An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and cost per gain of indigenous and crossbred （local x Holstein Friesian （L x HF）） bulls under four different improved feed treatments to determine th...An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and cost per gain of indigenous and crossbred （local x Holstein Friesian （L x HF）） bulls under four different improved feed treatments to determine the appropriate ration for economic organic beef production in Bangladesh. Twenty indigenous bulls （average body weight 208.08 ± 13.98 kg） and 20 crossbred （L x l-IF） bulls （average body weight 256.26 ± 26.85 kg） of 24 months age were divided into four equal groups and fed on four diets （T0, T1, T2 and T3） up to 120 d, where To referred to the conventional diet, and T1, T2 and T3 referred as improved organic diets. Required dry matter for individual animal was supplied by roughage and concentrate sources of the ration in the ratio of 2：1. Local grass and paddy straw were supplied to group T0 and T1, Napier grass and straw to group T2, and Napier grass （Pennisetum purpureum）, straw and Ipil-ipil leaf （Leuceana leucucephala） to group Ts as roughage; whereas, the concentrate was supplied as 1.5% of live weight. The results revealed that total dry matter intake （DMI）, total DMI as percent live weight （%LW）, feed conversion ratio （FCR） and average daily gain （ADG） varied significantly （P 〈 0.01） among different treatment groups. Breed also had significant （P 〈 0.01） effect on total DMI, FCR and ADG, but total DMI （%LW） was not affected by breed type. Feed cost expressed as per kg live weight gain （LWG） （BDT/kg LWG; 1USD = 78.95 BDT）, were also affected （P 〈 0.01） by feed treatments and breed type. Indigenous and crossbred bulls fed diet T3 had higher ADG （0.49 kg and 1.17 kg, respectively） and comparatively lower feed costs （156 BDT/kg LWG and 96.78 BDT/kg LWG, respectively）. But crossbred （L × HF） bulls showed the highest ADG （1.17 kg） and the lowest feed cost （96.78 BDT/kg LWG）. Therefore, considering the growth performance and cost per kg gain of the experimental animals, it may be concluded that the crossbred （Lx HF） bulls treated with T3 diet may be used for economic organic beef production in Bangladesh.展开更多
A cross-sectional survey was conducted to establish the utilisation of non-conventional animal waste in multiple livestock species systems. Farmers (150) were selected from four out of ten districts of Central Uganda ...A cross-sectional survey was conducted to establish the utilisation of non-conventional animal waste in multiple livestock species systems. Farmers (150) were selected from four out of ten districts of Central Uganda in Lake Victoria Crescent. A structured questionnaire was used and descriptive analysis showed that over 80% are smallholder farmers on 3.0) years. Household husbands (80%) significantly (P 1.0) as they cause poor livestock health due to pathogens, parasites and toxins which are associated (OD > 1.0) with poor growth, mortality and condemnation of livestock products. The remedy to unsafe non-conventional feeds is to apply effective solar-heating (75%), chemical and ensiling treatment methods. The study showed that there are no significant (P < 0.001) public health risks associated with utilising treated non-conventional feeds instead it improves production and sustainability of multiple livestock species systems.展开更多
Two separate experiments were carried out: the first one involved a study of the chemical and some intrinsic feed characteristics of raw cotton stalk( CS) and the efficiency of chemical,biological treatments on the im...Two separate experiments were carried out: the first one involved a study of the chemical and some intrinsic feed characteristics of raw cotton stalk( CS) and the efficiency of chemical,biological treatments on the improvement of the feed value of CS. CS was treated with chemical treatment by mixing 3% Ca( OH)2( CS + Ca),3% urea( CS + U),3% urea +3% Ca( OH)2( CS + Ca + U). Moreover,CS was treated with biological treatment by inoculation of either Lentinus edodes( CS + Po) or Pleurotus ostreatus( CS + Pl) or crushing CS by adding minor ingredient processed into pellet feed,samples from all treatment were analyzed for the nutrients,In vitro dry matter digestibility( INDMD) and free gossypol detoxification rate. The second investigated was the use of crushed or granulation CS as a test feed followed by voluntary feed intake and preference test with sheep. CS + Ca + U treatment can reach up the CP and IVDMD to 9% and 36%,respectively. CS + Po decreased the fiber component and improved CP content and IVDMD. The free gossypol content declined and the free gossypol detoxification rate reached more than 50%. By feeding sheep under the same level of concentrate and corn silage,the voluntary feed intake and daily weight gain in granulation group is higher than in crushing group( P < 0. 05). Crushing CS by adding minor ingredient processed into a pellet feed was best in terms of improved nutritional quality,feed intake and preference,and it was safe and practical method that can be widely used in sheep production systems,to promote the CS feed utilization in similar areas.展开更多
