Effect of laser shock processing on fatigue life of fastener hole

The fatigue properties of laser shock processing （LSP） on both side surfaces of fastener hole with diameter of 3 mm in the LY12CZ aluminum alloy specimens were investigated. The superficial residual stress was measured by X-ray diffraction method. Fatigue experiments of specimens with and without LSP were performed, and the microstructural features of fracture of specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results indicate that the compressive residual stress can be induced into the surface of specimen, and the fatigue life of the specimen with LSP is 3.5 times as long as that of specimen without LSP. The location of fatigue crack initiation is transferred from the top surface to the sub-surface after LSP, and the fatigue striation spacing of the treated specimen during the expanding fatigue crack is narrower than that of the untreated specimen. Furthermore, the diameters of the dimples on the fatigue crack rupture zone of the specimen with LSP are relatively bigger, which is related to the serious plastic deformation in the material with LSP.

Processing and analysis of transient pressure measurements from permanent down-hole gauges

With permanent down-hole gauges （PDGs） widely installed in oilfields around the world in recent years, a continuous stream of transient pressure data in real time is now available, which motivates a new round of research interests in further developing pressure transient processing and analysis techniques. Transient pressure measurements from PDG are characterized by long term and high volume data. These data are recorded under unconstrained circumstances, so effects due to noise, rate fluctuation and interference from other wells cannot be avoided. These effects make the measured pressure trends decline or rise and then obscure or distort the actual flow behavior, which makes subsequent analysis difficult. In this paper, the problems encountered in analysis of PDG transient pressure are investigated. A newly developed workflow for processing and analyzing PDG transient pressure data is proposed. Numerical well testing synthetic studies are performed to demonstrate these procedures. The results prove that this new technique works well and the potential for practical application looks very promising.

MICROCOMPUTER PROCESSING THE PHOTOGRAPH OF TIMBER WITH HOLE KNOTS

A reliable method non-destructive X-ray test of wood defects with computer digital image processing technique was presented in the paper which made the knot-hole in wood clear and easily recognized. It was the first time to use maximtun entropy to determine the threshold of binary picture and thc result was satisfying. The improved Robert was used in the paper in the paper to outline the knot-hole so that the processing was almost on real time.

Effect of hole-transporting materials on the photovoltaic performance and stability of all-ambient-processed perovskite solar cells

High-efficiency perovskite solar cells（PSCs） reported hitherto have been mostly prepared in a moisture and oxygen-free glove-box atmosphere, which hampers upscaling and real-time performance assessment of this exciting photovoltaic technology. In this work, we have systematically studied the feasibility of allambient-processing of PSCs and evaluated their photovoltaic performance. It has been shown that phasepure crystalline tetragonal MAPbI;perovskite films are instantly formed in ambient air at room temperature by a two-step spin coating process, undermining the need for dry atmosphere and post-annealing.All-ambient-processed PSCs with a configuration of FTO/TiO;/MAPbI;/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au achieve opencircuit voltage（990 mV） and short-circuit current density（20.31 mA/cm;） comparable to those of best reported glove-box processed devices. Nevertheless, device power conversion efficiency is still constrained at 5% by the unusually low fill-factor of 0.25. Dark current–voltage characteristics reveal poor conductivity of hole-transporting layer caused by lack of oxidized spiro-OMe TAD species, resulting in high seriesresistance and decreased fill-factor. The study also establishes that the above limitations can be readily overcome by employing an inorganic p-type semiconductor, copper thiocyanate, as ambient-processable hole-transporting layer to yield a fill-factor of 0.54 and a power conversion efficiency of 7.19%. The present findings can have important implications in industrially viable fabrication of large-area PSCs.

