Dual‑Atom Nanozyme Eye Drops Attenuate Inflammation and Break the Vicious Cycle in Dry Eye Disease

Dry eye disease(DED)is a major ocular pathology worldwide,causing serious ocular discomfort and even visual impairment.The incidence of DED is gradually increasing with the highfrequency use of electronic products.Although inflammation is core cause of the DED vicious cycle,reactive oxygen species(ROS)play a pivotal role in the vicious cycle by regulating inflammation from upstream.Therefore,current therapies merely targeting inflammation show the failure of DED treatment.Here,a novel dual-atom nanozymes(DAN)-based eye drops are developed.The antioxidative DAN is successfully prepared by embedding Fe and Mn bimetallic single-atoms in N-doped carbon material and modifying it with a hydrophilic polymer.The in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate the DAN is endowed with superior biological activity in scavenging excessive ROS,inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation,decreasing proinflammatory cytokines expression,and suppressing cell apoptosis.Consequently,the DAN effectively alleviate ocular inflammation,promote corneal epithelial repair,recover goblet cell density and tear secretion,thus breaking the DED vicious cycle.Our findings open an avenue to make the DAN as an intervention form to DED and ROSmediated inflammatory diseases.

Different concentrations of hyaluronic acid eye drops for dry eye syndrome: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

AIM:To compare high or low concentration of hyaluronic acid eye drops(HY)for dry eye syndromes(DES).METHODS:Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)comparing various concentrations of HY were searched in PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Cochrane,SinoMed,CNKI,Wanfang Database,CQVIP,and Chinese journals databases between inception and July 2023.Pooled standardized mean differences(SMD)or weighted mean difference(WMD)with 95%confidence intervals(CI)from RCTs evaluating Schirmer’s I test(SIT),corneal fluorescein staining score(CFS),tear breakup time(TBUT),DES score(DESS),and Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI)were calculated.Sensitivity analysis,Egger’s test and Meta-regression analysis were performed for all indicators.RESULTS:We conducted a Meta-analysis of 10 RCTs that met the inclusion criteria,involving 1796 cases.High-concentrations group significantly improved the outcome of CFS according to random effects modelling(SMD,-3.37;95%CI,-5.25 to-1.48;P=0.0005).The rest of the results were not statistically significant,including indicators such as SIT,TBUT,DESS and OSDI.CONCLUSION:For dry eyes with positive corneal staining,a high concentration of HY is recommended,whereas in other cases,a high concentration of HY does not offer a more pronounced advantage over a low concentration of HY in the treatment of dry eyes.

Dry eye rate and its relationship with disease stage in patients with primary hypertension:a cross-sectional study in Vietnam

AIM:To determine the dry eye(DE)rate and its relationship with disease stage in patients with primary hypertension.METHODS:A cross-sectional study included 432 patients with primary hypertension(with an equal number of patients in each group:144 in stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ hypertension)and 144 healthy subjects as a control group.The Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI)and Schirmer Ⅰ test without anesthetics were conducted on all 576 subjects.Subjects with OSDI scores<13 and Schirmer Ⅰ values equal to or under 10 mm were diagnosed with DE.RESULTS:The ratio of DE in hypertension patients was higher than in the control group(41.7%versus 18.8%;P<0.001).The proportion of patients with DE increased gradually according to the hypertension stage:27.1% in stage Ⅰ,40.3% in stage Ⅱ,and 57.6% in stage Ⅲ,P<0.001.Age,duration of hypertension,plasma urea,creatinine,and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(CRP-hs)levels in hypertension patients with DE were higher than those without DE,P<0.001.Advanced age,a long duration of hypertension,diabetes mellitus,elevated plasma creatinine,and CRP-hs levels were independent factors associated with DE in primary hypertension patients,P<0.001.CONCLUSION:DE is a common disorder associated with advanced age,a long duration of hypertension,diabetes mellitus,elevated plasma CRP-hs,and creatinine levels in patients with primary hypertension.