Control of sludge age and mixed liquid suspended solids concentration in the activated sludge process is critical for ensuring effective wastewater treatment. A nonlinear dynamic model for a step-feed activated sludge...Control of sludge age and mixed liquid suspended solids concentration in the activated sludge process is critical for ensuring effective wastewater treatment. A nonlinear dynamic model for a step-feed activated sludge process was developed in this study. The system is based on the control of the sludge age and mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator of last stage by adjusting the sludge recycle and wastage flow rates respectively. The simulation results showed that the sludge age remained nearly constant at a value of 16 d in the variation of the influent characteristics. The mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator of last stage were also maintained to a desired value of 2500 g/m3 by adjusting wastage flow rates.展开更多
This paper describes the removal of COD and nitrogen from wastewater with modified sequencing batch biofilm reactor. The strategy of simultaneous feeding and draining was explored.The results show that introduction of...This paper describes the removal of COD and nitrogen from wastewater with modified sequencing batch biofilm reactor. The strategy of simultaneous feeding and draining was explored.The results show that introduction of a new batch of wastewater and withdrawal of the purified water can be conducted simultaneously with the maximum volumetric exchange rate of about 70%.Application of this feeding and draining mode leads to the reduction of the cycle time, the increase of the utilization of the reactor volume and the simplification of the reactor structure. The treatment of a synthetic wastewater containing COD and nitrogen was investigated. The operation mode of F(D) O ( i.e ., simultaneous feeding and draining followed by the aerobic condition) was adopted. It was found that COD was degraded very fast in the initial reaction period of time, then reduced slowly and the ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentrations decreased and increased with time respectively, while the nitrite nitrogen level increased first and then reduced. The relationship between the COD or ammonia nitrogen loading and its removal rate was examined, and the removal of COD, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen could exceed 95%, 90% and 80% respectively. The fact that nitrogen could be removed more completely under constant aeration (aerobic condition) of the SBBR operation mode is very interesting and could be explained in several respects.展开更多
文摘An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and cost per gain of indigenous and crossbred （local x Holstein Friesian （L x HF）） bulls under four different improved feed treatments to determine the appropriate ration for economic organic beef production in Bangladesh. Twenty indigenous bulls （average body weight 208.08 ± 13.98 kg） and 20 crossbred （L x l-IF） bulls （average body weight 256.26 ± 26.85 kg） of 24 months age were divided into four equal groups and fed on four diets （T0, T1, T2 and T3） up to 120 d, where To referred to the conventional diet, and T1, T2 and T3 referred as improved organic diets. Required dry matter for individual animal was supplied by roughage and concentrate sources of the ration in the ratio of 2：1. Local grass and paddy straw were supplied to group T0 and T1, Napier grass and straw to group T2, and Napier grass （Pennisetum purpureum）, straw and Ipil-ipil leaf （Leuceana leucucephala） to group Ts as roughage; whereas, the concentrate was supplied as 1.5% of live weight. The results revealed that total dry matter intake （DMI）, total DMI as percent live weight （%LW）, feed conversion ratio （FCR） and average daily gain （ADG） varied significantly （P 〈 0.01） among different treatment groups. Breed also had significant （P 〈 0.01） effect on total DMI, FCR and ADG, but total DMI （%LW） was not affected by breed type. Feed cost expressed as per kg live weight gain （LWG） （BDT/kg LWG; 1USD = 78.95 BDT）, were also affected （P 〈 0.01） by feed treatments and breed type. Indigenous and crossbred bulls fed diet T3 had higher ADG （0.49 kg and 1.17 kg, respectively） and comparatively lower feed costs （156 BDT/kg LWG and 96.78 BDT/kg LWG, respectively）. But crossbred （L × HF） bulls showed the highest ADG （1.17 kg） and the lowest feed cost （96.78 BDT/kg LWG）. Therefore, considering the growth performance and cost per kg gain of the experimental animals, it may be concluded that the crossbred （Lx HF） bulls treated with T3 diet may be used for economic organic beef production in Bangladesh.
