The supergiant Shuangjianzishan(SJZ) Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is in the southern segment of the Great Hinggan Range(SGHR), northeast China. Previous studies suggest the ore-forming material and fluid originated from the magma...The supergiant Shuangjianzishan(SJZ) Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is in the southern segment of the Great Hinggan Range(SGHR), northeast China. Previous studies suggest the ore-forming material and fluid originated from the magmatic system, and the mineralization age was consistent with the diagenetic age. However,the relationship between granitic magmatism and mineralization is still unclear in the SJZ. In this study, CH-O-He-Ar and in-situ S-Pb isotope analyses were conducted to determine the sources of ore-forming fluids and metals, which were combined with geochemistry data of SJZ granitoids from previous studies to constrain the relationship between the magmatism and the mineralization. The C-H-O-He-Ar-S-Pb isotopic compositions suggested the SJZ ore-forming material and fluids were derived from a magmatic source, which has mixed a small amount of mantle-derived materials. In addition, the disseminated sulfide from the syenogranite has comparable S-Pb isotopic composition with the sulfide minerals from ore veins,suggesting that the generation of the SJZ ore-forming fluids has a close relationship with the syenogranite magmatism. Combining with the geochemical characters of the syenogranite, the authors proposed that the mantle-derived fingerprint of the SJZ ore-forming fluid might be caused by the parent magma of the syenogranite, which was derived from partial melting of the juvenile lower crust, and underwent the residual melts segregated from a crystal mush in the shallow magma reservoir. The extraction of the syenogranite parent magma further concentrated the fertilized fluids, which was crucial to mineralization of the SJZ Ag-Pb-Zn deposit.展开更多
The Dongjun Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in the northern part of the Great Xing’an Range(NE China)consists of quartzsulfide vein-type and breccia-type mineralization,related to granite porphyry.Hydrothermal alteration is well-de...The Dongjun Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in the northern part of the Great Xing’an Range(NE China)consists of quartzsulfide vein-type and breccia-type mineralization,related to granite porphyry.Hydrothermal alteration is well-developed and includes potassic-silicic-sericitic alteration,phyllic alteration and propylitic alteration.Three stages of mineralization are recognized on the basis of field evidence and petrographic observation,demarcated by assemblages of quartz-pyritearsenopyrite(early stage),quartz-polymetallic sulfide(intermediate stage)and quartz-carbonate-pyrite(late stage).Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating indicates that the granite porphyry was emplaced at 146.7±1.2 Ma(Late Jurassic).Microthermometry and laser Raman spectroscopy shows that ore minerals were deposited in conditions of intermediate temperatures(175-359℃),low salinity(0.5-9.3 wt% Na Cl eqv.)and low density(0.60-0.91 g/cm^(3)).Ore-forming fluids were derived largely from magmatic hydrothermal processes,with late-stage addition of meteoric water,belonging to a H_(2)O-NaCl-CO_(2)±CH_(4) system.The δ^(34)SV-CDT values range from 0.75‰ to 4.70‰.The ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb,^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb,and ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb values of the ore minerals are in the ranges of 18.240-18.371,15.542-15.570,and 38.100-38.178,respectively.Data for the S and Pb isotopic systems indicate that the ore-forming metals and sulfur were derived from Mesozoic magma.Based on the geological characteristics and geochemical signatures documented in this study,we conclude that the Dongjun deposit is a mesothermal magmatic hydrothermal vein-type Pb-Zn-Ag deposit controlled by fractures and related to granite porphyry,in response to Late Jurassic tectonic-magmatic-hydrothermal activity.We further conclude that fluid immiscibility,fluid mixing and fluid-rock interactions were the dominant mechanisms for deposition of the ore-forming materials.展开更多