Evaluation of dry eye disease symptomatology and mental health status among patients with different COVID-19 statuses

AIM:To evaluate dry eye disease(DED)symptomatology and mental health status in different COVID-19 patients.METHODS:A cross-sectional observational design was used.Totally 123 eligible adults(46.34%of men,age range,18-59y)with COVID-19 included in the study from August to November,2022.Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI),Five-item Dry Eye Questionnaire(DEQ-5),Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS),and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)were used in this study.RESULTS:OSDI scores were 6.82(1.25,15.91)in asymptomatic carriers,7.35(2.50,18.38)in mild cases,and 16.67(4.43,28.04)in recurrent cases,with 30.00%,35.56%,and 57.89%,respectively evaluated as having DED symptoms(χ2=7.049,P=0.029).DEQ-5 score varied from 2.00(0,6.00)in asymptomatic carriers,3.00(0,8.00)in mild cases,and 8.00(5.00,10.00)in recurrent cases,with 27.50%,33.33%,and 55.26%,respectively assessed as having DED symptoms(χ2=8.532,P=0.014).The prevalence of clinical anxiety(50.00%)and depression(47.37%)symptoms were also significantly higher in patients with recurrent infection(χ2=24.541,P<0.001;χ2=30.871,P<0.001).Recurrent infection was a risk factor for high OSDI scores[odds ratio,2.562;95%confidence interval(CI),1.631-7.979;P=0.033]and DEQ-5 scores(odds ratio,3.353;95%CI,1.038-8.834;P=0.043),whereas having a fixed occupation was a protective factor for OSDI scores(odds ratio,0.088;95%CI,0.022-0.360;P=0.001)and DEQ-5 scores(odds ratio,0.126;95%CI,0.039-0.405;P=0.001).CONCLUSION:Patients with recurrent COVID-19 have more severe symptoms of DED,anxiety,and depression.

Targeting Nrf2 signaling in dry eye

Dry eye,the most common ocular surface disease,can cause ocular surface tissue damage and discomfort symptoms and seriously affect people’s quality of life.The etiology of dry eye is diverse,and its pathogenesis is complex.The oxidative stress reaction is considered to be among the important factors in the pathogenesis of dry eye.Therefore,activating the antioxidant system has a potential therapeutic effect on dry eye.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signaling pathway is considered the most important antioxidant pathway in the body.The activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and its interaction with other pathways are important mechanisms to prevent the occurrence and development of dry eye.This review describes the structure and function of Nrf2,summarizes the changes in the oxidative stress response in dry eye,focuses on the potential mechanism of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the treatment of dry eye,and,finally,summarizes the drugs that activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the treatment of dry eye.

Psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the dry eye-related quality-of-life score questionnaire

AIM:To psychometrically validate the Chinese version of the dry eye-related quality-of-life score questionnaire(DEQSCHN)among Chinese patients with dry eye.METHODS:This study involved 231 participants,including 191 with dry eye disease(DED)comprising the dry eye disease group,and 40 healthy participants forming the control group.Participants were required to complete the DEQS-CHN,and Chinese dry eye questionnaire and undergo clinical tests including the fluorescein breakup time(FBUT),corneal fluorescein staining(CFS),and Schirmer I test.To assess the internal consistency and retest reliability,Cronbach’sαand the intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC)were employed.Content validity was assessed by item-level content validity index(ICV)and an average scale-level content validity index(S-CVI/Ave).Construct validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis.The concurrent validity was assessed by calculating correlations between DEQS-CHN and Chinese dry eye questionnaire.Discriminative validity was evaluated through nonparametric tests,with receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve serving as conclusive indicators of the questionnaire’s distinguishing capability.RESULTS:The Cronbach’sαcoefficients for frequency and degree of ocular symptoms,impact on daily life,and summary score were 0.736,0.704,0.811,0.818,0.861,and 0.860,respectively,and the ICC were 0.611,0.677,0.715,0.769,0.711,and 0.779,respectively.All I-CVI scores ranged from 0.833 to 1.000,with an S-CVI/Ave of 0.956.Confirmatory factor analysis results exhibited a wellfitting model consistent with the original questionnaire[χ^(2)/df=2.653,incremental fit index(IFI)=0.924,comparative fit index(CFI)=0.924,Tucker-Lewis index(TLI)=0.909,and root mean square error of approximation(RMSEA)=0.065].There was a moderate positive correlation between the DEQS-CHN and the Chinese dry eye questionnaire(r^(2)=0.588).The dry eye group demonstrated significantly higher scores compared to the control group,and the area under the curve(AUC)value was 0.8092.CONCLUSION:The DEQS-CHN has been demonstrated as a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the impact of dry eye disease on the quality of life among Chinese individuals with DED.