Analysis of the Flow Field Characteristics Associated with the Dynamic Rock Breaking Process Induced by a Multi-Hole Combined External Rotary Bit

The characteristics of the flow field associated with a multi-hole combined external rotary bit have been studied by means of numerical simulation in the framework of an RNG k-εturbulence model,and compared with the results of dedicated rock breaking drilling experiments.The numerical results show that the nozzle velocity and dynamic pressure of the nozzle decrease with an increase in the jet distance,and the axial velocity of the nozzle decays regularly with an increase in the dimensionless jet distance.Moreover,the axial velocity related to the nozzle with inclination angle 20°and 30°can produce a higher hole depth,while the radial velocity of the nozzle with 60°inclination can enlarge the hole diameter.The outcomes of the CFD simulations are consistent with the actual dynamic rock breaking and pore forming process,which lends credence to the present results and indicates that they could be used as a reference for the future optimization of systems based on the multi-hole combined external rotary bit technology.

SIMULATION OF HOLE FLANGING PROCESS ON HEAVY CYLINDERS AND PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION

The forming mechanism of hole flanging on a thick-wall heavy cylinder forging is simulated by DEFORM3D. The cylinder is 4 390 mm in diameter and 390 mm in thickness. The results show that the compound deformation with bending and expanding happens in the process of hole flanging. The diameter of pre-hole of the workpiece is one of the key parameters in the process of hole flanging. The optimal diameter is obtained for reverse-conical hole of average diameter 40 mm by simulation of hole flanging process on 5 pre-holes with different diameters and 3 pre-holes with different shapes. The results can provide the scientific base for engineering application of the process.

Influence of the Area of the Reflux Hole on the Performance of a Self-Priming Pumnp

The self-priming process of a pump involves a complex gas-liquid two-phase flow.Studying the distribution of gas and water and the evolution of their flow in the pump is of great importance to optimize this process and shorten the pump self-priming time.In the present study,a standard k-εturbulence model and a multiphase flow model have been used to simulate the self-priming pump process considering four different reflux hole areas.A comparison of the distribution of air and water distribution on the axial surface and inside the volume have been carried out for the different considered cases.The pattern formed by the streamlines at different times during the whole self-priming process has also been investigated.The results show that the velocity at the trailing edge of the impeller outlet is the largest.The flow in the pump cavity is.complicated by the formation of vortices.The number,shape and location of the vortices change depending on the considered configuration.

Effects of Surface Etch Hole Fault on the Velocity Field in Microchannel Reactors

Microchannel reactors are commonly used in micro-chemical technology. The performance of microreactors is greatly affected by the velocity field in the microchannel. The flow field is disturbed by the cylindrical etch holes caused by air dust on the microchannel surface during its processing procedure. In this approach, a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics （CFD） model is put forward to study the effect of etch holes on flow field. The influenced area of single or two concave etch holes is studied for the case of laminar flow. The hole diameter, the Reynolds number and the distance between the center of holes are found to have influences on the flow field. Numerical results indicate that the effects of etch hole on the flow field should be evaluated and the way of choosing the economic class of cleanroom for microreactor manufacture is presented.

Does black hole spin play a key role in the FSRQ/BL Lac dichotomy?

Blazars are characterized by large intensity and spectral variations across the electromagnetic spectrum It is believed that jets emerging from them are almost aligned with the line-of-sight. The major- ity of identified extragalactic sources in γ-ray catalogs of EGRET and Fermi are blazars. Observationally, blazars can be divided into two classes： fiat spectrum radio quasars （FSRQs） and BL Lacs. BL Lacs usually exhibit lower γ-ray luminosity and harder power law spectra at γ-ray energies than FSRQs. We attempt to explain the high energy properties of FSRQs and BL Lacs from Fermi γ-ray space telescope observations. It was argued previously that the difference in accretion rates is mainly responsible for the large mismatch in observed luminosity in ＂7-ray. However, when intrinsic luminosities are derived by correcting for beaming effects, this difference in 7-ray luminosity between the two classes is significantly reduced. In order to ex- plain this difference in intrinsic luminosities, we propose that spin plays an important role in the luminosity distribution dichotomy of BL Lacs and FSRQs. As the outflow power of a blazar increases with increasing spin of a central black hole, we suggest that the spin plays a crucial role in making BL Lac sources low luminous and slow rotators compared to FSRQ sources.

Characterization of spectral hole depth in Tm^(3+) :YAG within the cryogenic temperature range

In this paper, spectral hole depth dependence on temperature below 10 K in Tm^3＋ ：YAG crystal is investigated in detail. A novel model is proposed to analyze the temperature dependence on the spectral hole. By using the proposed model, we theoretically deduce the temperature dependence of spectral hole depth. The results are compared with experimental results and they are in good agreement. According to the theoretic results, the optimum temperature in experiment can be found.

