Small Modular Solutions to Fermat’s Last Theorem

The proof by Andrew Wiles of Fermat’s Last Theorem in 1995 resolved the existence question for non-trivial solutions in integers x,y,zto the equation xn+yn=znfor n>2. There are none. Surprisingly, there are infinitely many solutions if the problem is recast in terms of modular arithmetic. Over a hundred years ago Issai Schur was able to show that for any n there is always a sufficiently large prime p0such that for all primes p≥p0the congruence xn+yn≡zn(modp)has a non-trivial solution. Schur’s argument wasnon-constructive, and there is no systematic method available at present to construct specific examples for small primes. We offer a simple method for constructing all possible solutions to a large class of congruences of this type.

Whole Perfect Vectors and Fermat’s Last Theorem

A naïve discussion of Fermat’s last theorem conundrum is described. The present theorem’s proof is grounded on the well-known properties of sums of powers of the sine and cosine functions, the Minkowski norm definition, and some vector-specific structures.

Very Original Proofs of Two Famous Problems: “Are There Any Odd Perfect Numbers?” (Unsolved until to Date) and “Fermat’s Last Theorem: A New Proof of Theorem (Less than One and a Half Pages) and Its Generalization”

This article presents very original and relatively brief or very brief proofs about of two famous problems: 1) Are there any odd perfect numbers? and 2) “Fermat’s last theorem: A new proof of theorem and its generalization”. They are achieved with elementary mathematics. This is why these proofs can be easily understood by any mathematician or anyone who knows basic mathematics. Note that, in both problems, proof by contradiction was used as a method of proof. The first of the two problems to date has not been resolved. Its proof is completely original and was not based on the work of other researchers. On the contrary, it was based on a simple observation that all natural divisors of a positive integer appear in pairs. The aim of the first work is to solve one of the unsolved, for many years, problems of the mathematics which belong to the field of number theory. I believe that if the present proof is recognized by the mathematical community, it may signal a different way of solving unsolved problems. For the second problem, it is very important the fact that it is generalized to an arbitrarily large number of variables. This generalization is essentially a new theorem in the field of the number theory. To the classical problem, two solutions are given, which are presented in the chronological order in which they were achieved. Note that the second solution is very short and does not exceed one and a half pages. This leads me to believe that Fermat, as a great mathematician was not lying and that he had probably solved the problem, as he stated in his historic its letter, with a correspondingly brief solution. To win the bet on the question of whether Fermat was telling truth or lying, go immediately to the end of this article before the General Conclusions.

One More Assertion to Fermat’s Last Theorem

Around 1637, Fermat wrote his Last Theorem in the margin of his copy “It is impossible to separate a cube into two cubes, or a fourth power into two fourth powers, or in general, any power higher than the second, into two like powers”. With n, x, y, z ∈ N (meaning that n, x, y, z are all positive numbers) and n > 2, the equation xn + yn = zn has no solutions. In this paper, I try to prove Fermat’s statement by reverse order, which means no two cubes forms cube, no two fourth power forms a fourth power, or in general no two like powers forms a single like power greater than the two. I used roots, powers and radicals to assert Fermat’s last theorem. Also I tried to generalize Fermat’s conjecture for negative integers, with the help of radical equivalents of Pythagorean triplets and Euler’s disproven conjecture.

An Elementary Proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem for Epsilons

The author presents a new approach which is used to solve an important Diophantine problem. An elementary argument is used to furnish another fully transparent proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem. This was first stated by Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century. It is widely regarded that no elementary proof of this theorem exists. The author provides evidence to dispel this belief.

A Brief New Proof to Fermat’s Last Theorem and Its Generalization

This article presents a brief and new solution to the problem known as the “Fermat’s Last Theorem”. It is achieved without the use of abstract algebra elements or elements from other fields of modern mathematics of the twentieth century. For this reason it can be easily understood by any mathematician or by anyone who knows basic mathematics. The important thing is that the above “theorem” is generalized. Thus, this generalization is essentially a new theorem in the field of number theory.

From Pythagoras Theorem to Fermat’s Last Theorem and the Relationship between the Equation of Degree <i>n</i>with One Unknown

The most interesting and famous problem that puzzled the mathematicians all around the world is much likely to be the Fermat’s Last Theorem. However, since the Theorem was proposed, people can’t find a way to solve the problem until Andrew Wiles proved the Fermat’s Last Theorem through a very difficult method called Modular elliptic curves in 1995. In this paper, I firstly constructed a geometric method to prove Fermat’s Last Theorem, and in this way we can easily get the conclusion below: If a and b are integer and?a = b, n ∈ Q and n > 1, the value of c satisfies the function an + bn = cn that can never be integer;if a, b and c are integer and a ≠ b, n is integer and n > 2, the function an + bn = cn cannot be established.

