Since distribution sector is inherent into high amount of failures, distribution companies (DISCOs) are responsible of attaining an acceptable value for the reliability indices and otherwise they will face up to compl...Since distribution sector is inherent into high amount of failures, distribution companies (DISCOs) are responsible of attaining an acceptable value for the reliability indices and otherwise they will face up to complaints. So they are usually obligated by regulators to invest on reliability improvement of network. But this investment on reliability is usually from the DISCO’s viewpoint and is also irrespective of customer satisfaction level. In other words, customers are not at the same level of sensitivity to interruptions but DISCO improves the reliability of network without considering the differences in importance degree of loads and their level of reliability requirement. On the other hand DISCOs attempt to reduce their investment costs as much as possible. This paper introduces a novel approach in the field of joint switch placement that can reduce the switch cost from the perspective of asset management policies. To this end, two switch placement plannings in different types of strategies are performed to compare their results. Firstly as witch placement is performed based on reducing the total energy not supplied (ENS) of the system. Then by revising the strategy, a fuzzy switch placement is performed from the DISCO’s point of view which just considers the total ENS of load points most sensitive to interruptions known as important or critical loads. Furthermore, by meeting the related constraints, the reliability of low sensitive customers is disregarded. This is a load importance based planning which can result in switch cost reduction relative to the amount achieved in previous strategy and implies the management of risks associated with reliability and respective constraint. Fuzzy method and new switching mechanism in fuzzy environment of network are implemented to modeling and controlling the risks associated to ENS of critical loads and also the ENS of system.展开更多
In order to investigate the true post distribution in the whole society, microelasticity （MIE） and macroelasticity （MAE） were defined by regarding all posts as a system. On this basis, the method for measuring pos...In order to investigate the true post distribution in the whole society, microelasticity （MIE） and macroelasticity （MAE） were defined by regarding all posts as a system. On this basis, the method for measuring post distribution was proposed. Using the Legendre dual transformation between MIE and MAE to highlight the probabilities of different levels, the post distribution were analyzed hierarchically. The two-scale Cantor model verified that the multifractal measure is applicable to the post distribution evolution process.展开更多
Focusing on the fast growth of BRICS＇ outward foreign direct investment （OFDI） and multinational companies during the crisis has left unheeded that some other emerging economies also grow much faster than average i...Focusing on the fast growth of BRICS＇ outward foreign direct investment （OFDI） and multinational companies during the crisis has left unheeded that some other emerging economies also grow much faster than average in the global economy and has become significant and fast-growing direct investors abroad. A sample of such （thirteen） new-wave emerging countries （NWECs） is gathered on the criterion of being ranked among the most significant foreign direct investors in the global economy. The literature review exhibits only very few articles existing on such a topic so far. Descriptive statistics enable tracing OFDI by NWECs-based multinational companies back to the 1970s, checking its geographical orientation and industrial structure, and assessing the relative importance of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Econometric estimation exhibits that direct investment moving off the NWECs is explained by so-called push factors such as the home country＇s GDP, GDP per capita, GDP rate of growth, the share of high-technology exported products in overall export, the number of technological patents registered, and how much inward foreign direct investment discussed in the light of Dunning＇s investment development hypothesis. stock has previously been hosted. These results are path model and Matthews＇ linkage-leverage learning展开更多
文摘Since distribution sector is inherent into high amount of failures, distribution companies (DISCOs) are responsible of attaining an acceptable value for the reliability indices and otherwise they will face up to complaints. So they are usually obligated by regulators to invest on reliability improvement of network. But this investment on reliability is usually from the DISCO’s viewpoint and is also irrespective of customer satisfaction level. In other words, customers are not at the same level of sensitivity to interruptions but DISCO improves the reliability of network without considering the differences in importance degree of loads and their level of reliability requirement. On the other hand DISCOs attempt to reduce their investment costs as much as possible. This paper introduces a novel approach in the field of joint switch placement that can reduce the switch cost from the perspective of asset management policies. To this end, two switch placement plannings in different types of strategies are performed to compare their results. Firstly as witch placement is performed based on reducing the total energy not supplied (ENS) of the system. Then by revising the strategy, a fuzzy switch placement is performed from the DISCO’s point of view which just considers the total ENS of load points most sensitive to interruptions known as important or critical loads. Furthermore, by meeting the related constraints, the reliability of low sensitive customers is disregarded. This is a load importance based planning which can result in switch cost reduction relative to the amount achieved in previous strategy and implies the management of risks associated with reliability and respective constraint. Fuzzy method and new switching mechanism in fuzzy environment of network are implemented to modeling and controlling the risks associated to ENS of critical loads and also the ENS of system.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.70771095 and 70572089)
文摘In order to investigate the true post distribution in the whole society, microelasticity （MIE） and macroelasticity （MAE） were defined by regarding all posts as a system. On this basis, the method for measuring post distribution was proposed. Using the Legendre dual transformation between MIE and MAE to highlight the probabilities of different levels, the post distribution were analyzed hierarchically. The two-scale Cantor model verified that the multifractal measure is applicable to the post distribution evolution process.
文摘Focusing on the fast growth of BRICS＇ outward foreign direct investment （OFDI） and multinational companies during the crisis has left unheeded that some other emerging economies also grow much faster than average in the global economy and has become significant and fast-growing direct investors abroad. A sample of such （thirteen） new-wave emerging countries （NWECs） is gathered on the criterion of being ranked among the most significant foreign direct investors in the global economy. The literature review exhibits only very few articles existing on such a topic so far. Descriptive statistics enable tracing OFDI by NWECs-based multinational companies back to the 1970s, checking its geographical orientation and industrial structure, and assessing the relative importance of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Econometric estimation exhibits that direct investment moving off the NWECs is explained by so-called push factors such as the home country＇s GDP, GDP per capita, GDP rate of growth, the share of high-technology exported products in overall export, the number of technological patents registered, and how much inward foreign direct investment discussed in the light of Dunning＇s investment development hypothesis. stock has previously been hosted. These results are path model and Matthews＇ linkage-leverage learning
