Impact of COVID-19 on G20 countries:analysis of economic recession using data mining approaches

The G20 countries are the locomotives of economic growth,representing 64%of the global population and including 4.7 billion inhabitants.As a monetary and market value index,real gross domestic product(GDP)is affected by several factors and reflects the economic development of countries.This study aimed to reveal the hidden economic patterns of G20 countries,study the complexity of related economic factors,and analyze the economic reactions taken by policymakers during the coronavirus disease of 2019(COVID-19)pandemic recession(2019–2020).In this respect,this study employed data-mining techniques of nonparametric classification tree and hierarchical clustering approaches to consider factors such as GDP/capita,industrial production,government spending,COVID-19 cases/population,patient recovery,COVID-19 death cases,number of hospital beds/1000 people,and percentage of the vaccinated population to identify clusters for G20 countries.The clustering approach can help policymakers measure economic indices in terms of the factors considered to identify the specific focus of influences on economic development.The results exhibited significant findings for the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on G20 countries,splitting them into three clusters by sharing different measurements and patterns(harmonies and variances across G20 countries).A comprehensive statistical analysis was performed to analyze endogenous and exogenous factors.Similarly,the classification and regression tree method was applied to predict the associations between the response and independent factors to split the G-20 countries into different groups and analyze the economic recession.Variables such as GDP per capita and patient recovery of COVID-19 cases with values of$12,012 and 82.8%,respectively,were the most significant factors for clustering the G20 countries,with a correlation coefficient(R2)of 91.8%.The results and findings offer some crucial recommendations to handle pandemics in terms of the suggested economic systems by identifying the challenges that the G20 countries have experienced.

An Analysis of the COVID-19 Consequences on the Uncertainty Socio-economic Indicators of Sub-Saharan Africa

This study aims to investigate the main sectors of economic development before and the current situation of COVID-19 for Sub-Saharan African countries by demonstrating country experiences,the role of vaccines,and the SSA economy forecast.The study has four main sections,including an introduction,an overview of socioeconomic indicators before the pandemic,methods,results findings,and discussion.The study used mixed methods,including an approach based on secondary data.The quantitative results were analysed using both empirical methods and the researcher’s prior expertise.The analysis of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on SSA countries was based on long-term data collected by several international financial institutions.The research findings demonstrated conclusively that COVID-19 is causing the collapse of the SSA economy,the first economic recession in 25 years,$37-79 billion in lost GDP by 2020,and an export decrease of 10.6%.In education,for example,64%of primary and 50%of secondary students lack ICT training,89%(216 million)do not have access to a home computer,and 82%(199 million)do not have an Internet connection missed classes during the COVID-19 period.The agricultural sector in SSA is also impacted by over 239 million hungry people.COVID-19 mass vaccinations and public debt amount to over$154 billion in obligations to get the SSA economy back on its feet with zero tolerance for embezzlement of public funds.These results can be used to make the economies of SSA countries resilient to the current crises and to address some thematic issues,such as the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area(AfCFTA)in all SSA countries,which will save time and money by getting rid of border taxes.Therefore,policymakers can use the findings to begin formulating plans to address issues like economic development,education,and food insecurity.

Impact of socioeconomic and health-related factors on consumption of homeopathic and natural remedies in Spain in 2006, 2011 and 2017

Objective: Complementary and alternative medicine use and type of use may be influenced by sociodemographic and economic determinants through which we could identify characteristics of patients with greater trend to use it. This paper aims to describe the changes in the consumption of homeopathic and natural remedies in Spain for three time points in order to discern changes in rate of consumption, associated factors and whether their use has been affected by a period of economic recession.Methods: This study utilized 2006, 2011 and 2017 cross-sectional data from the Spanish National Health Survey, a nationally representative survey of the population aged more than 15 years old and resident in Spain. Independent bivariate and multivariate descriptive analyses for each of the 3 years studied were performed.Results: The rate of consumption of both homeopathic and natural remedies has decreased over the periods studied. In spite of this decrease, the consumer profile appears to remain stable over the three periods. The sociodemographic factors associated with their consumption were being female, being 30–64 years old, being separated/divorced, having higher education qualifications, being employed and belonging to a higher social class. Psychiatric morbidity, chronic health problems such as pain, mental health problems or malignant tumors, and absence of major cardiovascular events were the clinical factors associated.Conclusion: It can be concluded that beyond the economic situation, the use of homeopathic and natural remedies obeys to the needs of the patients related to their state of health and the response they receive from the health system. It may be that women have different needs and expectations of the healthcare system and, given this breach of expectations, seek remedy to alleviate their needs outside the system and conventional medicine.