Influence of process parameters on drilling characteristics of Al 1050 sheet with thickness of 0.2 mm using pulsed Nd:YAG laser

The object of this work is to investigate the influence of process parameters on drilling characteristics of an Al 1050 sheet with a thickness of 0.2 mm using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser through numerical analyses and experiments. By comparing the numerical analyses with the experiments, a proper numerical model was obtained. From the results of the numerical analyses and the experiments, the effects of process parameters on entrance diameters of drilled holes, shapes of the holes, taper angles of the holes and temperature distributions in the vicinity of the holes were examined quantitatively. In addition, the optimal drilling condition was estimated to improve the quality of the drilled holes.

Simple Proofs of Upper and Lower Envelopes of Van Der Pauw’s Equation for Hall-Plates with an Insulated Hole and Four Peripheral Point-Contacts

For plane singly-connected domains with insulating boundary and four point-sized contacts, C0 …C3, van der Pauw derived a famous equation relating the two trans-resistances R01,23, R12,30 with the sheet resistance without any other parameters. If the domain has one hole van der Pauw’s equation becomes an inequality with upper and lower bounds, the envelopes. This was conjectured by Szymański et al. in 2013, and only recently it was proven by Miyoshi et al. with elaborate mathematical tools. The present article gives new proofs closer to physical intuition and partly with simpler mathematics. It relies heavily on conformal transformation and it expresses for the first time the trans-resistances and the lower envelope in terms of Jacobi functions, elliptic integrals, and the modular lambda elliptic function. New simple formulae for the asymptotic limit of a very large hole are also given.

Process Capability Analysis of a Centre Lathe Turning Process

A process capability study is performed for the turning process on a general purpose center lathe in order to verify the process performance and machine ability to perform within specified tolerance limit. The process and machine capability indices were measured to determine the process and machine adequacy for industrial application. The tolerance limits were obtained from the given nominal size of the shaft, using the basic hole system and 90 sample shafts were turned on the lathe machine to specification for varying spindle speed and feed rate of the lathe. Three (3) samples were randomly selected for the turning process of a combination of the spindle speed and feed rate as a subgroup size for a total subgroup of thirty (30). The diameters (representing the quality characteristics) were used to generate control charts and capability histogram for the process. The process is within statistical control but found incapable of meeting up to specification because the capability index (Cp) measured was less than 1 and the machine capability for industrial application is not adequate.

The Principle of Square Hole Machining and It＇s Tooling Structure Design

In order to meet the rapid needs of processing square hole in mechanical equipment, the paper expounds the square hole processing method： planetary wheel method, and analyze the principle of tooling structure and process with computer graphics parameters design. The results that, as long as the appropriate parameters, using the above method not only can punch the square hole, can also be processed triangle, the five angle and hexagonal regular polygon holes. The square hole processing method can provide theoretical basis and engineering reliable reference for related engineering and technical personnel.

A Natural Language Generation Algorithm for Greek by Using Hole Semantics and a Systemic Grammatical Formalism

This work is about the progress of previous related work based on an experiment to improve the intelligence of robotic systems,with the aim of achieving more linguistic communication capabilities between humans and robots.In this paper,the authors attempt an algorithmic approach to natural language generation through hole semantics and by applying the OMAS-III computational model as a grammatical formalism.In the original work,a technical language is used,while in the later works,this has been replaced by a limited Greek natural language dictionary.This particular effort was made to give the evolving system the ability to ask questions,as well as the authors developed an initial dialogue system using these techniques.The results show that the use of these techniques the authors apply can give us a more sophisticated dialogue system in the future.

