Free Electrons Compton Scattering Can Produce an Illusion of Expanding Universe

The high-precision measurements of the Hubble parameter make the theory of cosmic expansion more and more confusing, which bolsters the idea that new physics may be needed to explain the mismatch. Astronomical observations show that the Universe is expanding exponentially. Free electron Compton scattering (FEC) can produce the illusion of exponentially expanding Universe: FEC causes photons to redshift exponentially, and the photon beam exponentially expands along the propagation direction. Is this a coincidence? The redshift factor of the FEC is z = (1+z);the beam length stretch factor (time dilation of the supernova curve) of the FEC is z = (1+z);the expansion factor of the beam volume of the FEC is z = (1+z)3, and the FEC effect does not blur the image of distant galaxies. The reason for rejecting the “tired light” does not hold in FEC.

Beginnings:The Possibility of Something From Nothing

The origin of the universe?The origin of free will?The origin of space?Or simply the appearance of something out of nothing,with no causal before,likes a probability that transforms into an unpredictable particle actuality in quantum physics.In short,does better explanation for such questions await us?Or are we hamstrung by our tendency for“cause-and-effect”explanations or“something vs.nothing”ways of forcing the options?This essay explores the notion of beginnings-that is,the possibility of something from nothing.It begins by clarifying how the meaning of such terms is being intended,for example the question of whether the moon if no one sees it qualifies as a nothing,the question of an uncaused something or an effect minus an antecedent of any kind.In short,what does a something-from-nothing entail?And what is a something in the first place,as Heidegger asks in his essay,“What Is a Thing?”Having sketched out notions of“something”and“nothing”,the discussion proceeds to the central question,namely the possibility of a something from nothing.What is something?What is nothing?It may be that we need new categories of understanding for a better answer.This essay suggests such a quest.

The Interplay of Gravity and Lorentz Transformation Collaborating with ChatGPT

This paper presents a short exploration of the phenomena of mass and heat increase, shedding light on the remarkable notion of an expanding universe. Aimed at physicists and mathematicians, this investigation draws on an innovative collaboration with ChatGPT, an AI language model trained using scientific knowledge, to enrich our understanding of these fundamental concepts. By delving into the Gravitational Constant, we unveil compelling evidence for an increase in mass and heat for all celestial objects within an isotropic and homogenous universe as a result of the Lorentz Transformation of mass energy (LTME). Traditionally, LTME has been considered relevant primarily for subatomic particles at high velocities. However, this study posits that LTME is equally applicable to celestial bodies, even at relatively low velocities. The journey commences with an examination of the Gamma Factor in the LTME, illuminating its significance in comprehending the expansion of the cosmos. Ultimately, this paper offers a comprehensive validation of “Expanding Matter” with responses from ChatGPT, illuminating the ever-growing nature of our universe. As physicists, embarking on this journey will lead to new perspectives on the profound mysteries that shape cosmic reality. This pursuit contemplates the possibility of an infinitely energetic universe, where energy metamorphoses into mass through M = E/c2. This interpretation proposes the existence of a Process of Continuously Created Matter, manifesting as an ongoing accretion, augmentation, and expansion, harmonizing with the universe’s ever-expansive nature. The study further incorporates state-of-the-art observational technologies to substantiate its claims, thereby opening new avenues for future research in both theoretical physics and cosmology.

A Space Propulsion Principle Brought about by Locally-Expanded Space

As is well known in cosmology, inflationary universe which shows rapid expansion of space is based on the phase transition of the vacuum exhibited by the Weinberg-Salam model of the electroweak interaction. The vacuum has the property of a phase transition, just like water may become ice and vice versa. This shows that a vacuum possesses a substantial physical structure. The expansion rule of the universe is governed by the Friedmann equations and the Robertson-Walker metric. We explored another possibility of a space propulsion principle where the locally rapid expanding space generates the thrust, using the cosmology. In this paper, space propulsion principle is introduced from another angle （cosmology）, that is, the pressure of the field induced by local expansion of space is completely considered in the propulsion principle.