Metabolic characteristics of Qi-Yin deficiency and heat stagnation in liver meridian patterns of dry eye based on tear metabolomics

Objective To explore the metabolic differences between dry eye patients with Qi-Yin defi-ciency and heat stagnation in liver meridian patterns,and clarify their metabolic characteris-tics.Methods Patients with dry eye who were treated in the Ophthalmology Ward and Outpatient Department of the First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine from October 1,2020,to October 30,2021 were enrolled as the research participants in the study.They were assigned to two groups based on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome types:heat stagnation in liver meridian pattern group and Qi-Yin deficiency pattern group.Healthy vol-unteers who underwent health check-ups in the Health Management Department were in-cluded as healthy group following the random number table method.The tears of the pa-tients and the healthy volunteer participants were tested by high-performance liquid chro-matography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS).The differential metabolites were screened out by multivariate statistical analysis,and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment was performed on the differential metabolites.Finally,the association analysis of differential proteins and metabolites was conducted to verify and supplement the metabolites.Results A total of 32 dry eye patients were enrolled,including 16 cases with heat stagnation in liver meridian pattern and 16 cases with Qi-Yin deficiency pattern.Fourteen healthy volun-teers were included as healthy group.There were no significant differences in baseline char-acteristics among the three groups(P>0.05).A total of 412 biomarkers were determined in Qi-Yin deficiency pattern group,mainly including lipids,lipid-like molecules,organic acids and their derivatives,organic heterocyclic compounds,and nucleosides and their analogues.For heat stagnation in liver meridian pattern group,112 metabolites were determined,main-ly including organic acids and their derivatives,lipids,and lipid-like molecules.The KEGG enrichment results of pathways and the relative content analysis of differential markers de-monstrate that purine metabolism and caffeine metabolism pathways are common metabol-ic characteristics of all dry eyes.Among them,deoxyinosine monophosphate(dIMP)and 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospha-D-ribosyl)acetamidine can serve as their biomarkers.The main characteristics of Qi-Yin deficiency syndrome pattern were the significant enhancement of metabolic pathways such as lysine degradation,ovarian steroidogenesis,cholesterol metabolism,pyrimidine metabolism,and bile secretion(P<0.05).Dry eye associated with the heat stagnation in liver meridian pattern is mainly characterized by inhibition of the valine,leucine,and isoleucine biosynthesis pathways(P<0.05).Conclusion Metabolomics can be used as an effective basis for TCM syndrome classification.Different patterns of dry eye syndrome exhibit typical characteristics in the types and concen-trations of metabolites,which correspond to the syndrome classification in TCM.This study initially confirms the rationality of TCM syndrome classification and provides significant ref-erence for the mechanism of dry eye and drug development.

Influencing factors of self-management ability among dry eye patients in west China

AIM:To investigate the current situation and influencing factors of self-management ability in dry eye patients in west China.METHODS:A total of 265 patients clinically diagnosed with dry eye received a convenience survey questionnaire at West China Hospital of Sichuan University.All participants completed the rating scale of health self-management skill for adults(AHSMSRS),Huaxi Emotional-Distress Index(HEI),e-health literacy scale(e-HEALS)and Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire(Brief-IPQ).A generalized linear model was employed to establish a multivariate linear model with demographic data,psychological state,e-HEALS,and illness perception as independent variables and health selfmanagement skill score as the dependent variable.RESULTS:The mean score for health self-management skill was 165.58±15.79.Multivariate analysis revealed that advanced age,better illness perception and improved psychological state were associated with better health selfmanagement ability among dry eye patients.Furthermore,the health self-management ability of patients with a disease duration less than 1y was found to be higher compared to those with a disease duration exceeding 1y.CONCLUSION:The health self-management ability of dry eye patients in west China is relatively high.Age,duration of disease,illness perception and psychological state are the influencing factors on the health selfmanagement ability of dry eye patients.