The Shuangjianzishan deposit in Inner Mongolia is a typical Ag-Pb-Zn deposit of the southern Great Xing’an Range.Proven reserves of Ag,Pb,and Zn in this deposit have reached the scale of super-large deposits,with fav...The Shuangjianzishan deposit in Inner Mongolia is a typical Ag-Pb-Zn deposit of the southern Great Xing’an Range.Proven reserves of Ag,Pb,and Zn in this deposit have reached the scale of super-large deposits,with favorable metallogenic conditions,strong prospecting signs,and high metallogenic potential.This paper reports a study involving integrated geophysical methods,including controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric,gravity,magnetic,and shallow-seismic-reflection methods,to determine the spatial distribution of ore-controlling structures and subsurface intrusive rock for a depth range of<2000 m in the Shuangjianzishan ore district.The objective of this study is to construct a metallogenic model of the ore district and provide a scientific basis for the exploration of similar deposits in the deep and surrounding regions.We used three-dimensional inversion for controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric data based on the limited memory quasi-Newton algorithm,and three-dimensional physical-property inversion for the gravity and magnetic data to obtain information about the subsurface distribution of ore-controlling structures and intrusive rocks.Under seismic reflection results,regional geology,petrophysical properties,and borehole information,the geophysical investigation shows that the Dashizhai group,which contains the main ore-bearing strata in the ore district,is distributed within a depth range of<1239 m,and is thick in the Xinglongshan ore block and the eastern part of the Shuangjianzishan ore block.The mineralization is spatially associated with a fault system characterized by NE-,NW-,and N-trending faults.The magnetic and electrical models identify large,deep bodies of intrusive rock that are inferred to have been involved in mineralization,with local shallow emplacement of some intrusions.Combining the subsurface spatial distributions of ore-bearing strata,ore-controlling faults,and intrusive rock,we propose two different metallogenic models for the Shuangjianzishan ore district,which provide a scientific basis for further prospecting in the deep regions of the ore district and surrounding areas.展开更多
The Meng’entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn vein-type deposit in Inner Mongolia,NE China is hosted in biotite/muscovite granite.This deposit includes the western(Zn-rich,deepest),middle(Zn-Pb rich)and eastern(Pb-Ag-rich,shallowest)...The Meng’entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn vein-type deposit in Inner Mongolia,NE China is hosted in biotite/muscovite granite.This deposit includes the western(Zn-rich,deepest),middle(Zn-Pb rich)and eastern(Pb-Ag-rich,shallowest)ore-blocks.To better understand the metallogenic processes in ore district,we have undertaken a series of studies including fluid inclusion microthermometry,H-O-S-Pb isotope compositions and thermodynamic modeling.Based on fluid inclusion petrography,microthermometry results and HO isotope compositions,the ore-forming H2O-NaCl fluid inclusions are characterized by medium temperature and medium salinity.And two kinds of fluid processes(boiling in western and middle ore-block and fluid mixing in the eastern ore-block)were identified to explain the ore fluid evolution.More importantly,log ?O2-pH diagrams of δ^34S contours with the stability fields of Fe-and Cu-,Zn-,Pb-,and Ag-bearing minerals were constructed to restore the physicochemical conditions of ore-forming fluid in the western(270℃ and 80 bars),middle(250℃ and 70 bars),and eastern(230℃ and 50 bars)ore-blocks.As a result,the ore-forming conditions in the western and middle ore-block were similar.In the eastern ore-block,the fluids may have changed from acidic,S-poor and δ^34S(ΣS)≈2.8 to neutral,S-richer and δ^34S(ΣS)≈0.5,which imply that neutral S-rich meteoric water was mixed with the magmatic fluid.Meanwhile,the activity of Ag+was estimated to be about 10 ppm–9 ppm in the middle ore-block,but in the eastern ore-block it was about^10 ppm–12 ppm.We proposed that the key for Ag ore deposition was likely to be neutralization led by fluid mixing.展开更多
Located in Luoning County,western Henan Province,Central China,the Zhonghe Ag-Pb-Zn ore field,is a newly discovered deposit in the Xiaoshan District.Ore bodies controlled by NNW Faults occur as veins within the Paleop...Located in Luoning County,western Henan Province,Central China,the Zhonghe Ag-Pb-Zn ore field,is a newly discovered deposit in the Xiaoshan District.Ore bodies controlled by NNW Faults occur as veins within the Paleoproterozoic Xiong’er Group or the Early Cretaceous porphyritic granite.Given that the Zhonghe deposit has been covered by thick Quaternary sediments,the paragenetic mineral assemblage was determined mainly by microscopic observations,including the quartzsiderite-pyrite alteration (StageⅠ),polymetallic sulfide precipitation (StageⅡ),silver mineralization(Stage Ⅲ),and quartz-carbonate stage (StageⅣ).The host minerals for silver are diverse,such as freibergite,pyrargyrite,polybasite,argyrodite,canfieldite,argentite,and native silver,whereas those for Pb and Zn are galena and sphalerite,respectively.In order to constrain the ore-forming components of the Zhonghe deposit,a combined in-situ analysis was conducted on represented sulfides from StageⅡand Stage Ⅲ.In-situ δ^(34)S values of the analyzed sulfides,including the pyrite,chalcopyrite,sphalerite,and galena,display a relatively narrow range (0.90‰-5.0‰),which is close to magmatic sulfur source.The ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb and^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb ratios show a narrow range (17.140-17.360 and 15.385-15.490),whereas the ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb ratios exhibit a broad variation (36.601-37.943),indicating a contamination of the Xiong’er Group.Synthesis of geochronological and geochemical data from the Xiaoshan District,we contend that the ore-forming materials of the Zhonghe Ag-Pb-Zn deposit are originated from the lower crust,which has presumably been influenced by the large-scale lithospheric delamination of the eastern North China Craton during the Early Cretaceous.In consideration of the geological setting,mineralogy,and geochemical compositions,we suggest that the Zhonghe Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is characterized as intermediate sulfidation type epithermal deposit,and may be a potential exploration target for porphyry Mo-Cu deposits.展开更多
Although vein-type silver-lead-zinc ore deposits have been extensively studied,the factors controlling their formation are still poorly understood and their genesis is a matter of ongoing debate.In this contribution,I...Although vein-type silver-lead-zinc ore deposits have been extensively studied,the factors controlling their formation are still poorly understood and their genesis is a matter of ongoing debate.In this contribution,I present new mineralogical data and the results of thermodynamic modeling that constrain the conditions of metal transport and deposition for the Aerhada epithermal Pb-Zn-Ag deposit(reserves of>1,000 t Ag@58 g/t and 1.0 Mt Pb+Zn@5.2%)in NE China.Three primary paragenetic stages have been identified,the second of which(Stage II)is the main base metal and silver mineralization.Freibergite,argentite,pyrargyrite,and canfieldite are the main Ag-bearing minerals and are spatially associated with an alteration assemblage of quartz-muscovite±chlorite±epidote.Dissolution textures and evidence of compositional heterogeneity for freibergite suggest that its decomposition may have redistributed the Ag and contributed in part to the high Ag grade ores in the deposit.Thermodynamic calculations indicate that there was extensive silver ore deposition from a strongly reducing(e.g.,∆log fO_(2)(HM)of<-8.6 to-2.4)and nearly neutral to weakly alkaline(e.g.,pH of 5.5 to 6.8)aqueous fluid at temperatures between 220℃ and 170℃.These calculations reveal that a reduction in fO_(2)and decreasing temperature,both as a result of fluid-rock interactions,were the key factors leading to silver and base metal mineral deposition.Further path modeling showed that the sole evolution of a magmatic-derived fluid is capable of forming the large Ag-Pb-Zn veins via fluid-rock interactions,which is contrary to the conclusions of some other studies that the mixture of an externally derived fluid is required to explain their formation.The genetic model for Ag-Pb-Zn ore formation developed in this study is applicable to other polymetallic vein-type deposits in comparable geological settings elsewhere.展开更多
基金supported financially by the China Geological Survey project [DD20160123 (DD-16-049, D1522), DD20160050, DD20190370]the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (310827171122)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41672068)。
文摘The supergiant Shuangjianzishan(SJZ) Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is in the southern segment of the Great Hinggan Range(SGHR), northeast China. Previous studies suggest the ore-forming material and fluid originated from the magmatic system, and the mineralization age was consistent with the diagenetic age. However,the relationship between granitic magmatism and mineralization is still unclear in the SJZ. In this study, CH-O-He-Ar and in-situ S-Pb isotope analyses were conducted to determine the sources of ore-forming fluids and metals, which were combined with geochemistry data of SJZ granitoids from previous studies to constrain the relationship between the magmatism and the mineralization. The C-H-O-He-Ar-S-Pb isotopic compositions suggested the SJZ ore-forming material and fluids were derived from a magmatic source, which has mixed a small amount of mantle-derived materials. In addition, the disseminated sulfide from the syenogranite has comparable S-Pb isotopic composition with the sulfide minerals from ore veins,suggesting that the generation of the SJZ ore-forming fluids has a close relationship with the syenogranite magmatism. Combining with the geochemical characters of the syenogranite, the authors proposed that the mantle-derived fingerprint of the SJZ ore-forming fluid might be caused by the parent magma of the syenogranite, which was derived from partial melting of the juvenile lower crust, and underwent the residual melts segregated from a crystal mush in the shallow magma reservoir. The extraction of the syenogranite parent magma further concentrated the fertilized fluids, which was crucial to mineralization of the SJZ Ag-Pb-Zn deposit.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41372098)。
