Hoyle and Narlikar (HN) in the 1960’s [1] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400310031003900330036003000340034000000 -[3] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E00...Hoyle and Narlikar (HN) in the 1960’s [1] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400310031003900330036003000340034000000 -[3] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400310031003900330036003000340037000000 developed a theory of gravitation which was completely Machian and used both retarded and advanced waves to communicate gravitational influence between particles. The advanced waves, which travel backward in time, are difficult to visualize and although they are mathematically allowed by relativistic wave equations, they never really caught on. The HN theory reduced to Einstein’s theory of gravity in the smooth fluid approximation and a transformation into the rest frame of the fluid. Hawking [4] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400310031003900330036003000350030000000 in 1965 pointed out a possible flaw in the theory. This involved integrating out into the distant future to account for all the advanced waves which might influence the mass of a particle here and now. Hawking used infinity as his upper time limit and showed the integral was divergent. We point out that since the universe is known to be expanding, and accelerating, the upper limit in the advanced wave time integral should not be infinite but is bounded by the Cosmic Event Horizon. This event horizon He represents a barrier between future events that can be observed and those which cannot. We show that the advanced wave integral is finite when He/C, is used as the upper limit of the advanced wave integral. Hawking’s objection is no longer valid and the HN theory becomes a working theory once again.展开更多
Inertia is one of the most mysterious forces of nature. Its physical nature is unknown. Accordingly, attempts are made to avoid this “dark force” in one way or another. In Newton’s mechanics and in the special rela...Inertia is one of the most mysterious forces of nature. Its physical nature is unknown. Accordingly, attempts are made to avoid this “dark force” in one way or another. In Newton’s mechanics and in the special relativity theory, this is done by postulating inertial reference frame, in the general relativity theory by postulating the equivalence principle. Postulates cannot change the laws of nature. One needs to know the latter. Given that the forces of inertia result in non-inertial reference frames only, a hypothesis of the induction nature of inertia has been made. According to this hypothesis, the forces of inertia result as the reaction of a body to external influence. A system of equations explaining the physical nature of inertia and its connection to gravity has been drafted. A group of coordinate conversion has been suggested, which without violating the general covariance of the laws of nature, enables to distinguish one reference frame associated with one body from another system associated with another body, to determine the privileged ones, and to take into consideration their influence on the readings of measurement instruments. A modified mechanics had been created. It takes into consideration the Mach’s principle and enables to cover all systems with the relativity principle. All of the relativistic effects arise from it. The reasons for emergence of new particles, dark matter, dark energy etc. are explained. New effects are predicted.展开更多
Although General Relativity is the classic example of a physical theory based on differential geometry, the momentum tensor is the only part of the field equation that is not derived from or interpreted with different...Although General Relativity is the classic example of a physical theory based on differential geometry, the momentum tensor is the only part of the field equation that is not derived from or interpreted with differential geometry. This work extends General Relativity and Einstein-Cartan theory by augmenting the Poincaré group with projective (special) conformal transformations, which are translations at conformal infinity. Momentum becomes a part of the differential geometry of spacetime. The Lie algebra of these transformations is represented by vectorfields on an associated Minkowski fiber space. Variation of projective conformal scalar curvature generates a 2-index tensor that serves as linear momentum in the field equations of General Relativity. The computation yields a constructive realization of Mach’s principle: local inertia is determined by local motion relative to mass at conformal infinity in each fiber. The vectorfields have a cellular structure that is similar to that of turbulent fluids.展开更多