工艺孔对大截面部分包覆钢-混凝土组合梁受弯性能影响的试验研究

为了研究工艺孔对大截面部分包覆钢-混凝土组合梁(大截面PEC梁)受弯性能的影响,对5根不同构造的大截面PEC梁进行了静力试验,研究了两点加载下主次梁腹板开洞方式对大截面PEC梁试件受弯性能、延性、破坏模式等的影响规律。结果表明:静力荷载作用下,各个试件均表现出良好的延性,腹部开孔对试件承载力和截面刚度有一定的削弱作用。型钢主钢件的应变与混凝土的应变沿截面高度方向均大致呈线性变化,符合平截面假定。按《部分包覆钢-混凝土组合结构技术规程》(T/CECS 719—2020)计算得到的开工艺孔的大截面PEC梁抗弯承载力与试验值误差较小,受尺寸效应影响不大,所采用计算公式安全可靠。

车用CFRP材料超声振动钻孔工艺优化及质量分析

为了提高难加工增强体碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)的钻孔加工性能,在螺旋铣加基础上增加了超声振动辅助。设计了不同工艺条件对CFRP超声振动螺旋铣孔实施测试,对比了各条件下CFRP超声辅助螺旋铣孔的切削力差异,测试了孔加工质量状态。研究结果表明:采用超声振动螺旋铣方法处理可以避免引起分层现象,保证同一部位纤维与树脂基体相互形成更紧密结构。综合工艺参数对切削力和切削温度的影响,确定一下参数范围是比较优秀的:主轴转速4000r/min,螺距0.15mm,切向进给量0.04mm。CFRP分层状态受到切削刃锋利性以及材料去除率的综合影响,调整工艺参数能够有效的控制材料去除量,对切削力和切削温度起到很好的调节效果,进而减小分层损伤。

异形孔筒形锻件成形表面不平整度分析及验证

针对异形孔筒形锻件成形过程中金属在反向流动中流速不均匀导致的锻件上表面产生不平整缺陷的问题,以椭圆孔筒形锻件为例,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的手段,探究了锻件上表面不平整现象的成因。分别从一维、二维、三维建立了异形孔筒形锻件上表面不平整度的评判准则,进一步揭示了成形工艺参数对异形孔筒形锻件上表面不平整度的影响规律。结果表明:异形孔筒形锻件上表面不平整度随模具预热温度的升高而降低,随坯料始锻温度的升高而增大,始锻温度比模具预热温度对上表面不平整度的影响更大;提高成形速度可以降低金属的流动阻力,减小坯料的温降,改善坯料变形和温度分布的均匀性,从而降低异形孔筒形锻件上表面的不平整度;异形孔筒形锻件上表面不平整度还受椭圆孔短长轴比值的影响,凸模横截面积恒定时,随短长轴比值增大,不平整度评价指标均呈下降趋势;凸模短轴值恒定,长轴值超过锻件外径的2/3时,随短长轴比值增大,不平整度评价指标呈现先增大后减小的趋势,长轴值小于锻件外径的2/3时,不平整度评价指标随短长轴比值增大呈现下降趋势。

差厚板U形件工艺孔成形性能仿真

以冷冲压差厚板U形件作为研究对象,通过有限元仿真分析了工艺孔的位置、数量、尺寸以及形状对成形性能的影响.结果表明,差厚板在薄区侧壁处开孔时有利于减少侧壁的残余应力;差厚板的回弹与工艺孔在板件中的位置分布关系不大,与工艺孔的数量、半径及形状有关.从成形性能和回弹影响角度考虑,工艺孔优先选差厚板U形件端部的厚区与过渡区区域,如果必须在侧壁开孔,优选侧壁薄区区域.在相邻区域,工艺孔的数量尽量不超过2个,工艺孔尺寸小一些更合适,工艺孔形状沿轧制方向距离越小越合适.

250 mm×250 mm轴承钢大方坯压下工艺优化及质量提升

建立了250 mm×250 mm轴承钢大方坯的凝固传热模型,并根据凝固平方根定律验证了模型的准确性。讨论了拉速和过热度对凝固终点的影响,并制定新的压下制度。运用不同压下制度进行了工业试验,试验结果表明:优化后的压下制度基本消除大方坯的中心缩孔,使得中心偏析比由1.1降低至1.0,同时使得V形偏析线上最高碳含量由1.391%降至1.184%,V形偏析线上和非偏析线上的平均碳含量极差由0.113%降至0.07%。