On a Simpler, Much More General and Truly Marvellous Proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem (I)

English mathematics Professor, Sir Andrew John Wiles of the University of Cambridge finally and conclusively proved in 1995 Fermat’s Last Theorem which had for 358 years notoriously resisted all gallant and spirited efforts to prove it even by three of the greatest mathematicians of all time—such as Euler, Laplace and Gauss. Sir Professor Andrew Wiles’s proof employed very advanced mathematical tools and methods that were not at all available in the known World during Fermat’s days. Given that Fermat claimed to have had the “truly marvellous” proof, this fact that the proof only came after 358 years of repeated failures by many notable mathematicians and that the proof came from mathematical tools and methods which are far ahead of Fermat’s time, has led many to doubt that Fermat actually did possess the “truly marvellous” proof which he claimed to have had. In this short reading, via elementary arithmetic methods, we demonstrate conclusively that Fermat’s Last Theorem actually yields to our efforts to prove it.

Solutions to Beal’s Conjecture, Fermat’s Last Theorem and Riemann Hypothesis

A Simple Mathematical Solutions to Beal’s Conjecture and Fermat’s Marginal Conjecture in his diary notes, Group Theoretical and Calculus Solutions to Fermat’s Last theorem & Integral Solution to Riemann Hypothesis are discussed.

A Variant of Fermat’s Diophantine Equation

A variant of Fermat’s last Diophantine equation is proposed by adjusting the number of terms in accord with the power of terms and a theorem describing the solubility conditions is stated. Numerically obtained primitive solutions are presented for several cases with number of terms equal to or greater than powers. Further, geometric representations of solutions for the second and third power equations are devised by recasting the general equation in a form with rational solutions less than unity. Finally, it is suggested to consider negative and complex integers in seeking solutions to Diophantine forms in general.

On Fermat’s Last Theorem and Galaxies of Sequences of Positive Integers

We construct sequences of positive integers which are solutions of the equation x2+y2=z2. We introduce Mouanda’s choice functions which allow us to construct galaxies of sequences of positive integers. We give many examples of galaxies of numbers. We show that the equation x2n+y2n=z2n (n ≥2) has no integer solutions. We prove that the equation xn+yn=zn (n ≥3) has no solutions in N. We introduce the notion of the planetary representation of a galaxy of numbers which allow us to predict the structure, laws of the universe and life in every planet system of every galaxy of the universe. We show that every multiverse contains a finite number of universes.

New Asymptotic Results on Fermat-Wiles Theorem

We analyse the Diophantine equation of Fermat xp yp = zp with p > 2 a prime, x, y, z positive nonzero integers. We consider the hypothetical solution (a, b, c) of previous equation. We use Fermat main divisors, Diophantine remainders of (a, b, c), an asymptotic approach based on Balzano Weierstrass Analysis Theorem as tools. We construct convergent infinite sequences and establish asymptotic results including the following surprising one. If z y = 1 then there exists a tight bound N such that, for all prime exponents p > N , we have xp yp zp.

Products of Odd Numbers or Prime Number Can Generate the Three Members’ Families of Fermat Last Theorem and the Theorem Is Valid for Summation of Squares of More Than Two Natural Numbers

Fermat’s last theorem, had the statement that there are no natural numbers A, B, and C such that An + Bn = Cn, in which n is a natural number greater than 2. We have shown that any product of two odd numbers can generate Fermat or Pythagoras triple (A, B, C) following n = 2 and also it is applicable A2 + B2 + C2 + D2 + so on =An2 where all are natural numbers.

On Fermat Last Theorem: The New Efficient Expression of a Hypothetical Solution as a Function of Its Fermat Divisors

Denote by a non-trivial primitive solution of Fermat’s equation (p prime).We introduce, for the first time, what we call Fermat principal divisors of the triple defined as follows. , and . We show that it is possible to express a,b and c as function of the Fermat principal divisors. Denote by the set of possible non-trivial solutions of the Diophantine equation . And, let (p prime). We prove that, in the first case of Fermat’s theorem, one has . In the second case of Fermat’s theorem, we show that , ,. Furthermore, we have implemented a python program to calculate the Fermat divisors of Pythagoreans triples. The results of this program, confirm the model used. We now have an effective tool to directly process Diophantine equations and that of Fermat. .