A Relationship between Dispersion Measure and Redshift Derived in Terms of New Tired Light

New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the average electron number density in intergalactic space and thus test New Tired Light predictions. Here, in an alternative cosmology, the universe is static and redshifts are produced by an interaction between photons and the electrons in the intergalactic medium. In a paper published in summer 2006 New Tired Light (NTL) predicted an average electron number density of n = 0.5 m-3. In 2016 a paper was published reporting that for the first time the DM of a FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy had been found. Using standard physics this confirmed the electron number density as n = 0.5 m-3. The prediction NTL made ten years earlier was proved to be correct. Using this measured electron number density enabled a definitive value of the Hubble constant to be made by New Tired Light and the value is 63 km/s per Mpc which compares well with currently accepted values. Importantly, since in NTL the redshift and dispersion are both due to the electrons in IG space, a relationship between DM’s and redshift can be predicted. NTL predicts that DM and LN(1 + z) will be directly proportional and related by the formula DM = mec/2hre(3.086 × 1022) where me, re are the rest mass and classical radius of the electron, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and h is the plank constant. The numerical term is to change units from pccm-3 to m-2. This reduces to DM = 2380LN(1 + z). Using data from five FRB’s this is tested and a linear relation is seen of the form DM = 1830LN(1 + z). The gradient of the plot from the observed data is within 23% of that predicted by NTL. Recently the Tolman Surface Brightness test has been applied to the HUDF and the results support a static universe whilst the possibility of two differing types of SN Ia whose distribution changes with distances means that tired light models can no longer be ruled out. Using SDF we know the distance to the Atlia galaxy cluster as 1.26 × 1024 m. With the average electron number density of n = 0.5 m-3 found from the Dispersion Measures of the FRB’s, from first principles, New Tired Light gives a calculated predicted redshift of 0.0086. This compares well with the value found spectroscopically of 0.0087—a difference of approximately 1%. It is shown that if the energy transferred to a recoiling electron when a UV photon of wavelength λ = 5 × 10-8 m interacts with it is emitted as a secondary photon that photon will have a wavelength of 2.2 mm— the wavelength at which the CMB curve peaks.

A New Solution for the Friedmann Equations

Assuming a flat universe expanding under a constant pressure and combining the first and the second Friedmann equations, a new equation, describing the evolution of the scale factor, is derived. The equation is a general kinematic equation. It includes all the ingredients composing the universe. An exact closed form solution for this equation is presented. The solution shows remarkable agreement with available observational data for redshifts from a low of z = 0.0152 to as high as z = 8.68. As such, this solution provides an alternative way of describing the expansion of space without involving the controversial dark energy.

Space Drive Propulsion Principle from the Aspect of Cosmology

This paper describes the propulsion principle using the concept of space drive and the pressure of the field induced by local rapid expansion of space based on the latest cosmology. Assuming that space vacuum is an infinite continuum, the propulsion principle utilizes the pressure field derived from the geometrical structure of space, by applying both continuum mechanics and general relativity to space. The propulsive force is a pressure thrust that arises from the interaction of space-time around the spaceship external environment and the spaceship itself; the spaceship is propelled by the pressure used against the space-time structure. As is well known in cosmology, the expansion rule of the universe is governed by the Friedman＇s equations and the Robertson-Walker metric. In this time, the propulsion principle of space drive is introduced from another angle （cosmology）, that is, the pressure of the field induced by local expansion of space is completely considered in the propulsion principle.

Kinemaitcs in spatially flat FLRW spacetimes

The kinematics on spatially flat FLRW spacetimes is presented for the first time in local charts with physical coordinates,i.e.,the cosmic time and proper Cartesian space coordinates of Painlevé-type.It is shown that there exists a conserved momentum that determines the form of the covariant four-momentum on geodesics in terms of physical coordinates.Moreover,with the help of this conserved momentum,the peculiar momentum can be defined,thus separating the peculiar and recessional motions without ambiguity.It is shown that the energy and peculiar momentum satisfy the mass-shell condition of special relativity while the recessional momentum does not produce energy.In this framework,the measurements of the kinetic quantities along geodesics performed by different observers are analyzed,pointing out an energy loss of the massive particles similar to that producing the photon redshift.The examples of the kinematics on the de Sitter expanding universe and a new Milne-type spacetime are extensively analyzed.