文摘The Dongjun Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in the northern part of the Great Xing’an Range(NE China)consists of quartzsulfide vein-type and breccia-type mineralization,related to granite porphyry.Hydrothermal alteration is well-developed and includes potassic-silicic-sericitic alteration,phyllic alteration and propylitic alteration.Three stages of mineralization are recognized on the basis of field evidence and petrographic observation,demarcated by assemblages of quartz-pyritearsenopyrite(early stage),quartz-polymetallic sulfide(intermediate stage)and quartz-carbonate-pyrite(late stage).Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating indicates that the granite porphyry was emplaced at 146.7±1.2 Ma(Late Jurassic).Microthermometry and laser Raman spectroscopy shows that ore minerals were deposited in conditions of intermediate temperatures(175-359℃),low salinity(0.5-9.3 wt% Na Cl eqv.)and low density(0.60-0.91 g/cm^(3)).Ore-forming fluids were derived largely from magmatic hydrothermal processes,with late-stage addition of meteoric water,belonging to a H_(2)O-NaCl-CO_(2)±CH_(4) system.The δ^(34)SV-CDT values range from 0.75‰ to 4.70‰.The ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb,^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb,and ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb values of the ore minerals are in the ranges of 18.240-18.371,15.542-15.570,and 38.100-38.178,respectively.Data for the S and Pb isotopic systems indicate that the ore-forming metals and sulfur were derived from Mesozoic magma.Based on the geological characteristics and geochemical signatures documented in this study,we conclude that the Dongjun deposit is a mesothermal magmatic hydrothermal vein-type Pb-Zn-Ag deposit controlled by fractures and related to granite porphyry,in response to Late Jurassic tectonic-magmatic-hydrothermal activity.We further conclude that fluid immiscibility,fluid mixing and fluid-rock interactions were the dominant mechanisms for deposition of the ore-forming materials.
基金financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC0601305)the China Geological Survey(DD20160125,DD20160207,DD20190010)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41504076)。
文摘The Shuangjianzishan deposit in Inner Mongolia is a typical Ag-Pb-Zn deposit of the southern Great Xing’an Range.Proven reserves of Ag,Pb,and Zn in this deposit have reached the scale of super-large deposits,with favorable metallogenic conditions,strong prospecting signs,and high metallogenic potential.This paper reports a study involving integrated geophysical methods,including controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric,gravity,magnetic,and shallow-seismic-reflection methods,to determine the spatial distribution of ore-controlling structures and subsurface intrusive rock for a depth range of<2000 m in the Shuangjianzishan ore district.The objective of this study is to construct a metallogenic model of the ore district and provide a scientific basis for the exploration of similar deposits in the deep and surrounding regions.We used three-dimensional inversion for controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric data based on the limited memory quasi-Newton algorithm,and three-dimensional physical-property inversion for the gravity and magnetic data to obtain information about the subsurface distribution of ore-controlling structures and intrusive rocks.Under seismic reflection results,regional geology,petrophysical properties,and borehole information,the geophysical investigation shows that the Dashizhai group,which contains the main ore-bearing strata in the ore district,is distributed within a depth range of<1239 m,and is thick in the Xinglongshan ore block and the eastern part of the Shuangjianzishan ore block.The mineralization is spatially associated with a fault system characterized by NE-,NW-,and N-trending faults.The magnetic and electrical models identify large,deep bodies of intrusive rock that are inferred to have been involved in mineralization,with local shallow emplacement of some intrusions.Combining the subsurface spatial distributions of ore-bearing strata,ore-controlling faults,and intrusive rock,we propose two different metallogenic models for the Shuangjianzishan ore district,which provide a scientific basis for further prospecting in the deep regions of the ore district and surrounding areas.
基金We are grateful to the staff of the Analytical Laboratory in Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,China National Nuclear Corporation(CNNC)for their advice and assistance in the isotope analysisThis work was financially supported by the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asiathe Ministry of Natural Resources of China.