文摘A cross-sectional survey was conducted to establish the utilisation of non-conventional animal waste in multiple livestock species systems. Farmers (150) were selected from four out of ten districts of Central Uganda in Lake Victoria Crescent. A structured questionnaire was used and descriptive analysis showed that over 80% are smallholder farmers on 3.0) years. Household husbands (80%) significantly (P 1.0) as they cause poor livestock health due to pathogens, parasites and toxins which are associated (OD > 1.0) with poor growth, mortality and condemnation of livestock products. The remedy to unsafe non-conventional feeds is to apply effective solar-heating (75%), chemical and ensiling treatment methods. The study showed that there are no significant (P < 0.001) public health risks associated with utilising treated non-conventional feeds instead it improves production and sustainability of multiple livestock species systems.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31360565)
文摘Two separate experiments were carried out: the first one involved a study of the chemical and some intrinsic feed characteristics of raw cotton stalk( CS) and the efficiency of chemical,biological treatments on the improvement of the feed value of CS. CS was treated with chemical treatment by mixing 3% Ca( OH)2( CS + Ca),3% urea( CS + U),3% urea +3% Ca( OH)2( CS + Ca + U). Moreover,CS was treated with biological treatment by inoculation of either Lentinus edodes( CS + Po) or Pleurotus ostreatus( CS + Pl) or crushing CS by adding minor ingredient processed into pellet feed,samples from all treatment were analyzed for the nutrients,In vitro dry matter digestibility( INDMD) and free gossypol detoxification rate. The second investigated was the use of crushed or granulation CS as a test feed followed by voluntary feed intake and preference test with sheep. CS + Ca + U treatment can reach up the CP and IVDMD to 9% and 36%,respectively. CS + Po decreased the fiber component and improved CP content and IVDMD. The free gossypol content declined and the free gossypol detoxification rate reached more than 50%. By feeding sheep under the same level of concentrate and corn silage,the voluntary feed intake and daily weight gain in granulation group is higher than in crushing group( P < 0. 05). Crushing CS by adding minor ingredient processed into a pellet feed was best in terms of improved nutritional quality,feed intake and preference,and it was safe and practical method that can be widely used in sheep production systems,to promote the CS feed utilization in similar areas.
基金The National Hi Tech Development Program (863) of China(No.2003AA601110) and the National Natural Science Foundation Key Item of China(No.50138010)
文摘Control of sludge age and mixed liquid suspended solids concentration in the activated sludge process is critical for ensuring effective wastewater treatment. A nonlinear dynamic model for a step-feed activated sludge process was developed in this study. The system is based on the control of the sludge age and mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator of last stage by adjusting the sludge recycle and wastage flow rates respectively. The simulation results showed that the sludge age remained nearly constant at a value of 16 d in the variation of the influent characteristics. The mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator of last stage were also maintained to a desired value of 2500 g/m3 by adjusting wastage flow rates.
文摘This paper describes the removal of COD and nitrogen from wastewater with modified sequencing batch biofilm reactor. The strategy of simultaneous feeding and draining was explored.The results show that introduction of a new batch of wastewater and withdrawal of the purified water can be conducted simultaneously with the maximum volumetric exchange rate of about 70%.Application of this feeding and draining mode leads to the reduction of the cycle time, the increase of the utilization of the reactor volume and the simplification of the reactor structure. The treatment of a synthetic wastewater containing COD and nitrogen was investigated. The operation mode of F(D) O ( i.e ., simultaneous feeding and draining followed by the aerobic condition) was adopted. It was found that COD was degraded very fast in the initial reaction period of time, then reduced slowly and the ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentrations decreased and increased with time respectively, while the nitrite nitrogen level increased first and then reduced. The relationship between the COD or ammonia nitrogen loading and its removal rate was examined, and the removal of COD, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen could exceed 95%, 90% and 80% respectively. The fact that nitrogen could be removed more completely under constant aeration (aerobic condition) of the SBBR operation mode is very interesting and could be explained in several respects.