According to Einstein, General Relativity contains the essence of Mach’s ideas. Mach’s principle can be summarized by stating that the inertia of a body is determined by the rest of the mass-energy content of the un...According to Einstein, General Relativity contains the essence of Mach’s ideas. Mach’s principle can be summarized by stating that the inertia of a body is determined by the rest of the mass-energy content of the universe. Inertia here arises from mass-energy there. The latter, was a statement made by John Wheeler in his 1995 book, Gravitation and Inertia, coauthored by Ciufolini. Einstein believed that to be fully Machian, gravity would need a radiative component, an action-at-a-distance character, so that gravitational influences on a body from far away could be felt immediately. In 1960’s, Hoyle and Narlikar (HN) developed such a theory which was a gravitational version of the Absorber theory derived by Wheeler-Feynman for classical electrodynamics and later expanded upon by Davies and Narlikar for quantum electrodynamics. The HN-field equation has the same type of mass fluctuation terms as in the Woodward Mach effect thruster theory. The force equation, used to predict the thrust in our device, can be derived from the mass fluctuation. We outline a new method for deriving the force equation. We present new experimental tests of the thruster to show that the thrust seen in our device is not due to either heating or Dean Drive effects. Successful replications have been performed by groups in Austria and Canada, but their work is still pending in the peer review literature.展开更多
A derivation of the centrifugal force from an effective vector formulation of gravitation is attempted. The centrifugal force appears to be due to a relativistic effect of the counter-rotating Universe. Gravitomagneti...A derivation of the centrifugal force from an effective vector formulation of gravitation is attempted. The centrifugal force appears to be due to a relativistic effect of the counter-rotating Universe. Gravitomagnetic energy effects, a mil-lion times stronger than the self-energy effects responsible for curvature in the GR language, would thus produce the centrifugal acceleration. The Machian picture, already successful in the case of the Coriolis force, gets an additional circumstantial support.展开更多
A new approach of the matter waves concept initiated by Louis de Broglie leads to a new model – the vacuum matter waves. By using the physics of time dilation, one can calculate a gravitational cutoff frequency, with...A new approach of the matter waves concept initiated by Louis de Broglie leads to a new model – the vacuum matter waves. By using the physics of time dilation, one can calculate a gravitational cutoff frequency, with respect to the spectrum of vacuum fluctuations, which is the upper bound of the frequency range of this new model. We described the properties of these new waves and outlined the connection between them and the dimensions at Planck length level. The calculation of velocity in circular orbits by using this new concept complies with the well-known equation. One of its consequences is that the structure of the physical vacuum is modified on the radial direction with the gravity source, but not modified on its tangential direction. This study places the space-time structure from sub-quantum level into a new light and makes the connection between this level and that of the planetary systems.展开更多
Based on the Mach’s principle, black holes warp the space time in a way that geodesic for every object which is moving toward black hole starts to bend and object starts to rotate around the black hole. Even light ca...Based on the Mach’s principle, black holes warp the space time in a way that geodesic for every object which is moving toward black hole starts to bend and object starts to rotate around the black hole. Even light cannot be able to escape from the strong gravitational field of black hole and all the light like paths will warp so as to fall farther to the hole. Before arriving to the Schwarzschild’s Sphere, object faces with length extension because of the difference between amount of tidal forces on the nearest and furthest points of object that take the object apart and after passing the Schwarzschild’s sphere, based on the Special relativity of Einstein, the parts of object face with length contraction. In comparison between strange stars and black holes we conclude that core of strange stars has a temperature and pressure not sufficient for up and down quarks and they turn into strange ones. However, in core of black holes, because of massive stars and hot gases falling into it, they are always in a high temperature and pressure. So they can be made up of up and down quarks. At the Ergo sphere Region of black hole, a particle that gets into it will divide into 2 pieces, one of them falls into the black hole and another gets out of the Schwarzschild sphere very fast and it’s called the black hole radiation. According to the Diagram drawn by R. Rafini and J. Weeler, an object gets out of white hole in past space-time, it can be able to send signals to us and we can receive it but black hole which is located in future space-time, after object enters to the Schwarzschild’s Sphere, the signals it sends won’t be received. In order to reach the third space-time which is like a mirror to our universe, our speed needs to exceed the speed of light to pass the Einstein-Rosen Bridge. As a conclusion, structure of black holes can be made up of up and down quarks and everything falls into the black hole, collapses and turns into a bunch of quarks. Space-time around black holes, based on Rafini-Weeler diagram, is like a frontier between our space-time and other space-times. So it can be possible to reach past space-time and other space-times.展开更多