Optic eikonal, Fermat’s principle and the least action principle

A generalized refractive index in the form of optic eikonal is defined through com- paring frame definitions of left-handed and right-handed sets and indicates the sign of the refractive index covered by the quadratic form of the eikonal equation. Fer- mat’s principle is generalized, and the general refractive law is derived directly. Under this definition, the comparison between Fermat’s principle and the least ac- tion principle is made through employing path integral and analogizing L. de Broglie’s theory.

Tree of Fermat-Pramanik Series and Solution of AM +B2 =C2 with Integers Produces a New Series of (C12- B12)=(C22- B22)=(C32- B32)=Others

The Fermat–Pramanik series are like below: .The mathematical principle has been established by factorization principle. The Fermat-Pramanik tree can be grown. It produces branched Fermat-Pramanik series using same principle making Fermat-Pramanik chain. Branched chain can be propagated at any point of the main chain with indefinite length using factorization principle as follows: Same principle is applicable for integer solutions of AM+B2=C2which produces series of the type . It has been shown that this equation is solvable with N{A, B, C, M}. where , , M=M1+M2 and M1>M2. Subsequently, it has been shown that using M= M1+M2+M3+... The combinations of Ms should be taken so that the values of both the parts (Cn+Bn) and (Cn-Bn) should be even or odd for obtaining Z{B,C}. Hence, it has been shown that the Fermat triple can generate a) Fermat-Pramanik multiplate, b) Fermat-Pramanik Branched multiplate and c) Fermat-Pramanik deductive series. All these formalisms are useful for development of new principle of cryptography. .

The Resolution of the Great 20th Century Debate in the Foundations of Mathematics

The paper resolves the great debate of the 20th century between the three philosophies of mathematics-logicism, intuitionism and formalism—founded by Bertrand Russell and A. N. Whitehead, L. E. J. Brouwer and David Hilbert, respectively. The issue: which one provides firm foundations for mathematics? None of them won the debate. We make a critique of each, consolidate their contributions, rectify their weakness and add our own to resolve the debate. The resolution forms the new foundations of mathematics. Then we apply the new foundations to assess the status of Hilbert’s 23 problems most of which in foundations and find out which ones have been solved, which ones have flawed solutions that we rectify and which ones are open problems. Problem 6 of Hilbert’s problems—Can physics be axiomatized?—is answered yes in E. E. Escultura, Nonlinear Analysis, A-Series: 69(2008), which provides the solution, namely, the grand unified theory (GUT). We also point to the resolution of the 379-year-old Fermat’s conjecture (popularly known as Fermat’s last theorem) in E. E. Escultura, Exact Solutions of Fermat’s Equations (Definitive Resolution of Fermat’s Last Theorem), Nonlinear Studies, 5(2), (1998). Likewise, the proof of the 274-year-old Goldbach’s conjecture is in E. E. Escultura, The New Mathematics and Physics, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 138(1), 2003.

A Simple and General Proof of Beal’s Conjecture (I)

Using the same method that we used in [1] to prove Fermat’s Last Theorem in a simpler and truly marvellous way, we demonstrate that Beal’s Conjecture yields—in the simplest imaginable manner, to our effort to prove it.

Some Extensions on Numbers

My previous work dealt finding numbers which relatively prime to factorial value of certain number, high exponents and also find the way for finding mod values on certain number’s exponents. Firstly, I retreat my previous works about Euler’s phi function and some works on Fermat’s little theorem. Next, I construct exponent parallelogram to find coherence numbers of Euler’s phi functioned numbers and apply to Fermat’s little theorem. Then, I test the primality of prime numbers on Pascal’s triangle and explore new ways to construct Pascal’s triangle. Finally, I find the factorial value for certain number by using exponent triangle.

Extensions of the Constructivist Real Number System

The paper reviews the most consequential defects and rectification of traditional mathematics and its foundations. While this work is only the tip of the iceberg, so to speak, it gives us a totally different picture of mathematics from what we have known for a long time. This journey started with two teasers posted in SciMath in 1997: 1) The equation 1 = 0.99… does not make sense. 2) The concept ?does not exist. The first statement sparked a debate that raged over a decade. Both statements generated a series of publications that continues to grow to this day. Among the new findings are: 3) There does not exist nondenumerable set. 4) There does not exist non-measurable set. 5) Cantor’s diagonal method is flawed. 6) The real numbers are discrete and countable. 7) Formal logic does not apply to mathematics. The unfinished debate between logicism, intuitionism-constructivism and formalism is resolved. The resolution is the constructivist foundations of mathematics with a summary of all the rectification undertaken in 2015, 2016 and in this paper. The extensions of the constructivist real number system include the complex vector plane and transcendental functions. Two important results in the 2015 are noted: The solution and resolution of Hilbert’s 23 problems that includes the resolution of Fermat’s last theorem and proof Goldbach’s conjecture.