Influencing factors of ocular pain in dry eye disease patients at high altitude

AIM:To quantify the severity and frequency of ocular pain in Tibetan plateau patients with dry eye,and to evaluate the related factors affecting ocular pain.METHODS:A retrospective study included 160 cases of dry eye disease(DED)patients who were treated from July 2022 to June 2023.Age,gender,occupation,illness course,anxiety,plateau duration,plateau protection,ocular surface disease index scale(OSDI),break-up time(BUT),Schirmer I test(SIT),conjunctivitis,history of ophthalmic medication,autoimmune disease,the workload of daily near vision range,smoking and overnight stay were obtained via comprehensive ophthalmic assessment,and their duration was followed up.Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the related factors affecting ocular pain.RESULTS:Totally 77.5%(124/160)of DED patients had ocular pain,of which the severity of ocular pain was mild,moderate,and severe in 30.0%,36.3%,and 11.3%of patients,respectively.Frequency of ocular pain was reported occasional,half the time,frequent,and persistent pain in 19.4%,36.9%,16.9%,and 4.4%.OSDI score was 19.67±5.70(13 to 36),and the level of pain was lowly correlated with OSDI(rs=0.316,P<0.001).Logistic regression showed that in plateau DED patients,increased anxiety led to increased severity and frequency of ocular pain[odds ratio(OR)=3.662,5.613,2.387,and 4.870;all P<0.05],professional eye protection and improvement of daily sleep quantity decreased pain(OR=0.307,0.572,0.418,and 0.789;all P<0.05),while smoking and general protection of plateau did not affect the severity and frequency of ocular pain(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Ocular pain is a common complaint in high-altitude DED patients during the pandemic.Anxiety,eye protection,and adequate sleep during the epidemic period are significantly associated with the severity and frequency of ocular pain in patients with plateau DED,while symptoms of DED have relatively little influence on them.

Dry eye disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross sectional study

AIM:To explore ocular surface manifestations of dry eye disease(DED)and its influencing factors in systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)patients.METHODS:Ophthalmological examinations were conducted in SLE patients(n=43)and controls(n=41),including Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI),objective scatter index(OSI),tear meniscus height(TMH),lipid layer thickness(LLT),non-invasive Keratograph tear breakup time(NIKBUT),corneal fluorescein score(CFS),Schirmer I test.DED was diagnosed according to the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop II Criteria.SLE patients were further divided into DED group and non-DED group,the disease activity,clinical manifestations and laboratory investigations were compared between the two groups.The disease activity was evaluated by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000(SLEDAI-2K).Receiver operative characteristic(ROC)curve and multiplefactor binary logistic regression were performed.RESULTS:SLE patients showed higher OSDI[9.1(2.8-15.9)vs 6.3(2.2-7.5),P=0.035],higher OSI[1.67(1.09-2.60)vs 0.96(0.87-1.60),P=0.001],higher CFS[1(0-2)vs 0(0-1),P=0.001],lower LLT[65(42-100)vs 100(79.5-100),P=0.010],and lower NIKBUT[8.03(4.02-9.73)vs 9.67(5.26-12.71),P=0.030]than controls.The 32.6%of SLE patients had DED,which was higher than 12.2%of healthy controls.DED group showed higher SLEDAI-2K score[9.7±6.1 vs 5.4±3.4,P=0.025],higher anti-cardiolipin antibody(ACL)[8.7(3.5-13.2)vs 3.6(2.0-6.9),P=0.035],and higher proportion of patients with cutaneous eruption[42.9%vs 6.9%,P=0.015]than non-DED group.According to multiple-factor binary logistic regression analysis,the SLEDAI-2K score(OR=1.194,P=0.041)and cutaneous eruption(OR=7.094,P=0.045)could be consider as risk factors for DED in SLE patients.The ROC curve of the combined factors including age,disease duration,SLEDAI-2K score,ACL,and cutaneous eruption was analyzed,with a sensitivity of 0.786,a specificity of 0.793,and an area under curve of 0.820.CONCLUSION:Ocular surface affection is frequent in SLE patients,and patients with high disease activity and cutaneous eruption show increased risk of DED.

Analyze interleukin-1β,interleukin-6,and tumor necrosis factor-αlevels in dry eye and the therapeutic effect of cyclosporine A