Relativity theory formulation is proposed, based not on the axiomatic postulation of its main principles but on their inference out of a thought experiment. With this approach, the experimentally observed independence...Relativity theory formulation is proposed, based not on the axiomatic postulation of its main principles but on their inference out of a thought experiment. With this approach, the experimentally observed independence of the speed of light from the motion of source and observer is a necessary consequence of the finiteness of propagation speed of all kinds of information. The mechanism of relativistic effects origination is described;the formulas of Lorentz transformations, Doppler quadratic effect, electromagnetic interaction and centrifugal force of inertia are derived.展开更多
文摘Hoyle and Narlikar (HN) in the 1960’s [1] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400310031003900330036003000340034000000 -[3] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400310031003900330036003000340037000000 developed a theory of gravitation which was completely Machian and used both retarded and advanced waves to communicate gravitational influence between particles. The advanced waves, which travel backward in time, are difficult to visualize and although they are mathematically allowed by relativistic wave equations, they never really caught on. The HN theory reduced to Einstein’s theory of gravity in the smooth fluid approximation and a transformation into the rest frame of the fluid. Hawking [4] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400310031003900330036003000350030000000 in 1965 pointed out a possible flaw in the theory. This involved integrating out into the distant future to account for all the advanced waves which might influence the mass of a particle here and now. Hawking used infinity as his upper time limit and showed the integral was divergent. We point out that since the universe is known to be expanding, and accelerating, the upper limit in the advanced wave time integral should not be infinite but is bounded by the Cosmic Event Horizon. This event horizon He represents a barrier between future events that can be observed and those which cannot. We show that the advanced wave integral is finite when He/C, is used as the upper limit of the advanced wave integral. Hawking’s objection is no longer valid and the HN theory becomes a working theory once again.
文摘Inertia is one of the most mysterious forces of nature. Its physical nature is unknown. Accordingly, attempts are made to avoid this “dark force” in one way or another. In Newton’s mechanics and in the special relativity theory, this is done by postulating inertial reference frame, in the general relativity theory by postulating the equivalence principle. Postulates cannot change the laws of nature. One needs to know the latter. Given that the forces of inertia result in non-inertial reference frames only, a hypothesis of the induction nature of inertia has been made. According to this hypothesis, the forces of inertia result as the reaction of a body to external influence. A system of equations explaining the physical nature of inertia and its connection to gravity has been drafted. A group of coordinate conversion has been suggested, which without violating the general covariance of the laws of nature, enables to distinguish one reference frame associated with one body from another system associated with another body, to determine the privileged ones, and to take into consideration their influence on the readings of measurement instruments. A modified mechanics had been created. It takes into consideration the Mach’s principle and enables to cover all systems with the relativity principle. All of the relativistic effects arise from it. The reasons for emergence of new particles, dark matter, dark energy etc. are explained. New effects are predicted.
文摘Although General Relativity is the classic example of a physical theory based on differential geometry, the momentum tensor is the only part of the field equation that is not derived from or interpreted with differential geometry. This work extends General Relativity and Einstein-Cartan theory by augmenting the Poincaré group with projective (special) conformal transformations, which are translations at conformal infinity. Momentum becomes a part of the differential geometry of spacetime. The Lie algebra of these transformations is represented by vectorfields on an associated Minkowski fiber space. Variation of projective conformal scalar curvature generates a 2-index tensor that serves as linear momentum in the field equations of General Relativity. The computation yields a constructive realization of Mach’s principle: local inertia is determined by local motion relative to mass at conformal infinity in each fiber. The vectorfields have a cellular structure that is similar to that of turbulent fluids.