文摘The Meng’entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn vein-type deposit in Inner Mongolia,NE China is hosted in biotite/muscovite granite.This deposit includes the western(Zn-rich,deepest),middle(Zn-Pb rich)and eastern(Pb-Ag-rich,shallowest)ore-blocks.To better understand the metallogenic processes in ore district,we have undertaken a series of studies including fluid inclusion microthermometry,H-O-S-Pb isotope compositions and thermodynamic modeling.Based on fluid inclusion petrography,microthermometry results and HO isotope compositions,the ore-forming H2O-NaCl fluid inclusions are characterized by medium temperature and medium salinity.And two kinds of fluid processes(boiling in western and middle ore-block and fluid mixing in the eastern ore-block)were identified to explain the ore fluid evolution.More importantly,log ?O2-pH diagrams of δ^34S contours with the stability fields of Fe-and Cu-,Zn-,Pb-,and Ag-bearing minerals were constructed to restore the physicochemical conditions of ore-forming fluid in the western(270℃ and 80 bars),middle(250℃ and 70 bars),and eastern(230℃ and 50 bars)ore-blocks.As a result,the ore-forming conditions in the western and middle ore-block were similar.In the eastern ore-block,the fluids may have changed from acidic,S-poor and δ^34S(ΣS)≈2.8 to neutral,S-richer and δ^34S(ΣS)≈0.5,which imply that neutral S-rich meteoric water was mixed with the magmatic fluid.Meanwhile,the activity of Ag+was estimated to be about 10 ppm–9 ppm in the middle ore-block,but in the eastern ore-block it was about^10 ppm–12 ppm.We proposed that the key for Ag ore deposition was likely to be neutralization led by fluid mixing.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41972066)the Mineral Prospecting of Zhonghe silver polymetallic deposit in Luoning County,Henan Province。
文摘Located in Luoning County,western Henan Province,Central China,the Zhonghe Ag-Pb-Zn ore field,is a newly discovered deposit in the Xiaoshan District.Ore bodies controlled by NNW Faults occur as veins within the Paleoproterozoic Xiong’er Group or the Early Cretaceous porphyritic granite.Given that the Zhonghe deposit has been covered by thick Quaternary sediments,the paragenetic mineral assemblage was determined mainly by microscopic observations,including the quartzsiderite-pyrite alteration (StageⅠ),polymetallic sulfide precipitation (StageⅡ),silver mineralization(Stage Ⅲ),and quartz-carbonate stage (StageⅣ).The host minerals for silver are diverse,such as freibergite,pyrargyrite,polybasite,argyrodite,canfieldite,argentite,and native silver,whereas those for Pb and Zn are galena and sphalerite,respectively.In order to constrain the ore-forming components of the Zhonghe deposit,a combined in-situ analysis was conducted on represented sulfides from StageⅡand Stage Ⅲ.In-situ δ^(34)S values of the analyzed sulfides,including the pyrite,chalcopyrite,sphalerite,and galena,display a relatively narrow range (0.90‰-5.0‰),which is close to magmatic sulfur source.The ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb and^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb ratios show a narrow range (17.140-17.360 and 15.385-15.490),whereas the ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb ratios exhibit a broad variation (36.601-37.943),indicating a contamination of the Xiong’er Group.Synthesis of geochronological and geochemical data from the Xiaoshan District,we contend that the ore-forming materials of the Zhonghe Ag-Pb-Zn deposit are originated from the lower crust,which has presumably been influenced by the large-scale lithospheric delamination of the eastern North China Craton during the Early Cretaceous.In consideration of the geological setting,mineralogy,and geochemical compositions,we suggest that the Zhonghe Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is characterized as intermediate sulfidation type epithermal deposit,and may be a potential exploration target for porphyry Mo-Cu deposits.
基金This research was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42122012 and 41973038)。
文摘Although vein-type silver-lead-zinc ore deposits have been extensively studied,the factors controlling their formation are still poorly understood and their genesis is a matter of ongoing debate.In this contribution,I present new mineralogical data and the results of thermodynamic modeling that constrain the conditions of metal transport and deposition for the Aerhada epithermal Pb-Zn-Ag deposit(reserves of>1,000 t Ag@58 g/t and 1.0 Mt Pb+Zn@5.2%)in NE China.Three primary paragenetic stages have been identified,the second of which(Stage II)is the main base metal and silver mineralization.Freibergite,argentite,pyrargyrite,and canfieldite are the main Ag-bearing minerals and are spatially associated with an alteration assemblage of quartz-muscovite±chlorite±epidote.Dissolution textures and evidence of compositional heterogeneity for freibergite suggest that its decomposition may have redistributed the Ag and contributed in part to the high Ag grade ores in the deposit.Thermodynamic calculations indicate that there was extensive silver ore deposition from a strongly reducing(e.g.,∆log fO_(2)(HM)of<-8.6 to-2.4)and nearly neutral to weakly alkaline(e.g.,pH of 5.5 to 6.8)aqueous fluid at temperatures between 220℃ and 170℃.These calculations reveal that a reduction in fO_(2)and decreasing temperature,both as a result of fluid-rock interactions,were the key factors leading to silver and base metal mineral deposition.Further path modeling showed that the sole evolution of a magmatic-derived fluid is capable of forming the large Ag-Pb-Zn veins via fluid-rock interactions,which is contrary to the conclusions of some other studies that the mixture of an externally derived fluid is required to explain their formation.The genetic model for Ag-Pb-Zn ore formation developed in this study is applicable to other polymetallic vein-type deposits in comparable geological settings elsewhere.
