second, the resonance activating-sychro alternating mechanism of atom movement may be divided into the located and oriented diffuse modes; Third, the equilibrium and subequilibrium holographic network phase diagrams are blueprints and operable platform for researchers to discover, design, manufacture and deploy advanced alloys, which are obtained respectively by the equilibrium lever numerical method and cross point numerical method of isothermal Gibbs energy curves. As clicking each network point, the holographic information of three structure levels for the designed alloy may be readily obtained: the phase constitution and fraction, phase arranging structure and properties of organization; the composition, alloy gene arranging structure and properties of each phase and the electronic structures and properties of alloy genes. It will create a new era for network designing advanced alloys.

Solubility and phase diagrams of hydroxyl manganese chloride

In the course of the basic research on the ammonia-evaporation reaction of manganese monoxide （MnO）, hydroxyl manganese chloride （Mn2（OH）3Cl） was found. The solubility and phase diagrams of the hydroxyl manganese chloride were investigated. The aqueous thermostat and vibrating bed were used to determine the solubility of hydroxyl manganese chloride in water, ammonium chloride and manganese chloride system, and the phase diagrams of multicomponent system were drawn. The research results indicate that hydroxyl manganese chloride has been produced in laboratory and is in favor of the solid-liquid separation at high temperature.

Establishment of continuous cooling transformation diagrams of aluminum alloys using in situ voltage measurement

An effective method was proposed to establish the continuous cooling transformation（CCT） diagrams of aluminum alloys using in situ voltage measurement.The voltage change of samples with predefined dimension was recorded under the constant current state during continuous cooling.Solutionizing time,together with starting and finishing temperatures of phase transformation of the alloy can be obtained from relationships of voltage vs time and temperature.A critical cooling rate without detectable phase transition during continuous cooling can be determined.Continuous cooling transformation diagrams of tested samples can be established conveniently based on these results.Microstructure observation and differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） testing were applied to verify the reliability of continuous cooling transformation diagram.

CALPHAD技术在稀土氯化物-碱土金属氯化物二元系相图中的应用

随着科学技术的不断发展,CALPHAD技术已经成为相图研究的一个非常重要的方法和手段.根据稀土氯化物-碱土金属氯化物二元系相图的实验数据,利用CALPHAD技术可以获得一系列热力学参数,这些热力学参数为稀土金属的冶炼工业生产提供了非常重要的指导.