文摘According to Einstein, General Relativity contains the essence of Mach’s ideas. Mach’s principle can be summarized by stating that the inertia of a body is determined by the rest of the mass-energy content of the universe. Inertia here arises from mass-energy there. The latter, was a statement made by John Wheeler in his 1995 book, Gravitation and Inertia, coauthored by Ciufolini. Einstein believed that to be fully Machian, gravity would need a radiative component, an action-at-a-distance character, so that gravitational influences on a body from far away could be felt immediately. In 1960’s, Hoyle and Narlikar (HN) developed such a theory which was a gravitational version of the Absorber theory derived by Wheeler-Feynman for classical electrodynamics and later expanded upon by Davies and Narlikar for quantum electrodynamics. The HN-field equation has the same type of mass fluctuation terms as in the Woodward Mach effect thruster theory. The force equation, used to predict the thrust in our device, can be derived from the mass fluctuation. We outline a new method for deriving the force equation. We present new experimental tests of the thruster to show that the thrust seen in our device is not due to either heating or Dean Drive effects. Successful replications have been performed by groups in Austria and Canada, but their work is still pending in the peer review literature.
文摘A derivation of the centrifugal force from an effective vector formulation of gravitation is attempted. The centrifugal force appears to be due to a relativistic effect of the counter-rotating Universe. Gravitomagnetic energy effects, a mil-lion times stronger than the self-energy effects responsible for curvature in the GR language, would thus produce the centrifugal acceleration. The Machian picture, already successful in the case of the Coriolis force, gets an additional circumstantial support.
文摘A new approach of the matter waves concept initiated by Louis de Broglie leads to a new model – the vacuum matter waves. By using the physics of time dilation, one can calculate a gravitational cutoff frequency, with respect to the spectrum of vacuum fluctuations, which is the upper bound of the frequency range of this new model. We described the properties of these new waves and outlined the connection between them and the dimensions at Planck length level. The calculation of velocity in circular orbits by using this new concept complies with the well-known equation. One of its consequences is that the structure of the physical vacuum is modified on the radial direction with the gravity source, but not modified on its tangential direction. This study places the space-time structure from sub-quantum level into a new light and makes the connection between this level and that of the planetary systems.
文摘Based on the Mach’s principle, black holes warp the space time in a way that geodesic for every object which is moving toward black hole starts to bend and object starts to rotate around the black hole. Even light cannot be able to escape from the strong gravitational field of black hole and all the light like paths will warp so as to fall farther to the hole. Before arriving to the Schwarzschild’s Sphere, object faces with length extension because of the difference between amount of tidal forces on the nearest and furthest points of object that take the object apart and after passing the Schwarzschild’s sphere, based on the Special relativity of Einstein, the parts of object face with length contraction. In comparison between strange stars and black holes we conclude that core of strange stars has a temperature and pressure not sufficient for up and down quarks and they turn into strange ones. However, in core of black holes, because of massive stars and hot gases falling into it, they are always in a high temperature and pressure. So they can be made up of up and down quarks. At the Ergo sphere Region of black hole, a particle that gets into it will divide into 2 pieces, one of them falls into the black hole and another gets out of the Schwarzschild sphere very fast and it’s called the black hole radiation. According to the Diagram drawn by R. Rafini and J. Weeler, an object gets out of white hole in past space-time, it can be able to send signals to us and we can receive it but black hole which is located in future space-time, after object enters to the Schwarzschild’s Sphere, the signals it sends won’t be received. In order to reach the third space-time which is like a mirror to our universe, our speed needs to exceed the speed of light to pass the Einstein-Rosen Bridge. As a conclusion, structure of black holes can be made up of up and down quarks and everything falls into the black hole, collapses and turns into a bunch of quarks. Space-time around black holes, based on Rafini-Weeler diagram, is like a frontier between our space-time and other space-times. So it can be possible to reach past space-time and other space-times.
文摘Relativity theory formulation is proposed, based not on the axiomatic postulation of its main principles but on their inference out of a thought experiment. With this approach, the experimentally observed independence of the speed of light from the motion of source and observer is a necessary consequence of the finiteness of propagation speed of all kinds of information. The mechanism of relativistic effects origination is described;the formulas of Lorentz transformations, Doppler quadratic effect, electromagnetic interaction and centrifugal force of inertia are derived.