BACKGROUND Dry eye is a common eye disease.Artificial tears supplements are widely used for the treatment of dry eyes.However,multiple adverse effects have been observed in patients receiving long-term treatment with artificial tears,which may affect the therapeutic effect.AIM To analyze the characteristics of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6),and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)levels in patients with dry eye and the therapeutic effect of artificial tears combined with cyclosporine A.METHODS A total of 124 dry eye patients treated at The First People’s Hospital of Xining from April 2020 to April 2022 were selected as the observation group,while 20 healthy individuals served as the control group during the same period.Levels of inflammatory markers,including IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-α,were analyzed.The observation group was further divided into a study group and a control group,each consisting of 62 patients.The control group received artificial tears,whereas the study group received a combination of artificial tears and cyclosporine A.Inflammatory markers,Schirmer’s test(SIT),tear break-up time(TBUT),corneal fluorescein staining(CFS),National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25(NEI-VFQ-25)scores,and adverse events(AEs)were compared between the two groups.RESULTS The observation group exhibited significantly elevated serum levels of IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αin comparison to the healthy group.Following treatment,the study group demonstrated substantial reductions in IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αlevels relative to the control group.Moreover,after treatment,the study group experienced a marked decrease in CFS scores and significant increases in both SIT and BUT levels when compared to the control group.Additionally,significant improvements were observed in the primary symptom of dry eye and secondary symptoms such as photophobia,foreign body sensation,fatigue,red eye,and burning sensation within the study group.Furthermore,post-treatment NEI-VFQ-25 scores across all dimensions exhibited significant enhancements in the study group compared to the control group(P<0.05).It is noteworthy that significant AEs were reported in both groups throughout the treatment period.CONCLUSION Cyclosporine A combined with artificial tears is effective in treating dry eye,yielding enhanced outcomes by improving SIT and TBUT levels,reducing CFS scores,and ameliorating vision-related quality of life.

Efficacy of recombinant human epidermal growth factor plus sodium hyaluronate eye drops in diabetic dry eye post-cataract surgery

BACKGROUND Dry eye syndrome(DES)after diabetic cataract surgery can seriously affect the patient’s quality of life.Therefore,effective alleviation of symptoms in patients with this disease has important clinical significance.AIM To explore the clinical effect of recombinant human epidermal growth factor(rhEGF)plus sodium hyaluronate(SH)eye drops on DES after cataract surgery in patients with diabetes.METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 82 patients with diabetes who experienced DES after cataract surgery at Tianjin Beichen Hospital,Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University between April 2021 and April 2023.They were classified into an observation group(42 cases,rhEGF+SH eye drops)and a control group(40 cases,SH eye drops alone),depending on the different treatment schemes.The therapeutic efficacy,dry eye symptom score,tear film breakup time(TFBUT),basic tear secretion score[assessed using Schirmer I test(SIt)],corneal fluorescein staining(FL)score,tear inflammatory markers,adverse reactions during treat-ment,and treatment satisfaction were compared between the two groups.RESULTS Therapeutic efficacy was higher in the observation group compared with the control group.Both groups showed improved TFBUT and dry eye,as well as improved SIt and FL scores after treatment,with a more pronounced improvement in the observation group.Although no marked differences in adverse reactions were observed between the two groups,treatment satisfaction was higher in the observation group.CONCLUSION rhEGF+SH eye drops rendered clinical benefits to patients by effectively ameliorating dry eye and visual impairment with favorable efficacy,fewer adverse reactions,and high safety levels.Thus,this treatment should be promoted in clinical practice.

Effect of the traditional Chinese medicine fumigation combined with the meibomian gland squeezer for treatment of dry eye associated with meibomian gland dysfunction

Background:To observe the effect of traditional Chinese medicine fumigation combined with the meibomian gland squeezer for the treatment of dry eye associated with meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD).Methods:This is a randomized,controlled,non-masked,single-center study.Seventy-four cases(74 eyes)of dry eye associated with MGD were randomly divided into two groups.Thirty-seven patients were chosen as the treatment group was treated by the traditional Chinese medicine fumigation 3 times a week combined with the meibomian gland squeezer once a week for one month.The other 37 cases were sorted as the control group and only treated with the meibomian gland squeezer once a week for one month.Both groups received the primary treatment for 1 month,including Tobradex eye ointment once a day and 0.1%sodium hyaluronate eye drops 4-6 times daily.Patients were evaluated at baseline and 2-week and 1-month visits for the ocular symptom scores,international ocular surface disease index(OSDI),fluorescein tear break-up time(TBUT),corneal fluorescein staining test(CFS),Schirmer I test,meibum quality and meibum expressibility.Results:Sixty-seven patients were followed in the study,and the mean age was 57(±12.6)years.Thirty-three patients(11 males)in the treatment group and 34 patients(8 males)in the control group were followed in the study,and the mean age of the two groups was 45.36±15.02 years and 43.68±13.43 years,respectively.Before treatment,there was no significant difference between the two groups in gender,age,ocular symptom scores,OSDI,TBUT,CFS,Schirmer I test,meibum quality,and meibum expressibility(P>0.05).Compared with baseline,the 2 groups had different degrees of improvement in the ocular symptom scores,OSDI,TBUT,CFS,meibum quality,and meibum expressibility at the 2-week and 1-month visits(P<0.05),and the treatment group showed a more significant improvement in the ocular symptom scores,OSDI,TBUT,CFS,meibum quality and meibum expressibility compared with the control group(P<0.05).In addition,no serious adverse events were observed in each group.Conclusions:The traditional Chinese medicine fumigation combined with the meibomian gland squeezer may be safe,effective,and helpful for the treatment of dry eye associated with MGD.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Dry Eyes Syndrome in Glaucomatous Patients on Anti-Glaucoma Eye Drops Followed up at the Garoua Regional Hospital-Northern Cameroon

Background: Dry eye and glaucoma are two common pathologies in the elderly, and are very often associated. This association suggests a link between them and between their treatments. Our purpose for this study is to determine the prevalence of dry eye in our glaucoma patients treated with eye drops and deduce the factors associated with it. Patients and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, analytical study from October 2022 to September 2023 in the ophthalmology department of Garoua Regional Hospital in glaucoma patients aged over 15 years able to answer the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaires and treated with antiglaucoma eye drops for more than 3 months. These patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination and a tear film break-up time test. Results: A total of 73 patients (146 eyes) were examined. The average age of the patients was 47.2 ± 16.5 years, with a male predominance of 54.8%. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome in our patients according to the OSDI score was 56.2% (95% CI) (44.8;67.6). The prevalence of dry eye syndrome on clinical examination of the BUT in the right eye was 83.7% (95% CI) (75.1;92.1) and 79.4% (70.2;88.7) in the left eye. The duration of antiglaucoma treatment was the factor associated with dry eye syndrome (p < 0.05) in glaucoma patients in our setting. Conclusion: Dry Eye Syndrome is common in glaucoma patients on drops in our setting. Treatment duration of more than 1 year seems to be associated with dry eyes.

Clinical Observation of Recombinant Bovine Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Eye Gel Combined with Tobramycin Dexamethasone Eye Drops in the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients after Cataract Surgery

Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor(rbFGF)eye gel combined with tobramycin-dexamethasone(TOB-Dex)eye drops on dry eye syndrome(DES)after cataract surgery.Methods:86 patients with DES after cataract surgery,admitted from November 2021 to November 2023,were randomly divided into groups.The observation group included 43 patients treated with rbFGF eye gel combined with TOB-Dex eye drops.The reference group included 43 patients treated with TOB-Dex eye drops alone.Multiple indicators,including total effective rate and clinical symptom scores,were compared between the two groups.Results:The total effective rate in the observation group was higher than in the reference group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there were no differences in clinical symptom scores,serum factors,or disease severity scores between the two groups(P>0.05).Three weeks after treatment,the observation group had lower clinical symptom scores,serum factors,and disease severity scores compared to the reference group(P<0.05).The adverse reaction rate in the observation group was lower than in the reference group(P<0.05).Conclusion:rbFGF eye gel combined with TOB-Dex eye drops can improve the clinical efficacy for patients with DES after cataract surgery,alleviate disease symptoms,reduce inflammatory responses,and have fewer adverse reactions.

Factors influencing subjective symptoms in dry eye disease

AIM: To retrospectively investigate the association between dry eye symptoms and clinical or in vivo confocal microscopy parameters in patients with dry eye disease(DED), and to compare these parameters between eyes with DED and normal subjects.METHODS: This retrospective, cross-sectional, controlled study comprised 25 consecutive patients with non-Sj?gren dry eye disease and age-and sex-matched 25 healthy subjects. Each patient underwent a complete examination of the ocular surface in the following order: tear osmolarity measurements, InflammaDry test, tear break-up time, corneal fluorescein staining, Schirmer I test, subjective symptoms questionnaire using the dry eye-related qualityof-life score(DEQS), and in vivo confocal microscopy analysis of the central cornea. Beck depression inventory(BDI) as depressive scale and history of medications and smoking were also evaluated. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to assess the factors affecting the DEQS.RESULTS: In univariate analysis, DEQS was associated with tear break-up time(ρ=-0.48, P=0.01), oral medications, such as hypotensive drug(ρ=0.56, P=0.004) and antidepressant(ρ=0.57, P=0.003), and BDI(ρ=0.61, P=0.001) in patients with DED. In multiple regression analysis, explanatory variables relevant to the DEQS were the anti-depressant medications(P=0.04, partial regression coefficient B=21.04) and BDI(P=0.02, B=0.76, adjusted R2=0.54) in these patients. CONCLUSION: Our study shows a significant association between depression and dry eye symptoms. It suggests that dry eye symptoms associate with higher depressive symptoms and its medications, although our patients were not followed longitudinally.

Effects of extract of Buddleja officinalis on partial inflammation of lacrimal gland in castrated rabbits with dry eye

AIMTo assess the effects of extract of Buddleja officinalis on tear secretion volume, tear film stability, expressions of TGF-β1, IL-1β, TNF-α in lacrimal gland of castrated rabbits with dry eye.

A randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in dry eye syndrome

AIM:To evaluate the role of dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in dry eye syndrome.METHODS:A prospective,interventional,placebo controlled,double blind randomized trial was done at two referral eye centers.Two hundred and sixty-four eyes of patients with dry eye were randomized to receive one capsule(500mg)two times a day containing 325mg EPA and 175mg DHA for 3 months(omega-3 group).The omega-3 group was compared to a group of patients(n=254)who received a placebo(placebo group).There were 4 patient visits(at baseline,1 month,2 months and3 months).On each visit,recording of corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA),slit lamp examination and questionnaire based symptom evaluation and scoring was done.A symptomatic score of 0-6 was mild,6.1-12moderate and 12.1-18 severe dry eye.Response to intervention was monitored by routine tear function tests like Schirmer I test,tear film break-up time(TBUT),Rose Bengal staining and most notably,conjunctival impression cytology.RESULTS:Sixty-five percent of patients in the omega-3group and 33%of patients in placebo group had significant improvement in symptoms at 3 months(P=0.005).There was a significant change in both Schirmer’s test value and TBUT values in the omega-3group(P【0.001),both comparisons.However,there was a larger drift in TBUT values in omega-3 than the placebo group,in comparison to Schirmer’s test values.The mean TBUT score was 2.54±2.34 in the omega-3group and 0.13±0.16 in placebo group,respectively.The mean reduction in symptom score in omega-3 group was 2.02±0.96 as compared to 0.48±0.22 in placebogroup(P【0.001).Despite a slight increase mean score,the Schirmer scores did not correlate well with symptomatic improvement.CONCLUSION:Omega-3 fatty acids have a definite role for dry eye syndrome.The benefit seems to be more marked in conditions such as blepharitis and meibomian gland disease.The role of omega fatty acids in tear production and secretion needs further evaluation.

Inflammation and dry eye disease——where are we?

The presence of inflammation in dry eye disease(DED)results in increased patient symptomatology,ocular surface damage and worsening tear dysfunction.It also affects the health of meibomian glands and their secretions which further aggravates ocular surface disease.This article reviews current knowledge regarding ocular surface inflammation in DED and explores the relationships between the vicious cycles of DED,inflammation and meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD).The clinical evaluation of eyes with such changes,markers that identify the presence of inflammation on the ocular surface and current treatment options are discussed.

Dry eye and corneal sensitivity after small incision lenticule extraction and femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis:a Meta-analysis

AIM：To assess the corneal sensitivity and the incidences of dry eye after small incision lenticule extraction（SMILE） and femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis（FSLASIK）.METHODS：The Meta-analysis was performed using Rev Man 5.3.We searched on Pub Med from inception to March 2016.Summary weighted mean difference（WMD） and 95% confidence intervals（CIs） were used to analyze the datum.Random-effects or fixed-effects models were chosen up to between-study heterogeneity.The main outcomes were composed of the Ocular Surface Disease Index（OSDI） scores,tear film break-up time（TBUT）,Schirmer Test and corneal sensitivity.RESULTS：Eight eligible studies including 772 eyes（386 in SMILE group and 386 in FS-LASIK group） were identified.The parameters have no significiant difference heterogeneity between SMILE and FS-LASIK group preoperatively.There were significant differences between the two groups in OSDI scores at one and three months postoperatively,in TBUT at one and three months postoperatively,in corneal sensitivity at one week,about one month and three months postoperatively.However,there was no significant difference observed in Schirmer Test at the follow-up periods.CONCLUSION：Compare to FS-LASIK,dry eye and the corneal sensitivity recover better in the SMILE group,in first three months after the surgery.